Targeted must-know terms to master for Period 2 of APUSH.
Get more help and information at: https://apprend.io/apush/
Terms : Hide Images
| 8001614253 | Jamestown | The first surviving British colony in the New World. In 1607, settlers representing the joint-stock company called the Virginia Company landed on an island 60 miles from the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. The colony was founded as a money-making enterprise, but the colonists struggled with disease, access to food, and conflict with the neighboring tribe, the Powhatan. The colony began to prosper under the leadership of John Smith, and later Lord De La Ware, and found economic success in tobacco, which was introduced by John Rolfe. The success of Virginia established a precedent of southern colonies building economies on trading cash crops to Britain. | 0 | |
| 8001614254 | Indentured Servant | Servants who worked for a set period of time in exchange for land and supplies. Planters and farmers paid the passage to the colonies for indentured servants, and their room and board after arriving. In exchange, the indentured servants worked for 4-7 years for the planter without pay. Once their debt was paid, including freedom dues, the servant was free to build their own farm. Contracts often included a plot of land and supplies to get them started. Britain had a surplus population with insufficient work or opportunities for economic advancement. In England, indentured servitude had offered people a potential path out of generational poverty. In the colonies, it offered them a complete fresh start. Indentured servitude was the primary source of labor in the colonies, especially the southern colonies where a large amount of labor was needed, until the 1670s. Increasingly, planters and servants clashed over decreasingly available land. Slave labor became an attractive alternative. See: Bacon's Rebellion. | 1 | |
| 8001614255 | African Slavery | The primary labor source in many of the English colonies. African slaves were already being used extensively in the West Indies in the 1600s. As tobacco became more important to the southern colonies, planters looked for a more stable and less expensive source of labor. The first African slaves arrived in the North American colonies in 1619 on a Dutch trading ship. Unlike indentured servants, slaves were bound for life, and their owner was not required to give them anything beyond basic necessities. As a result, slaves quickly displaced indentured servants as the primary source of labor, particularly in the cash crop-based economies of the southern colonies. Slavery was an essential element of the economic success of the colonies. It also, in the southern colonies, intensified the concentration of wealth among a planter elite—those who could afford to invest in slaves. | 2 | |
| 8001614256 | Indigo | Indigo, a plant that is used to make a deep blue dye, was one of the most popular crops in colonial Georgia and South Carolina. The plant originated in Central and South America but was imported to Georgia and South Carolina as a potential cash crop. Demand for indigo was high in Europe, and the supply from Asia (the other place indigo plants grow naturally) was limited and expensive. Britain offered monetary incentives for growing the plant, and indigo became one of the major cash crops exported from the colonies until the Revolutionary War when the incentive disappeared and American exporters were driven out of business by competition from central and South America. | 3 | |
| 8001614257 | Royal Colony | A royal colony was a colony under direct ownership and control of the king. The king was responsible for establishing the political structure of the colony and naming its leaders. All royal colonies had a royal governor, appointed by the king, and an elected representative assembly. The king also had direct control over the profits of the colony, primarily in the form of taxes. While no colonies began as royal colonies, by the American Revolution Virginia, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, New Hampshire, New York and New Jersey had been converted royal colonies by the crown. In 1624 Virginia was the first corporate colony to be converted to a royal colony. | 4 | |
| 8001614258 | Corporate Colony | A corporate colony, or charter colony, was a colony in which a group of people was granted a charter by the crown. The early colonies, including Virginia, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Connecticut began as charter colonies. Charter colonies were completely self-governing and fully independent of the crown. Most (although not all) charter colonies were established by joint-stock companies seeking to turn a profit. The right to self-govern allowed them to establish laws focused on profit rather than obedience to the crown. The crown reserved the right, however, to revoke the charter at will. By the outbreak of the Revolutionary War only Rhode Island and Connecticut still held their charters. | 5 | |
| 8001614259 | Triangular Trade | Triangular trade describes the pattern of trade that developed between England, its North American colonies and Africa. The raw materials and natural resources produced in the colonies—including tobacco, rice, sugar, indigo, and cotton—were sent to England where they were processed and sold. Some of the manufactured goods from these raw materials (and other sources)—including guns, cloth and beads—were then sent to Africa. In Africa these manufactured goods were traded for slaves, which were then transported to the North American and Caribbean colonies in order to provide the labor to grow the raw goods that would then be sent to England. This system of trade created strong and profitable economies, specifically in the colonies and England. | 6 | |
| 8001614260 | Chesapeake Bay | The Chesapeake Bay was the site of the first British colony, Jamestown, and eventually became home to a second colony, Maryland. The Chesapeake Bay was initially not an ideal spot for a colony. The area—particularly where Jamestown was founded—was fairly swampy, and the weather allowed for the easy spread of disease. However, once the later generations developed immunity to the diseases and gained knowledge of the land and native plants (as well the imported tobacco), the woodlands and fertile soil allowed for the development of a vibrant farming economy. | 7 | |
