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| 14696983672 | Bering Strait land bridge | How early Americans reached North and South America | 0 | |
| 14696983673 | Nomadic; following food and herds | The lifestyle that encouraged Indians to cross the land bridge | 1 | |
| 14696983674 | Mayan, Inca and Aztecs | The most complex Indian communities living in South America | 2 | |
| 14696983675 | Maize | This crop transformed nomadic hunter-gatherer societies into settled farm communities | 3 | |
| 14696983676 | Silk, Spices, Oils/Perfumes | Items desired from Persia & China | 4 | |
| 14696983677 | God, Gold & Glory | 3 motives for Spanish Exploration | 5 | |
| 14696983678 | Hispaniola | The area in which Columbus landed | 6 | |
| 14696983679 | Treaty of Tordesillas | The agreement settling the dispute between Spain & Portugal for land in the Americas. | 7 | |
| 14696983680 | Semi-permanent settlements | Most people in the Americas lived in this type of settlement by the time of Christopher Columbus. | 8 | |
| 14696983681 | Anasazi; Pueblo | Tribes that settled in the Southwest; had culture based on farming & irrigation systems with permanent buildings | 9 | |
| 14696983682 | Northwest Indians | Lived in permanent longhouses that had a rich diet based on hunting & fishing | 10 | |
| 14696983683 | Great Plains Indians | Tribe that was nomadic OR farmers/traders; hunted buffalo, raised maize, beans & squash | 11 | |
| 14696983684 | What did the Treaty of Tordesillas say? | Divided the trade routes to Asia: Spain gets the route across the Atlantic and Portugal gets the route around Africa. Also, Spain got a lot of land in the New World and Portugal got present-day Brazil. | 12 | |
| 14696983685 | Cortes | Conquered the Aztecs | 13 | |
| 14696983686 | Pizzaro | Conquered the Incas | 14 | |
| 14696983687 | Bartolome de las Casas | Man who stood up for the rights on the natives. | 15 | |
| 14696983688 | Renaissance | Time period that allowed for the invention of gunpowder, the compass and advanced shipbuilding and mapmaking | 16 | |
| 14696983689 | Vasco de Gama | First European to reach India using the route around South Africa's Cape of Good Hope. | 17 | |
| 14696983690 | John Cabot | First explorer sent by England to the New World; explored the North American coast | 18 | |
| 14696983691 | Christopher Columbus | Explorer who won the backing of Queen Isabella & King Ferdinand of Spain to sail west from Europe to the "Indies." | 19 | |
| 14696983692 | Ferdinand Magellan | Explorer who is credited with the 1st circumnavigation of the earth | 20 | |
| 14696983693 | Henry Hudson | While searching for the northwest passage, this explorer sailed up a a broad river to give the Dutch claim | 21 | |
| 14696983694 | Columbian Exchange | Exchange of plants, animals, and diseases (beans, corn, potatoes, tomatoes & tobacco) between Old World and New World after the time of Columbus. | 22 | |
| 14696983695 | Corn, beans, squash (3 sister farming) | 3 crops from the Americas ended up being staple crops in Europe? | 23 | |
| 14696983696 | Horses | Animal introduced by the Spanish that changed the lifestyle of the Native American | 24 | |
| 14696983697 | Smallpox, malaria, yellow fever, influenza | Diseases from the Old World and went to the New World | 25 | |
| 14696983698 | Syphillis | Disease from the New World to the Old World | 26 | |
| 14696983699 | Valladolid Debate | The argument between Bartolome de Las Casas and Juan Gines de Sepulveda over treatment of Indians by the Spanish. | 27 | |
| 14696983700 | Encomienda | A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it; essentially set up slavery for Native Americans | 28 | |
| 14696983701 | Atlantic slave trade | Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. 98% of Africans were sent to the Caribbean, South and Central America. | 29 | |
| 14696983702 | Iroquois | A later native group to the eastern woodlands. They blended agriculture and hunting living in common villages constructed from the trees and bark of the forests | 30 | |
| 14696983703 | Cherokee | Are a Native American people historically settled in the Southeastern United States (principally Georgia, the Carolinas and Eastern Tennessee). Linguistically, they are part of the Iroquoian-language family. | 31 | |
| 14696983704 | Inuit | A member of a people inhabiting the Arctic (northern Canada or Greenland or Alaska or eastern Siberia) |  | 32 |
| 14696983705 | Maya | Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar. | 33 | |
| 14696983706 | Aztec | (1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. | 34 | |
| 14696983707 | Inca | Their empire stretched from what is today Ecuador to central Chili in the Andes Mountain region of South America. Called the Children of the Sun. | 35 | |
| 14696983708 | Tenochtitlan | Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins. | 36 | |
| 14696983709 | Nomad | Early, simplistic man that migrated across the land bridge. | 37 | |
