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| 1665175352 | marco polo | (1254-1324) Italian explorer and author. He made numerous trips to China and returned to Europe to write of his journeys. He is responsible for much of the knowledge exchanged between Europe and China during this time period. | 0 | |
| 1665175353 | francisco pizarro | A Spanish conquistador who went to the Incas and took emporer prisoner and then killed him (atahualpa) and took over the Inca empire | 1 | |
| 1665175354 | juan ponce de leon | Spanish Explorer; in 1513 and in 1521, he explored Florida, thinking it was an island. Looking for gold and the "fountain of youth", he failed in his search for the fountain of youth but established Florida as territory for the Spanish, before being killed by a Native American arrow. | 2 | |
| 1665175355 | montezuma | Aztec chieftan; encountered Cortes and the Spanish and saw that they rode horses; Montezuma assumed that the Soanush were gods. He welcomed them hospitably, but the explorers soon turned on the natives and ruled them for three centuries. | 3 | |
| 1665175356 | christopher columbus | An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journies until the time of his death in 1503. | 4 | |
| 1665175357 | hernan cortes | 1519 he led soldiers to Tenochtitlan, placed it under siege with help of natives, defeated Aztec empire and began Spanish empire in Mesoamerica | 5 | |
| 1665175358 | francisco coronado | A Spanish soldier and commander; in 1540, he led an expedition north from Mexico into Arizona; he was searching for the legendary Seven Cities of Gold, but only found Adobe pueblos. | 6 | |
| 1665175359 | robert de la salle | Frenchman who followed the Mississippi River all the way to the Gulf of Mexico, claiming the region for France and naming it Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV | 7 | |
| 1665175360 | jacques cartier | 1491-1557 French explorer who began the first of his voyages to Canada in search of the NorthWest Passage. During his second voyage, 1535-1536, Cartier sailed up the St. Lawrence River as far as the present site of Quebec city. Cartier's voyages established France's claims to North America. | 8 | |
| 1665175361 | giovanni de verrazano | An explorer in service of the French, who explored the Atlantic Coast of North America between the Carolinas and Newfoundland, including New York Harbor. (in search for a northwest passage) | 9 | |
| 1665175362 | john cabot | English explorer who claimed Newfoundland (canada) for England while looking for Northwest Passage (unsuccessful) | 10 | |
| 1665175363 | vasco nunez balboa | Spanish explorer who became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean in 1510 while exploring Panama | 11 | |
| 1665175364 | ferdinand of aragon | Along with Isabella of Castile, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Isabella created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World. | 12 | |
| 1665175365 | isabella of castile | Married Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469 to unite the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile. Together, they subdued their realms, secured their borders, Christianized Spain and venture abroad. They conquered the Moors and Granada and Naples in Italy. Also, they won the allegiance of the Hermanidad, a powerful league of cities and towns that served them against stubborn land owners. They exercised almost total control over the Spanish church as they placed religion in the service of national unity. They appointed higher clergy and established the Inquisition. They arranged several anti-French marriage alliances and promoted overseas exploration by sponsoring Christopher Columbus | 13 | |
| 1665175366 | quetzalcoatl | (Nahuatil: Feathered Serpent) Mesoamerican creator god worshiped at Teotihuacan and by the Toltecs; believed by the Aztecs to have presided over a golden age. This god's earthly representative was Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl (Nahuatl: Our Young Prince the Feathered Serpent), a legendary Toltec priest-king | 14 | |
| 1665175367 | bartholomeu dias | 1450-1500. Circumnavigated Africa using the Cape of Good Hope into the Indian Ocean in 1487-1488, driven by desire to find faster trade routes in the far east. | 15 | |
| 1665175368 | hiawatha | legendary founder of the Iroquois Confederacy, which united the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca tribes in the late sixteenth century. | 16 | |
| 1665175369 | bartolome de las casas | A Catholic missionary (first bishop of chiapas) who renounced the Spanish practice of coercively converting Indians and advocated the better treatment for them. In 1552, he wrote "A Brief Relation of the Destruction of the Indies", which described the Spanish's cruel treatment of the Indians. | 17 | |
| 1665175370 | ferdinand magellan | (1480?-1521) Portuguese-born navigator. Hired by Spain to sail to the Indies in 1519. (The same year HRE Charles V became empreor.) Magellan was killed in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships returned to Spain (1522), thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe. | 18 | |
| 1665523937 | vasco de gama | This Portuguese sea captain sailed around the Cape of Africa and went on to reach India in 1498. He thus established the first all-sea route to sites of valuable trade. | 19 | |
| 1665523938 | renaissance | "rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome: 1300-1450 | 20 | |
| 1665523939 | mestizos | A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory | 21 | |
