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| 15224921791 | Bering Strait land bridge | How early Americans reached North and South America | 0 | |
| 15224921792 | Nomadic; following food and herds | The lifestyle that encouraged Indians to cross the land bridge | 1 | |
| 15224921793 | Mayan, Inca and Aztecs | The most complex Indian communities living in South America prior to the arrival of Columbus | 2 | |
| 15224921794 | Maize | This crop transformed nomadic hunter-gatherer societies into settled farm communities | 3 | |
| 15224921795 | Silk, Spices, Oils/Perfumes | Items desired from Persia & China | 4 | |
| 15224921796 | God, Gold & Glory | 3 motives for European Exploration in the Western Hemisphere | 5 | |
| 15224921797 | Hispaniola | The area in which Columbus first landed | 6 | |
| 15224921798 | Treaty of Tordesillas | The 16th Century (1500s) agreement settling the dispute between Spain & Portugal for land in the Americas. Spain was designated master of Western Hemisphere hemisphere trade routes and given dominion over much of the "New World," while Portugal was declared master of the Eastern Hemisphere trade routes, as well as dominion over Brazil. | 7 | |
| 15224921799 | Semi-permanent settlements | Most people in the Americas lived in this type of settlement by the time of Christopher Columbus. | 8 | |
| 15224921800 | Anasazi; Pueblo | Tribes that settled in the Southwest; had culture based on farming & irrigation systems with permanent buildings | 9 | |
| 15224921801 | Northwest Indians | Lived in permanent longhouses that had a rich diet based on hunting & fishing | 10 | |
| 15224921802 | Great Plains Indians | Tribe that was nomadic OR farmers/traders; hunted buffalo, adapted horses from the Spanish, raised maize, beans & squash | 11 | |
| 15224921803 | What did the Treaty of Tordesillas say? | Divided the trade routes to Asia: Spain gets the route across the Atlantic and Portugal gets the route around Africa. Also, Spain got a lot of land in the New World and Portugal got present-day Brazil. | 12 | |
| 15224921804 | Cortez | Conquered the Aztecs in 1521 in present day Mexico | 13 | |
| 15224921805 | Pizarro, Francisco | Conquered the Incas in present day South America | 14 | |
| 15224921806 | Bartolome de las Casas | Priest who stood up for the rights of the natives, defending their humanity and ability to be Christianized. Debated Sepulveda in the 1500s. | 15 | |
| 15224921807 | Renaissance | The time period during which the Europeans not only made many artistic and scientific discoveries, but they also mastered the use of gunpowder (although invented by the Chinese centuries earlier), the compass (again, a Chinese invention), and advanced shipbuilding and mapmaking (cartography) | 16 | |
| 15224921808 | Vasco de Gama | First documented European (from Portugal) to reach India headed East using the route around South Africa's Cape of Good Hope in the 1400s. | 17 | |
| 15224921809 | John Cabot | First explorer sent by England to the New World; explored the North American coast in the 1500s. | 18 | |
| 15224921810 | Christopher Columbus | Italian explorer who won the backing of Queen Isabella & King Ferdinand of Spain to sail west from Europe to the "Indies." | 19 | |
| 15224921811 | Ferdinand Magellan | Explorer who is credited with the 1st circumnavigation of the earth | 20 | |
| 15224921812 | Henry Hudson | While searching for the northwest passage, this explorer sailed up a a broad river to give the Dutch claim to a section of the "New World," specifically modern-day New York. | 21 | |
| 15224921813 | Columbian Exchange | Exchange of plants, animals, and diseases (beans, corn, potatoes, tomatoes & tobacco) between Old World and New World (in both directions) after the voyages of Columbus. | 22 | |
| 15224921814 | Corn, beans, squash | 3 crops from the Americas ended up being staple crops in Europe? | 23 | |
| 15224921815 | Horses | Animal introduced by the Spanish that changed the lifestyle of Native Americans | 24 | |
| 15224921816 | Smallpox, malaria, yellow fever, influenza | Diseases from the "Old World" (Europe) that went to the New World and decimated the indigenous population. | 25 | |
| 15224921817 | Syphillis | Disease that spread from Native Americans in the "New World" to the "Old World" (Europe) | 26 | |
| 15224921818 | Valladolid Debate | The argument between Bartolome de Las Casas and Juan Gines de Sepulveda over treatment of Indians by the Spanish. Sepulveda argued that Native Americans were no better than beasts, while De Las Casas argued for their humanity. | 27 | |