| 14696983710 | Martin Luther | Broke away from the Catholic Church because of his 95 problems with the Catholic Church. | 38 | |
| 14696983711 | King Henry VIII | Broke away from the Catholic Church because of his disagreement with his inability to get divorced; which eventually led to civil unrest in his country. | 39 | |
| 14696983712 | New France | Established in Canada and along the Mississippi River, focused on fur trade. | 40 | |
| 14696983713 | Animism | Belief that non-human things possess a spiritual essence | 41 | |
| 14696983714 | Mestizo | People with mixed Indian & European heritage | 42 | |
| 14696983715 | Mulatto | People of mixed white and black ancestry | 43 | |
| 14696983716 | Pope's Rebellion/Pueblo Revolt | 1680 conflict that lead to death of hundreds of Spanish colonists and destruction of Catholic churches in the area | 44 | |
| 14696983717 | Cultural autonomy | Conflicts between Natives and Europeans were for the Natives to maintain this | 45 | |
| 14696983718 | Mercantilism | Economic system in which the colonies exist to enrich the Mother country; attempt to export to colonies more than they import | 46 | |
| 14696983738 | Cecil Calvert, Second Lord Baltimore | In 1634, Cecil Calvert (Second Lord Baltimore) was the son of George Calvert (First Lord Baltimore). Cecil Calvert set about making his father's dream of a Maryland colony that would be a haven for Catholics in America. (p. 27) |  | 47 |
| 14696983739 | Act of Toleration | The first colonial statue granting religious freedom to all Christians, but it called for death of all non-Christians. It was created to provide a safe haven for Catholics. (p.27) | 48 | |
| 14696983740 | Roger Williams | A respected Puritan minister who believed that the individual's conscience was beyond the control of any civil or church authority. He was banished from the Bay colony for his beliefs. In 1636, he founded the settlement of Providence. (p. 29) |  | 49 |
| 14696983719 | Providence | This settlement has founded in 1636 by Roger Williams. (p. 29) | | 50 |
| 14696983741 | Anne Hutchinson | This Puritan believed in antinomianism and was banished from the Bay colony because of her beliefs. In 1638, she founded the colony of Portsmouth. (p. 29) |  | 51 |
| 14696983742 | Rhode Island | In 1644, Parliament granted Roger Williams a charter, joining Providence and Portsmouth into a single colony, Rhode Island. (p. 30) |  | 52 |
| 14696983743 | Halfway covenant | In the 1660s, people could now take part in church services and activities without making a formal commitment to Christ. It was created because the next generation of colonists were less committed to religious faith, but churches still needed members. (p. 31) |  | 53 |
| 14696983744 | Quakers | Members of the Religious Society of Friends who believed in the equality of men and women, nonviolence, and resistance to military service. (p. 34) |  | 54 |
| 14696983745 | William Penn | In 1861, the royal family paid a large debt by granting his family a large parcel of American land. This Quaker, formed a colony that he named Pennsylvania. (p. 34) |  | 55 |
| 14696983746 | Holy Experiment | William Penn put his Quaker beliefs to the test in his colony, Pennsylvania. He wanted the colony to provide a religious refuge for Quakers and other persecuted people, enact liberal ideas in government, and generate income and profits for himself. (p. 34) |  | 56 |
| 14696983747 | Charter of Liberties | In 1701, the Pennsylvania colony created this written constitution which guaranteed freedom of worship for all and unrestricted immigration. (p. 34) |  | 57 |
| 14696983748 | rice plantations | These plantations required a loarge land area and many slaves. (p. 37) |  | 58 |
| 14696983749 | tobacco farms | As Tobacco prices fell, rice and indigo became the most profitable crops. (p. 37) |  | 59 |
| 14696983720 | John Cabot | First Englishman to explore lands in North America which England would later settle in the early 1600's. (p. 25) |  | 60 |
| 14696983721 | Jamestown | In 1607, the first permanent English colony in America was founded at this location. The Virginia Company, was a a joint-stock company chartered by England's King James I. (p. 25) |  | 61 |
| 14696983722 | Captain John Smith | Because of his forceful leadership, Jamestown barely survived its first five years. (p. 25) |  | 62 |
| 14696983723 | John Rolfe | He helped Jamestown develop a new variety of tobacco which became popular in Europe and became a profitable crop. (p. 25) |  | 63 |
| 14696983724 | Pocahontas | She was the American Indian wife of John Rolfe in early settlement days in Jamestown. (p. 25) |  | 64 |
| 14696983725 | Puritans | Group of dissenters that wanted to purify the Church of England. In 1630 they founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony at Boston. (p. 26) |  | 65 |