| 1665523940 | treaty of tordesillas | 1494: divided the Atlantic world between two maritime powers, reserving for Portugal the West African coast and the route to India and giving Spain the oceans and the lands to the west | 22 | |
| 1665523941 | "three sister" farming | By the time the cultivation of maize had reached the southeastern Atlantic around 1,000 B.C., it had changed dramatically. Instead of just growing the corn, the Creek Choctaw, and Cherokee indians all created a new way of farming in which corn was grown, beans were grown on the stalks of the corn, and squash underneath. Large amounts of these crops were produced through this way. | 23 | |
| 1665523942 | great ice age | Beginning about 2 million years ago and ending about 10,000 years ago, the Ice Age was not only responsible for reshaping the North American landscape into almost exactly what we know it to be today, but it was also responsible for North America's human history; when the sea-level dropped about 35,000 years ago due to the oceans congealing into ice glaciers, the Bering Strait - a land bridge connecting Asia and North America - was uncovered. Asian nomads chased game across the bridge into the Americas until the sea rose above the land bridge again when the ice melted about 10,000 years ago | 24 | |
| 1665523943 | canadian shield | A huge, rocky region that curves around Hudson Bay like a giant horseshoe. The Shield covers half the land area of Canada. | 25 | |
| 1665523944 | mound builders | native american civilizations of the eastern region of north america that created distinctive earthen works that served as elaborate burial places | 26 | |
| 1665523945 | spanish armada | "Invincible" group of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to invade England in 1588; Armada was defeated by smaller, more maneuverable English "sea dogs" in the Channel; marked the beginning of English naval dominance and fall of Spanish dominance. | 27 | |
| 1665523946 | black legend | Concept that Spanish conquerors merely tortured and murdered Indians, stole gold and infected them with smallpox, leaving nothing of benefit | 28 | |
| 1665523947 | conquistadores | Spanish for conquerors. Men who traveled extensively through the Americas, leading small armies of men, and who established themselves as imperial rulers. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory. | 29 | |
| 1665523948 | aztecs | A Mesoamerican civilization of Mexico who created a strong empire that flourished between the 14th and 15th century. The arrival of Hernando Cortez and the Spanish Conquistadores ended their empire. | 30 | |
| 1665523949 | pope's rebellion | An Indian uprising in 1680 where pueblo rebels in an attempt to resist catholicism and Europeans all together destroyed every catholic church in the province and killed scores of priests and hundreds of spanish settlers. | 31 | |
| 1665523950 | pueblo indians | Lived in the Southwestern United States. They built extensive irrigation systems to water their primary crop, which was corn. Their houses were multi-storied buildings made of adobe, Indians of New Mexico who Oñate took the lands of for Spain. Over time relations between them and Spain improved and substantial numbers were converted to Christianity under the influence of Spanish missionaries and they had a trading relationship with the Spanish. Important because these Indians were able to exist with the Spanish for a long time before the Spanish continued exploitation, leading to the Pueblo revolts beginning in 1608. | 32 | |
| 1665523951 | iroquois confederacy | a powerful group of Native Americans in the eastern part of the United States made up of five nations: the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondoga, and Oneida | 33 | |
| 1665523952 | cartography | science or art of making maps | 34 | |
| 1665523953 | native americans | Also known as the American Indians; descendants of Asian migrants to North America, who travelled through Siberia and Russia to the Bering Strait chasing prey and later on settled throughout the americas | 35 | |
| 1665523954 | vineland | a test that measure communication, socialization, daily living skills, motor skills, and maladaptive behaviors of people from early childhood to adulthood | 36 | |
| 1665523955 | st. augustine, florida | Spanish erected fortress; erected 1565; oldest continually inhabited European settlement in the modern USA | 37 | |
| 1665523956 | kiva | A circular area, sometimes underground, where tribe members talk, work, or perform religious ceremonies. | 38 | |
| 1665523957 | spice islands | Europeans' name for the Moluccas, islands in Southeast Asia rich in cloves and nutmeg | 39 | |
| 1665523958 | moors | A Muslim people who were kicked out of Spain by Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile after years of Christian-Islamic warfare, the group of Muslims from North Africa who conquered Spain in the eighth century | 40 | |
| 1665523959 | ecosystem | A system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment | 41 | |
| 1665523960 | encomienda | A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians. | 42 | |
| 1665523961 | malinchista | A traitor. The word is taken from the name of the Indian wife of one of Hernan Cortes's soldiers, Malinche; she was Cortes's translator and ultimately made it possible for Hernan to conquer the Aztecs | 43 | |
| 1665523962 | dia de la raza | Columbus Day (October 12th, 1492); the day which Mexicans celebrate as the day the mestizo race was created | 44 |