| 8001614261 | Mercantilism | Mercantilism was the economic system employed by Britain and much of Europe. According to mercantilist theory, a nation needed to export more than it imported and to hold more wealth than other nations. Colonies became, particularly to a small island nation like Britain, an invaluable asset. They served both as a market for exports and a source of raw materials to increase production of goods which could be traded with other countries. Mercantilism prohibited the manufacturing of goods in the colonies and enacted tax laws that made non-British goods prohibitively expensive for colonists. When enforced, mercantilist laws dampened the economy of the colonies, and ultimately led to the conflict between Britain and its North American colonies. | 8 | |
| 8001614262 | House of Burgesses | The first elected legislative assembly in North America. By 1619, the Virginia colony no longer feared for their survival, however it still struggled to grow. The Virginia Company, in an effort to improve the lives of those in the colony and attract new, higher-skilled colonists, established the House of Burgesses. Modeled after European parliaments, the House was one of three parts of the colony's government, along with the governor and his council. The governor reserved the right to veto any laws passed by the House, and the Virginia Company retained ultimate power over the colony. Still, the legislative assembly allowed for increased independence and set the precedent for representative government in the colonies. This would be a key cause of the American Revolution. | 9 | |
| 8001614263 | Mayflower | The ship that carried the Plymouth colonists to the New World. In 1619 a group of English religious dissidents living in Holland, known as Separatists, obtained a charter to establish a new colony in the New World. A large portion of the group, along with some servants, hired hands and farmers, set sail in September of 1620 aboard the Mayflower ship. They were headed to a northern site in the Virginia colony. The two-month crossing was incredibly difficult, with high winds and waves and low provisions, but only two of the 102 passengers died on the journey. The ship first approached Cape Cod. Strong winter winds prevented them from sailing south to Virginia, and they were finally forced to disembark and settle for the winter at what would become the new colony of Plymouth. | 10 | |
| 8001614264 | Plymouth | The first British colony in New England. Led by William Bradford, English religious dissidents, called Pilgrims or Separatists for their desire to separate from the Church of England, were persecuted and forced out of England. After establishing a congregation in Holland, they obtained a charter to establish a colony in the New World. In 1620, 102 passengers landed in Cape Cod and established the Plymouth Colony. While almost half of the original group died in their first winter, a treaty with the local Patuxet people ultimately led to survival and success. Plymouth also had the first democratic government as established by the Mayflower Compact, signed by all colonists just before disembarking the ship. The social and political traditions of Plymouth became a guide for the rest of the New England colonies. | 11 | |
| 8001614265 | Pilgrims | The first English settlers in New England. "Pilgrims" was the name given to a group of religious dissidents called Separatists who believed that the Church of England had become so corrupt it could not be fixed. They instead believed that true believers needed to break entirely from the Church. They first practiced in secret in England, but eventually migrated (illegally) to Holland when persecution against them increased. This journey earned them the name "Pilgrims." They established a fairly successful congregation in Holland, but after a decade became concerned that their children were too influenced by Dutch ways. They sought and obtained a charter from the King of England to establish a new colony in the New World structured around their religious beliefs. In 1620, they founded the colony of Plymouth. | 12 | |
| 8001614266 | John Winthrop | The first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Winthrop was a member of a nonconformist religious group called Puritans, who sought to purify the Church of England. Although a successful lawyer, after the crown began to crack down on religious dissidents, Winthrop gave up his wealth and comfort to lead a migration of Puritans to the New World. The Massachusetts Bay Colony was comprised of a series of small communities governed by a representative body and Winthrop as governor. Winthrop restricted voting rights to male church members, and refused to establish a written code of law. The authoritarian rule of Massachusetts aided in its success, and would ultimately lead to the creation of several neighbor colonies founded by those opposed to it. | 13 | |
| 8001614267 | Massachusetts Bay | New England colony founded by Puritans. Facing increasing persecution in England, a group of Puritans, religious nonconformists who wanted to purify the Church of England, obtained a charter from the crown to found a new colony in New England. The colony, funded by the Massachusetts Bay Company and led by John Winthrop, faced many hardships in its first winters. The colonists interpreted these as tests of faith from God. Winthrop envisioned the colony as a model society, a "city upon a hill", to which others would look as an example. The colony grew into a series of settlements as a second group of Puritans came to join, as well as others looking for a new life. However the strict control of the religious elite pushed many out, leading to the formation of other nearby colonies. | 14 | |
