Terms : Hide Images
| 9266360715 | Columbian Exchange | "Triangle Trade: Widespread transfer of animals, plants, culture, human populations, technology and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres in 15th-16th centuries, related to European colonization and trade after Christopher Columbus' 1492 voyage. | 0 | |
| 9266360716 | Feudalism | A way of structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour. | 1 | |
| 9266360717 | Capitalism | An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. | 2 | |
| 9266360718 | Joint-Stock Companies | A business entity where different stocks can be bought and owned by shareholders. Each shareholder owns company stock in proportion, evidenced by his or her shares (certificates of ownership).[1]This allows for the unequal ownership of a business with some shareholders owning a bigger proportion of a company than others do. | 3 | |
| 9266360719 | Encomienda System | A system in which the Spanish crown granted a person a specified number of natives of a specific community, with the indigenous leaders in charge of mobilizing the assessed tribute and labor. In turn, encomenderos were to take responsibility for instruction in the Christian faith, protection from warring tribes and pirates, instruction in the Spanish language and development and maintenance of infrastructure. | 4 | |
| 9266360720 | Caste System | A social structure in which one's position in society is hereditary. (Generally, this means no social mobility) | 5 | |
| 9266360721 | Subjugate | to bring under complete control or subjection; conquer; master, enslave. | 6 | |
| 9266360722 | Northwest Passage | The Northwest Passage is a sea route connecting the northern Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through the Arctic Ocean, along the northern coast of North America via waterways through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago | 7 | |
| 9266360723 | Bering Strait | Stretch of ocean separating North America from Asia that was, during the Ice Age, the location of a land bridge as wide as Alaska. Then, human migration was possible over the land bridge from Siberia, and human beings came across likely in pursuit of game. From this point of origin, American Indians dispersed down across the entire Western hemisphere. | 8 | |
| 9266360724 | Iroquois | The name not of a tribe but of a confederacy of six separate tribes centered in what would become New York. Coposed of the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida and Tuscarora Tribes united in a military alliance against the Huron tribe located in the Great Lakes Region. | 9 | |
| 9266360725 | Marco Polo | Explorer whose famous journey along the Silk Road (from Mongolia to China) inspired the Discourse Containing Various Experiences, which became the basis for overland trade with China. Established Europe as a market hungry for Asian goods and vice versa. | 10 | |
| 9266360726 | Renaissance | The flowering of scholarship and individualistic, humanistic endeavor that ended the medieval period of European history. In English: "Rebirth." | 11 | |
| 9266360727 | Amerigo Vespucci | an Italian explorer, financier, navigator and cartographer who first demonstrated that Brazil and the West Indies did not represent Asia's eastern outskirts as initially conjectured from Columbus' voyages, but instead constituted an entirely separate landmass hitherto unknown to Old Worlders | 12 | |
| 9266360728 | Prince Henry the Navigator | Regarded as the main initiator of what would be known as the Age of Discoveries, responsible for the early development of Portuguese exploration and maritime trade with other continents through the systematic exploration of Western Africa, the islands of the Atlantic Ocean, and the search for new routes. | 13 | |
| 9266360729 | Hernando de Soto | The first Spaniard to successfully explore Florida. Landed in 1539 and surveyed virtually the entire Southwest Territory of the New World. | 14 | |
| 9266360730 | John and Sebastian Cabot | The father-son team of Venetians working for the English crown; claimed the fishing beds off the coast for Henry VII and Henry VIII. Responsible for the first English claim in the New World. | 15 | |
| 9266360731 | Giovanni de Verrazano | Florentine man sent to the New World to claim land for the French. Reports back to the French King stimulated further exploration and colonization as well as a claim to Canada. Today, the only known North American explorer to have been killed and eaten by American Indians. | 16 | |