| 14696983726 | Separatists | Radical dissenters to the Church of England, they were known by this name because they wanted to organized a completely separate church that was independent of royal control. They became known as Pilgrims, because of the travels. (p. 26) |  | 66 |
| 14696983727 | Pilgrims | They were radical dissenters to the Church of England. They moved to Holland, then in 1620, they sailed to America on the Mayflower in search of religious freedom. They established a new colony at Plymouth on the Massachusetts coast. (p. 26) |  | 67 |
| 14696983728 | Mayflower | In 1620, the boat that the Pilgrims sailed to Plymouth. (p. 26) |  | 68 |
| 14696983729 | Plymouth Colony | This colony was started by the Pilgrims at Plymouth (Massechusetts). In the first winter nearly half of them perished. They were helped by friendly American Indians and celebrated the first Thanksgiving in 1621. (p. 26) |  | 69 |
| 14696983730 | John Winthrop | In 1630, he led about a thousand Puritans to America and and founded Boston and several other towns. (p. 26) |  | 70 |
| 14696983731 | Virginia | Sir William Berkeley, the royal governor of Virginia use dictatorial powers to govern on behalf of the large planters. (p. 29) |  | 71 |
| 14696983750 | Thomas Hooker | In 1636, he led a large group of Boston Puritans dissatisfied with the Massachusetts Bay colony to found Hartford, which is now Connecticut. In 1639 they drew up the first written constitution in American history. (p. 30) |  | 72 |
| 14696983751 | John Davenport | In 1637, he founded a settlement south of Hartford, by the name of New Haven. (p. 30) |  | 73 |
| 14696983752 | Connecticut | In 1665, New Haven and Hartford joined to form the colony of Connecticut under a royal charter. (p. 30) |  | 74 |
| 14696983753 | New Hampshire | Hoping to increase royal control in the colonies, King Charles II separated New Hampshire from Massachusetts in 1679 and made it a royal colony. (p. 31) |  | 75 |
| 14696983754 | The Carolinas | In 1663, King Charles II granted eight nobles the Carolinas. In 1729, the Carolinas were split into two royal colonies. In South Carolina, the economy was based on the fur trade and growing food for the West Indies, which led to many plantations. In North Carolina, there were many small tobacco farms and fewer plantations. (p. 32) |  | 76 |
| 14696983755 | New York | In 1664, King Charles II granted his brother, the Duke of York (future King James II) the land now known as New York. James took control of the Dutch colony that was located there, but the Dutch were treated fairly. James was unpopular because of his taxes and refusal to institute a representative government. Finally in 1683, he agreed to grant broad civil and political rights to the colony. (p. 33) |  | 77 |
| 14696983756 | New Jersey | The territory of New York was split. In 1674, land was granted to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. Eventually they sold to the Quakers. In 1702, the two Jerseys were combined into a single royal colony, New Jersey. (p. 33) |  | 78 |
| 14696983732 | Pennsylvania | In 1861, the royal family paid a large debt by granting William Penn's father a large parcel of American land. He then formed a colony from the land. (p. 34) |  | 79 |
| 14696983757 | Delaware | In 1702, William Penn granted the lower three colonies of Pennsylvania their own assembly. In effect, Delaware became a separate colony, even though its governor was the same as Pennsylvaniaá until the American revolution. (p. 34) |  | 80 |
| 14696983758 | Georgia | In 1732, Georgia was formed to provide a buffer between wealthy Georgia and Spanish controlled Florida, and to provide a place for the many debtors of England to begin again. (p. 34) |  | 81 |
| 14696983759 | James Oglethorpe | Founder of Georgia's first settlement, Savannah, in 1733. He acted as governor of Georgia and had strict laws which included a ban on rum and slavery. (p. 35) |  | 82 |
| 14696983760 | Wampanoags | An American Indian tribe led by Metacom. (p. 31) |  | 83 |
| 14696983761 | Metacom | This American Indian chief was known to the colonists as King Philip. He joined together the Native American tribes to fight the colonists in King Philip's War, a war that lasted from 1675 to 1676. (p. 31) |  | 84 |
| 14696983733 | King Philip's War | From 1675 to 1676, the American Indian chief Metacom (King Philip), waged a vicious war against the English settlers in southern New England. (p. 31) |  | 85 |
| 14696983734 | Mayflower Compact | In 1620, while they were sailing to America on the Mayflower, the Pilgrims created this document that pledged them to make decisions by the will of the majority. It was a rudimentary written constitution. (p. 27) |  | 86 |
| 14696983735 | Virginia House of Burgesses | In 1619, just 12 years after the founding of Jamestown, Virginia's colonists organized the first representative assembly in America, the Virginia House of Burgesses. (p. 27) |  | 87 |
