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| 6853180472 | Columbian Exchange | "Triangle Trade: Widespread transfer of animals, plants, culture, human populations, technology and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres in 15th-16th centuries, related to European colonization and trade after Christopher Columbus' 1492 voyage. |  | 0 |
| 6853180473 | Feudalism | A way of structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour. |  | 1 |
| 6853180474 | Capitalism | An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. |  | 2 |
| 6853180475 | Joint-Stock Companies | A business entity where different stocks can be bought and owned by shareholders. Each shareholder owns company stock in proportion, evidenced by his or her shares (certificates of ownership).[1]This allows for the unequal ownership of a business with some shareholders owning a bigger proportion of a company than others do. |  | 3 |
| 6853180476 | Encomienda System | A system in which the Spanish crown granted a person a specified number of natives of a specific community, with the indigenous leaders in charge of mobilizing the assessed tribute and labor. In turn, encomenderos were to take responsibility for instruction in the Christian faith, protection from warring tribes and pirates, instruction in the Spanish language and development and maintenance of infrastructure. |  | 4 |
| 6853180477 | subjugate | to bring under complete control or subjection; conquer; master, enslave. |  | 5 |
| 6853180478 | Northwest Passage | The Northwest Passage is a sea route connecting the northern Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through the Arctic Ocean, along the northern coast of North America via waterways through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago |  | 6 |
| 6853180479 | Bering Strait | Stretch of ocean separating North America from Asia that was, during the Ice Age, the location of a land bridge as wide as Alaska. Then, human migration was possible over the land bridge from Siberia, and human beings came across likely in pursuit of game. From this point of origin, American Indians dispersed down across the entire Western hemisphere. |  | 7 |
| 6853180480 | Iroquois | The name not of a tribe but of a confederacy of six separate tribes centered in what would become New York. Coposed of the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida and Tuscarora Tribes united in a military alliance against the Huron tribe located in the Great Lakes Region. |  | 8 |
| 6853180484 | Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain | Christopher Columbus' patrons; launched the Spanish Empire after hearing of his discoveries of a supposed water route to Asia. Established management precedents that cpaitalized on treasures discovered in the New World, served as a model for other European nations attempting similar exploits. |  | 9 |
| 6853180485 | Pope's Rebellion | An uprising of most of the indigenous Pueblo people against the Spanish colonizers in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, present day New Mexico. Killed 400 Spanish and drove the remaining 2,000 settlers out of the province |  | 10 |
| 6853180486 | viceroy | In the Spanish Empire's power structure, the first representative position sent to govern divisions in the New World. Handpicked, loyal men were chosen to this position, which served as the head of civil government but also as the commander in chief of Spanish military forces in his region. Served as a model for other European nations that sought stricter control over their colonies. |  | 11 |
| 6853180487 | Bartolome de las Casas | Dominican friar, priest and scholar that worked tirelessly throughout the sixteenth century, decrying the plight of the American Indians. |  | 12 |
| 6853180488 | Protestant Reformation | Early 16th century writings by the priest and scholar Martin Luther, focusing primarily on biblical doctrines of grace, inspired this movement. Its key doctrine: each person having an individual calling and a Christian duty to work diligently at that calling for the Glory of God. This idea became a seminal attribute of American society through the influence of Dutch, English, Swedish, Germany and French Huguenot colonists. |  | 13 |
| 6853180490 | John Calvin | Frenchman that began as a priest but joined the Protestant cause as a legal scholar and minister in Geneva, Switzerland. Wrote the Institutes of Christian Religion, emphasizing the sovereignty of God in salvation. His student, John Knox, formed the Scottish Presbyterian Church brought to the shores of America by Scots-Irish immigrants. The Puritans were also Calvinist in doctrine and were the founders of Congregational Churches in New England. |  | 14 |
| 6853180491 | Henry VIII of England | Tudor King of England who launched the English Reformation because the Roman Catholic Church opposed his actions of divorcing Catherine of Aragon and marrying Anne Boleyn. Also: severed ties with Rome and allowed the Bible to be printed in English legally for the first time. |  | 15 |
| 6853180492 | New Amsterdam | Dutch Colony in North America that began when Peter Minuit purchased the best harbor on the Atlantic Seaboard from local Indians with a few trading goods. Established the Dutch as competent fur traders, excellent merchants, responsible for founding the most ethnically diverse colony that fittingly, became the site of the trade and culture capital of the world, New York City. |  | 16 |
| 6853180493 | Elizabeth I | The daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, who was more responsible than any other monarch for positioning her country to take advantage of New World discoveries. |  | 17 |
| 6853180494 | nation-state | The modern form of political society that combines centralized government with a high degree of ethnic and cultural unity. |  | 18 |
| 6853180495 | confederacy | An alliance or league of nations or peoples looser than a federation. | | 19 |
| 6853180497 | middlemen | In trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original buyers and the retail merchants who sell to consumers. |  | 20 |
| 6853180499 | plantation | A large-scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crop and usually employing coerced or slave labor. |  | 21 |
| 6853180500 | ecosystem | A naturally evolved network of relations among organisms in a stable environment. |  | 22 |
| 6853180501 | demographic | Concerning the general characteristic of a given population, including such factors as numbers, age, gender, birth and death rates, and so on. |  | 23 |
| 6853180502 | conquistador | A Spanish conqueror or adventurer in the Americas. |  | 24 |
| 6853180504 | mestizo | A person of mixed Native American and European ancestry. |  | 25 |
| 6853180505 | province | A medium sized sub-unit of territory and governmental administration within a larger nation or empire. |  | 26 |
| 6853180506 | nationalism | Fervent belief and loyalty given to the political unit of the nation-state, leading to a belief in the superiority of one's culture over another. |  | 27 |
| 6853180507 | charter | A legal document granted by a government to some group or agency to implement a stated purpose, and spelling out the attending rights and obligations. |  | 28 |
| 6853180509 | indentured servant | A poor person obligated to a fixed term of labor. |  | 29 |
| 6853180510 | toleration | Originally, religious freedom granted by an established church to a religious minority. |  | 30 |
| 6853180511 | squatter | A frontier farmer who illegally occupied land owned by others or not yet officially opened for settlement. |  | 31 |
| 6853180512 | matriarch | A respected, usually elderly, female head of a household or extended clan. |  | 32 |
| 6853180514 | conversion | A religious turn to God, thought by Calvinists to involve an intense, identifiable person experience. | | 33 |
| 6853180515 | heresy | Departure from correct or officially defined belief. |  | 34 |
| 6853180516 | seditious | Concerning resistance to or rebellion against the government. |  | 35 |
| 6853180517 | commonwealth | An organized civil government or social order. |  | 36 |
| 6853180518 | autocratic | Absolute or dictatorial rule. |  | 37 |
| 6853180519 | proprietary | Concerning exclusive legal ownership, as of colonies granted to individuals by the monarch. |  | 38 |
| 6853180521 | ethnic | Concerning diverse peoples or cultures, specifically those of non-Anglo-Saxon background. |  | 39 |
| 6853197024 | Treaty of Tordesillas | Treaty of Tordesillas, (June 7, 1494), agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus and other late 15th-century voyagers. Map showing the line of demarcation between Spanish and Portuguese territory, as decided by the pope. |  | 40 |
| 6853210555 | Line of Demarcation | Line set by the Pope in the Treaty of Tordesillas that settled a dispute between Spain and Portugal over newly discovered territory. |  | 41 |