| 9266360732 | Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain | Christopher Columbus' patrons; launched the Spanish Empire after hearing of his discoveries of a supposed water route to Asia. Established management precedents that cpaitalized on treasures discovered in the New World, served as a model for other European nations attempting similar exploits. | 17 | |
| 9266360733 | Jesuits | Religious order founded by Ignatius Loyola that became the chief instrument of Catholic Counter-Reformation. | 18 | |
| 9266360734 | Pope's Rebellion | An uprising of most of the indigenous Pueblo people against the Spanish colonizers in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, present day New Mexico. Killed 400 Spanish and drove the remaining 2,000 settlers out of the province | 19 | |
| 9266360735 | Council of the Indies | Advisory body in the Spanish government that answered only to the crown in shaping Spanish life in the New World. | 20 | |
| 9266360736 | Viceroy | In the Spanish Empire's power structure, the first representative position sent to govern divisions in the New World. Handpicked, loyal men were chosen to this position, which served as the head of civil government but also as the commander in chief of Spanish military forces in his region. Served as a model for other European nations that sought stricter control over their colonies. | 21 | |
| 9266360737 | Bartolome de las Casas | Dominican friar, priest and scholar that worked tirelessly throughout the sixteenth century, decrying the plight of the American Indians. | 22 | |
| 9266360738 | Protestant Reformation | Early 16th century writings by the priest and scholar Martin Luther, focusing primarily on biblical doctrines of grace, inspired this movement. Its key doctrine: each person having an individual calling and a Christian duty to work diligently at that calling for the Glory of God. This idea became a seminal attribute of American society through the influence of Dutch, English, Swedish, Germany and French Huguenot colonists. | 23 | |
| 9266360739 | Martin Luther | A German priest and scholar who defied Rome and launched the Protestant Reformation by contesting certain teachings of the Roman Catholic Church, beginning in 1517. | 24 | |
| 9266360740 | John Calvin | Frenchman that began as a priest but joined the Protestant cause as a legal scholar and minister in Geneva, Switzerland. Wrote the Institutes of Christian Religion, emphasizing the sovereignty of God in salvation. His student, John Knox, formed the Scottish Presbyterian Church brought to the shores of America by Scots-Irish immigrants. The Puritans were also Calvinist in doctrine and were the founders of Congregational Churches in New England. | 25 | |
| 9266360741 | Henry VII of England | Tudor King of England who launched the English Reformation because the Roman Catholic Church opposed his actions of divorcing Catherine of Aragon and marrying Anne Boleyn. Also: severed ties with Rome and allowed the Bible to be printed in English legally for the first time. | 26 | |
| 9266360742 | Jacques Cartier | First French explorer of Canada; made a total of three voyages and is responsible for naming Canada. | 27 | |
| 9266360743 | Samuel de Champlain | Cartographer form France that sought the Northwest Passage; Instead, he traveled up the Saint Lawrence River to shape the birth of New France, founding settlements that would become Quebec and Montreal. | 28 | |
| 9266360744 | New Amsterdam | Dutch Colony in North America that began when Peter Minuit purchased the best harbor on the Atlantic Seaboard from local Indians with a few trading goods. Established the Dutch as competent fur traders, excellent merchants, responsible for founding the most ethnically diverse colony that fittingly, became the site of the trade and culture capital of the world, New York City. | 29 | |
| 9266360745 | Peter Stuyvesant | The governor of New Netherland, who ultimately lost the colony to the English, who renamed it New York. | 30 | |
| 9266360746 | Elizabeth I | The daughter of Henry VII and Anne Boleyn, who was more responsible than any other monarch for positioning her country to take advantage of New World discoveries. | 31 | |
| 9266360747 | Sir Walter Raleigh | Established colonies in Virginia that he named for the Virgin Queen. Published the Discourse Concerning Western Planting, the book that explained the rationale for English Colonization. | 32 | |
| 9266360748 | Primogeniture | The law stating that the property of an English nobleman had ot be passed down to the firstborn son, and only to that son. | 33 | |
| 9266360749 | nation-state | The modern form of political society that combines centralized government with a high degree of ethnic and cultural unity. | 34 | |
| 9266360750 | matrilinear | The form of society in which family line, power, and wealth are passed primarily through the female side. | 35 | |