| 14696983762 | Sir William Berkeley | Royal Governor of Virginia who favored large plantation owners and did not support or protect smaller farms from Indian raids. He put down Bacon's rebellion in 1676. (p. 29) |  | 88 |
| 14696983763 | Bacon's Rebellion | In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon led a group of army volunteers that raided Native American villages, fought the governor's forces, and set fire to Jamestown. The rebellion lost momentum when Bacon died of dysentery. The rebellion was caused by the Governor's unfair favoritism of large plantation owners and refusal to protect small farms from Native American raids. Led to shift from Indentured servants to African Slaves as a labor source. |  | 89 |
| 14696983764 | Fundamental Orders of Connecticut | In 1639, the Hartford settlers drew up the first written constitution in America. It established a representative government made up of a legislature elected by the people and a governor chosen by the legislature. (p. 30) |  | 90 |
| 14696983765 | New England Confederation | In 1643, Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and New Haven colonies formed a military alliance to deal with the threat from the Native Americans. It lasted until 1684. (p. 31) |  | 91 |
| 14696983766 | corporate colonies | Colonies operated by joint-stock companies during the early years of the colonies, such as Jamestown. (p. 24) |  | 92 |
| 14696983767 | royal colonies | Colonies under the direct authority and rule of the king's government, such as Virginia after 1624. (p. 24) |  | 93 |
| 14696983768 | proprietary colonies | Colonies under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king, such as Maryland and Massachusetts. (p. 24) |  | 94 |
| 14696983769 | Chesapeake Colonies | In 1632, the area once known as the Virginia colony, has divided into the Virginia and Maryland colony. Maryland became the first proprietary colony. (p. 27) |  | 95 |
| 14696983736 | joint-stock company | Corporate colonies, such as Jamestown, were operated by joint-stock companies, at least during the colony's early years. (p. 24) |  | 96 |
| 14696983737 | Virginia Company | England's King James I chartered the Virginia Company, a joint-stock company that founded the first permanent English colony in America at Jamestown in 1607. (p. 25) |  | 97 |
| 14696983770 | mercantilism | An economic policy in which the colonies were to provide raw materials to the parent country of growth and profit of the parent country. (p. 35) |  | 98 |
| 14696983771 | Navigation Acts | Between 1650 and 1673 England passed a series of acts which establish rules for colonial trade. * Trade to and from the colonies could be carried only by English or colonial-built ships, which could be operated only by English or colonial crews. * All goods imported in the colonies, except some perishables, had to pass through the ports in England. * Specified goods from the colonies could be exported only to England. |  | 99 |
| 14696983772 | Dominion of New England | James II wanted to increase royal control in the colonies, so he combined them into larger units and abolished their representative assemblies. The Dominion of New England was combined New York, New Jersey, and the other New England colonies into a single unit. (p. 36) |  | 100 |
| 14696983773 | Sir Edmund Andros | In 1686, King James II combined New York, New Jersey, and additional New England colonies into a single unit called the Dominion of New England. He was sent England to govern the dominion. he was very unpopular by levying new taxes, limiting town meetings, and revoking land titles. (p. 36) |  | 101 |
| 14696983774 | Glorious Revolution | In 1688, King James II was deposed and replaced with William and Mary. This brought the end to the Dominion of New England, and the colonies operated under their previous structure. (p. 37) |  | 102 |
| 14696983775 | indentured servants | Young people from England under contract with a master who paid for their passage. Worked for a specified period for room and board, then they were free. (p. 28) |  | 103 |
| 14696983776 | headright system | A method for attracting immigrants, Virginia offered 50 acres of land to each immigrant who paid for passage to America and to any plantation owner who paid for an immigrants passage. (p. 28) |  | 104 |
| 14696983777 | slavery | The first slaves arrived in the colonies in 1619, they were not slaves for life, but worked for a period of time, like an indentured servant. Then discriminatory laws were passed, slaves and their offspring were kept in permanent bondage. (p. 28) |  | 105 |
| 14696983778 | triangular trade | Merchants traded colonist rum for African slaves, African slaves for West Indies sugar cane, and sugar cane was brought back to the colonies to make rum. (p. 37) |  | 106 |
| 14696983779 | Middle Passage | Voyage from West Africa to the West Indies. It was miserable for the slaves transported and many died. (p. 38) |  | 107 |
