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| 6671548210 | Columbian Exchange | "Triangle Trade: Widespread transfer of animals, plants, culture, human populations, technology and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres in 15th-16th centuries, related to European colonization and trade after Christopher Columbus' 1492 voyage. |  | 0 |
| 6671548211 | Feudalism | A way of structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour. |  | 1 |
| 6671548212 | Capitalism | An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. |  | 2 |
| 6671548213 | Joint-Stock Companies | A business entity where different stocks can be bought and owned by shareholders. Each shareholder owns company stock in proportion, evidenced by his or her shares (certificates of ownership).[1]This allows for the unequal ownership of a business with some shareholders owning a bigger proportion of a company than others do. |  | 3 |
| 6671548214 | Encomienda System | A system in which the Spanish crown granted a person a specified number of natives of a specific community, with the indigenous leaders in charge of mobilizing the assessed tribute and labor. In turn, encomenderos were to take responsibility for instruction in the Christian faith, protection from warring tribes and pirates, instruction in the Spanish language and development and maintenance of infrastructure. |  | 4 |
| 6671548215 | subjugate | to bring under complete control or subjection; conquer; master, enslave. |  | 5 |
| 6671548216 | Northwest Passage | The Northwest Passage is a sea route connecting the northern Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through the Arctic Ocean, along the northern coast of North America via waterways through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago |  | 6 |
| 6671548217 | Bering Strait | Stretch of ocean separating North America from Asia that was, during the Ice Age, the location of a land bridge as wide as Alaska. Then, human migration was possible over the land bridge from Siberia, and human beings came across likely in pursuit of game. From this point of origin, American Indians dispersed down across the entire Western hemisphere. |  | 7 |
| 6671548218 | Iroquois | The name not of a tribe but of a confederacy of six separate tribes centered in what would become New York. Coposed of the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida and Tuscarora Tribes united in a military alliance against the Huron tribe located in the Great Lakes Region. |  | 8 |
| 6671548220 | Renaissance | The flowering of scholarship and individualistic, humanistic endeavor that ended the medieval period of European history. In English: "Rebirth." |  | 9 |
| 6671548221 | Prince Henry the Navigator | Regarded as the main initiator of what would be known as the Age of Discoveries, responsible for the early development of Portuguese exploration and maritime trade with other continents through the systematic exploration of Western Africa, the islands of the Atlantic Ocean, and the search for new routes. |  | 10 |
| 6671548222 | Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain | Christopher Columbus' patrons; launched the Spanish Empire after hearing of his discoveries of a supposed water route to Asia. Established management precedents that cpaitalized on treasures discovered in the New World, served as a model for other European nations attempting similar exploits. |  | 11 |
| 6671548225 | Bartolome de las Casas | Dominican friar, priest and scholar that worked tirelessly throughout the sixteenth century, decrying the plight of the American Indians. |  | 12 |
| 6671548226 | Protestant Reformation | Early 16th century writings by the priest and scholar Martin Luther, focusing primarily on biblical doctrines of grace, inspired this movement. Its key doctrine: each person having an individual calling and a Christian duty to work diligently at that calling for the Glory of God. This idea became a seminal attribute of American society through the influence of Dutch, English, Swedish, Germany and French Huguenot colonists. |  | 13 |
| 6671548227 | Martin Luther | A German priest and scholar who defied Rome and launched the Protestant Reformation by contesting certain teachings of the Roman Catholic Church, beginning in 1517. |  | 14 |
| 6671548228 | John Calvin | Frenchman that began as a priest but joined the Protestant cause as a legal scholar and minister in Geneva, Switzerland. Wrote the Institutes of Christian Religion, emphasizing the sovereignty of God in salvation. His student, John Knox, formed the Scottish Presbyterian Church brought to the shores of America by Scots-Irish immigrants. The Puritans were also Calvinist in doctrine and were the founders of Congregational Churches in New England. |  | 15 |
| 6671548229 | Henry VIII of England | Tudor King of England who launched the English Reformation because the Roman Catholic Church opposed his actions of divorcing Catherine of Aragon and marrying Anne Boleyn. Also: severed ties with Rome and allowed the Bible to be printed in English legally for the first time. |  | 16 |
| 6671548230 | New Amsterdam | Dutch Colony in North America that began when Peter Minuit purchased the best harbor on the Atlantic Seaboard from local Indians with a few trading goods. Established the Dutch as competent fur traders, excellent merchants, responsible for founding the most ethnically diverse colony that fittingly, became the site of the trade and culture capital of the world, New York City. |  | 17 |
| 6671548231 | Elizabeth I | The daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, who was more responsible than any other monarch for positioning her country to take advantage of New World discoveries. |  | 18 |
| 6671548232 | nation-state | The modern form of political society that combines centralized government with a high degree of ethnic and cultural unity. |  | 19 |
| 6671548233 | confederacy | An alliance or league of nations or peoples looser than a federation. | | 20 |
| 6671548234 | primeval | Concerning the earliest origin of things. |  | 21 |
| 6671548236 | caravel | A small vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails. |  | 22 |
| 6671548237 | plantation | A large-scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crop and usually employing coerced or slave labor. |  | 23 |
| 6671548240 | conquistador | A Spanish conqueror or adventurer in the Americas. |  | 24 |
| 6671548242 | mestizo | A person of mixed Native American and European ancestry. |  | 25 |
| 6671548244 | nationalism | Fervent belief and loyalty given to the political unit of the nation-state, leading to a belief in the superiority of one's culture over another. |  | 26 |
| 6671548245 | charter | A legal document granted by a government to some group or agency to implement a stated purpose, and spelling out the attending rights and obligations. |  | 27 |
| 6671548247 | indentured servant | A poor person obligated to a fixed term of labor. |  | 28 |
| 6671548248 | toleration | Originally, religious freedom granted by an established church to a religious minority. |  | 29 |
| 6671548249 | squatter | A frontier farmer who illegally occupied land owned by others or not yet officially opened for settlement. |  | 30 |
| 6671548250 | matriarch | A respected, usually elderly, female head of a household or extended clan. |  | 31 |
| 6671548252 | conversion | A religious turn to God, thought by Calvinists to involve an intense, identifiable person experience. | | 32 |
| 6671548253 | heresy | Departure from correct or officially defined belief. |  | 33 |
| 6671548254 | seditious | Concerning resistance to or rebellion against the government. |  | 34 |
| 6671548255 | commonwealth | An organized civil government or social order. |  | 35 |
| 6671548256 | autocratic | Absolute or dictatorial rule. |  | 36 |
| 6671548257 | proprietary | Concerning exclusive legal ownership, as of colonies granted to individuals by the monarch. |  | 37 |
| 6671548258 | naturalization | The granting of citizenship to foreigners or immigrants. |  | 38 |