| 9266360751 | confederacy | An alliance or league of nations or peoples looser than a federation. | 36 | |
| 9266360752 | primeval | Concerning the earliest origin of things. | 37 | |
| 9266360753 | saga | A lengthy story or poem recounting the great deeds and adventures of a people and their heroes. | 38 | |
| 9266360754 | middlemen | In trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original buyers and the retail merchants who sell to consumers. | 39 | |
| 9266360755 | caravel | A small vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails. | 40 | |
| 9266360756 | plantation | A large-scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crop and usually employing coerced or slave labor. | 41 | |
| 9266360757 | ecosystem | A naturally evolved network of relations among organisms in a stable environment. | 42 | |
| 9266360758 | demographic | Concerning the general characteristic of a given population, including such factors as numbers, age, gender, birth and death rates, and so on. | 43 | |
| 9266360759 | conquistador | A Spanish conqueror or adventurer in the Americas. | 44 | |
| 9266360760 | capitalism | An economic system characterized by private property , generally free trade, and open and accessible markets. | 45 | |
| 9266360761 | encomienda | The Spanish labor system in which persons were help to unpaid service under the permanent control of their masters, though not legally owned by them. | 46 | |
| 9266360762 | mestizo | A person of mixed Native American and European ancestry. | 47 | |
| 9266360763 | province | A medium sized sub-unit of territory and governmental administration within a larger nation or empire. | 48 | |
| 9266360764 | nationalism | Fervent belief and loyalty given to the political unit of the nation-state. | 49 | |
| 9266360765 | primogeniture | The legal principle that the oldest son inherits all family property or land. | 50 | |
| 9266360766 | joint-stock companies | An economic arrangement by which a number of investors pool their capital for investment. | 51 | |
| 9266360767 | charter | A legal document granted by a government to some group or agency to implement a stated purpose, and spelling out the attending rights and obligations. | 52 | |
| 9266360768 | census | An official count of population, often also describing other information about the population. | 53 | |
| 9266360769 | feudal | Concerning the decentralized medieval social system of personal obligations between rulers and ruled. | 54 | |
| 9266360770 | indentured servant | A poor person obligated to a fixed term of labor. | 55 | |
| 9266360771 | toleration | Originally, religious freedom granted by an established church to a religious minority. | 56 | |
| 9266360772 | squatter | A frontier farmer who illegally occupied land owned by others or not yet officially opened for settlement. | 57 | |
| 9266360773 | matriarch | A respected, usually elderly, female head of a household or extended clan. | 58 | |
| 9266360774 | melting pot | Popular term for an ethnically diverse population that is presumed to be "melting" towards some eventual commonality. | 59 | |
| 9266360775 | predestination | The Calvinist doctrine that God has foreordained some people to be saved and some to be damned. | 60 | |
| 9266360776 | elect | In Calvinist doctrine, those who have been chosen by God for salvation. | 61 | |
| 9266360777 | conversion | A religious turn to God, thought by Calvinists to involve an intense, identifiable person experience. | 62 | |
| 9266360778 | visible saints | In Calvinism, those who publicly proclaimed their experience of conversion and were expect to lead godly lives. | 63 | |
| 9266360779 | calling | In Protestantism, the belief that saved individuals have a religious obligation to engage in worldly work. | 64 | |
| 9266360780 | heresy | Departure from correct or officially defined belief. | 65 | |
| 9266360781 | seditious | Concerning resistance to or rebellion against the government. | 66 | |
| 9266360782 | commonwealth | An organized civil government or social order. | 67 | |
| 9266360783 | autocratic | Absolute or dictatorial rule. | 68 | |
| 9266360784 | passive resistance | Nonviolent action or opposition to authority in accord with religious or moral beliefs. | 69 | |
| 9266360785 | proprietary | Concerning exclusive legal ownership, as of colonies granted to individuals by the monarch. | 70 | |
| 9266360786 | naturalization | The granting of citizenship to foreigners or immigrants. | 71 | |
| 9266360787 | blue laws | Laws designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality. | 72 | |
| 9266360788 | ethnic | Concerning diverse peoples or cultures, specifically those of non-Anglo-Saxon background. | 73 |