| 8001614268 | Maryland | Chesapeake colony founded as a safe haven for Catholics. Lord Baltimore, a Catholic, wanted to create a safe haven for Catholics seeking refuge from England's religious conflicts. Similar to its neighbor, Virginia, Maryland's economy was based on tobacco and by the 18th century it had a sizeable planter class. While the original charter was tolerant to Catholics, the venture was ultimately a financial one, and Baltimore recruited both Catholics and Protestants to live in the colony. This led to conflict between the two and a short period in which Catholicism was suppressed by a Puritan majority that seized control. In 1649, Maryland passed the Act of Toleration which legally required religious tolerance for all Christian religions. This was the first law requiring religious tolerance in the North American colonies. | 15 | |
| 8001614269 | Roger Williams | Founded the Rhode Island colony based on religious freedom. Williams was a Separatist preacher in the Massachusetts Bay Colony who argued for a separation between the church and the state. He believed that intertwining politics and religion tainted the faith. He was expelled from Massachusetts Bay for his continued criticism of the government in 1636. He moved south and established the colony of Providence Plantation. The colony provided for majority rule in all civil matters and religious freedom for all. This was the first colony to incorporate a clear separation of church and state. It also was one of the only colonies to insist on fair dealings with American Indians, including compensation for all land. | 16 | |
| 8001614270 | Navigation Acts | English trade laws restricting British and colonial trade with foreign countries. In 1651, as the Dutch dominated trade, Parliament passed an act requiring all goods coming to and from Britain or its colonies to be transported on British ships. Based on the economic theory of mercantilism, the British believed that government protection of domestic trade would increase their wealth and power. In 1660, after King Charles II was restored, he sought to increase the crown's profit from the colonies even more. New Navigation Acts were passed that also required all goods traveling to or from British colonies go through Britain, and that three-fourths of the crew be British. Initially, these Acts had little impact on colonial trade, as the Dutch turned to smuggling. To avoid war with the Dutch and keep the colonies happy in case of potential conflict with France, the acts were loosely and inconsistently enforced. This lack of enforcement was known as salutary neglect. It was not until 1773, after Britain had soundly defeated France, that the 1660 Acts were strictly enforced. | 17 | |
| 8001614271 | Halfway Covenant | A policy of the Congregational church granting membership to the children of baptized members. Full membership in the Congregational or Puritan, church required both baptism and a conversion experience. Children of full members were automatically granted membership at birth on the assumption they would have a conversion later. However, fewer people born into the religion or who immigrated to a Puritan colony experienced conversion. These people did, though, want their children baptized and included in the community which was so tied to the church. The church also realized that their strict requirements of faith were leading to dwindling membership. So the church granted partial membership to the children of unconverted church members. If individuals were baptized into the church, they were considered members but could not receive communion or vote until they experienced conversion. This allowed the church to expand its membership while maintaining political control, but it also pointed to a decline in the early religious fervor of the New England colonies and indicated increasing diversity in their population. | 18 | |
| 8001614272 | William Penn | Founder of the Pennsylvania colony. To pay off a large debt he owed to Penn's father, King Charles II offered a significant tract of land to Penn. Having built his wealth in real estate and having a vision of a Quaker society, Penn jumped at the chance to form a new colony. A strong believer in democratic values, Penn wrote the Frame of Government for the new colony himself. The Frame of Goverment would became a model for the US Constitution. As a Quaker, Penn also was a pacifist and refused to maintain an army or to engage in hostile relations with American Indians. In fact, he insisted all Pennsylvanians deal fairly with the nearby Lenape, establishing the best relationships with American Indians of any colony. | 19 | |
| 8001614273 | Dominion of New England | An administrative union of the New England and most mid-Atlantic colonies. After the Restoration of the English monarchy, Charles II viewed the colonies through a new lens: mercantilism. While the cash crops of the southern colonies provided steady profit for the crown, the trade-based New England and mid-Atlantic colonies competed with British traders. When the colonists resisted the Navigation Acts, Charles decided to organize the colonies under a highly centralized government to limit their trade abilities and inhibit their early manufacturing. Under the guidance of Sir Edmund Andros, the Dominion stripped away many of the democratic rights established in the colonies, restricting town meetings and imposing taxes not approved by colonial legislatures. After the Glorious Revolution, the colonies overthrew the Dominion and re-seized local control. The Dominion was an unsuccessful attempt by the British crown to assert direct control over the economic and political affairs of the colonies. | 20 | |
| 8001614274 | Salem Witch Trials | An incidence of mass hysteria in which 14 women and 5 men were hung for witchcraft. In 1692, in Salem Village, Massachusetts three young girls accused women in the village of bewitching them. This touched off a witch hunt that ultimately landed 150 people in jail and 19 people dead. As New England society developed, two distinct cultures began to form: the small rural villages still dominated by devout Puritans and the bustling port cities driven by profit. In addition, conflict between English and French settlers in modern-day Maine drove hundreds of refugees southward into New England. Together, these trends destabilized New England colonial society, leaving people in small towns like Salem feeling their way of life was under threat. The trials also touched on gender issues, as most of the people initially accused were single women who had been excluded from society for not fulfilling traditional roles. The governor eventually dissolved the witch courts, but the impact was long lasting. The disregard for due process in the face of religious fervor essentially ensured the victory of secular government over religious government in New England. | 21 | |