| 15224921819 | Encomienda | A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it; essentially set up a system of forced labor, or slavery, that used Native Americans | 28 | |
| 15224921820 | Atlantic slave trade | Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. 98% of Africans were sent to the Caribbean, South and Central America. A relatively small fraction went to the British colonies in North America. | 29 | |
| 15224921821 | Iroquois | A native group to the northeastern woodlands in what would become the British Colonies/US States. They blended agriculture and hunting living in common villages constructed from the trees and bark of the forests | 30 | |
| 15224921822 | Cherokee | A Native American people historically settled in the Southeastern United States (principally Georgia, the Carolinas and Eastern Tennessee). Linguistically, they are part of the Iroquoian-language family. They would later be forced to move to Oklahoma, but not before trying to use the Supreme Court to protect their lands and rights. | 31 | |
| 15224921823 | Inuit | A member of a people inhabiting the Arctic (northern Canada or Greenland or Alaska or eastern Siberia) |  | 32 |
| 15224921824 | Maya | Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. The height of their power predated the Aztecs. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar. | 33 | |
| 15224921825 | Aztec | (1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Cortez's men, and most importantly European diseases, brought the empire down. | 34 | |
| 15224921826 | Inca | Their empire stretched from what is today Ecuador to central Chili in the Andes Mountain region of South America. Called the Children of the Sun. Pizarro's men, as well as European diseases, brought them down in 1533. | 35 | |
| 15224921827 | Tenochtitlan | Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins. | 36 | |
| 15224921828 | Nomad | Humans that move from place, often following food and shelter sources. Historians believe early nomads migrated across a land bridge thousands of years ago that connected modern day Siberia and Alaska.. | 37 | |
| 15224921829 | Martin Luther | Broke away from the Catholic Church because of his 95 Theses (grievances) with the Catholic Church. The divide between Protestant and Catholic would shape both life in Europe and the Western Hemisphere, often resulting in bloodshed and discrimination against the minority group in a particular area. | 38 | |
| 15224921830 | King Henry VIII | Broke away from the Catholic Church because of his disagreement with his inability to get divorced; which eventually led to civil unrest in his country. This civil unrest would preoccupy England, preventing it from participating in the European land grab in the Western Hemisphere until the late 1500s. | 39 | |
| 15224921831 | New France | Established in Canada and along the Mississippi River in the Central United States, and built primarily on the fur trade. | 40 | |
| 15224921832 | Animism | Belief that non-human things (like animals, plants, weather, and mountains) possess a spiritual essence. Many Native Americans incorporated animism, as well as ancestor worship, into their spiritual lives. | 41 | |
| 15224921833 | Mestizo | People with mixed Indian & European heritage. The mestizo formed a distinct social class that was lower than that of European born individuals, or people born in the "New World" of European descent. | 42 | |
| 15224921834 | Mulatto | People of mixed white and black ancestry. The mulattoes would also form racialized social classes that were often "lower" in society than mestizos. | 43 | |
| 15224921835 | Pope's Rebellion/Pueblo Revolt | 1680 conflict that lead to death of hundreds of Spanish colonists and destruction of Catholic churches in the area. It was temporarily successful in that the Spanish military left the Pueblo area in indigenous control for a few years and, even when the Spanish returned, they were more accommodating to the Pueblo than before. | 44 | |
| 15224921836 | Cultural autonomy | Often a major motivator of conflicts between Europeans and Native Americans | 45 | |
| 15224921837 | Mercantilism | An economic system that predated capitalism (or communism, for that matter) in which the colonies existed to enrich the Mother country to fill mother country treasuries with gold and silver; European countries attempted to export to their colonies more than they imported from their colonies. | 46 |