| 8001614275 | The First Great Awakening | A religious revival movement that emphasized emotion over intellect. The increasing intellectualism and secularism of the Enlightenment left many feeling disconnected and excluded which triggered a revitalization of religion. In the colonies, especially New England, the Awakening undermined the political and religious authority of the traditional clergy and effectively ended the monopoly and control of the Congregational church. The Awakening focused on the individual's personal connection to God over ritual and dogma. Disagreements over specific points of doctrine and practice divided religions and led to the creation of new sects like the Baptists and the Methodists. Many of the preachers of the Awakening were itinerant, traveling between colonies. These preachers created a common experience that gave the colonies their first sense of a unified identity. The preachers also advocated religious equality, allowing blacks to play a role in Christianity for the first time. | 22 | |
| 8001614276 | George Whitefield | One of the founders of Methodism and the evangelical movement of the First Great Awakening. Educated at Oxford University, Whitefield became an itinerant preacher who traveled from church to church, first in England and then in the colonies starting in 1740. Whitfield was still a believer in predestination, the idea that God has pre-determined who will go to heaven. This was one of the core beliefs of the Puritan (or Congregational as it was then called) faith. However, Whitefield emphasized religious action over thought. This eventually became the basis of a new sect of Christianity, Methodism, in which members focused on serving God every hour of the day through their actions. Whitefield incorporated a great deal of drama and emotion in his preaching and encouraged it in his audiences as well. This was in stark contrast to the traditional churches which focused on reading and interpretation of the scripture, excluding the illiterate and uneducated. Members of the working class, slaves, and others excluded from the mainstream church were drawn to Whitefield's teachings, as it did not require any particular level of learning. Whitefield also intentionally targeted these same groups for conversion, preaching at open air revivals that anyone could attend throughout England and the colonies. | 23 | |
| 8001614277 | Jonathan Edwards | Famous American evangelical preacher of the First Great Awakening. Jonathan Edwards was an American-born Puritan preacher, who used intense emotion, particularly fear, in his preaching. He developed a large following by railing against the emerging belief in atonement, the ability to earn salvation by atoning for one's sins. Edwards' most famous sermon Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, articulated his belief that all wicked men would be cast into Hell by God. While he did not argue that one's actions could save them, he did not believe that one who had not been converted could be saved. Edwards' speeches were part of the larger religious revival in New England that emphasized faith and commitment to God over religious study. | 24 | |
| 8001614278 | Puritans | A nonconformist religious group that wanted to "purify" the Church of England. Although the Church of England formally separated itself from Catholicism in the 1530s, it still retained many of its rituals and practices. The Puritans were one of several groups that believed the Church of England was only partially reformed and needed to further separate itself from Catholicism. Puritans believed that the only true requirement for faith was to live according to the Scriptures. They believed in predestination, the idea that God has pre-determined who will go to heaven, and that suffering was a test of their faith in God's will. Restricted from the church in England, large groups of Puritans migrated to the New World to build a society they believed would be a model for England to follow. | 25 | |
| 8001614279 | Samuel de Champlain | French navigator and explorer who founded New France. Champlain first spent a year exploring North America with his uncle before helping to establish the first northern permanent European settlement at Port Royal, Acadia, followed by Quebec City in 1608. Champlain continued to focus on exploration, mapping and describing the Great Lakes and recording information he learned about and from natives in the area. He built beneficial relationships with several tribes including the Huron and Algonquin. In 1620, under order of the king, he became chief administrator of New France, establishing and managing the trading companies that created Frances' profit in the New World. Champlain is known as the "Father of New France." | 26 | |
| 8001614280 | Bacon's Rebellion | An uprising of frontier farmers and indentured servants against the leadership of Virginia. In the 1670s, Virginia faced increasing competition and falling prices as a result of tobacco production in neighboring colonies. Tobacco required large amounts of land at the same time as the indentured servant model of labor created a growing demand for land. However, the farther inland the colonists pushed, the greater resistance they faced from Native Americans. When tensions between colonists and American Indians turned violent, Nathaniel Bacon seized the opportunity to oppose William Berkeley's (his cousin and the governor) authority. The frontier farmers, who were mostly poor, bore the brunt of the conflict and wanted the government to take aggressive action against the Native Americans. However, the government was composed primarily of established eastern planters, who did not want to bear the cost of the conflict. Bacon organized angry western settlers (mostly former indentured servants) in a rebellion against Berkeley. Berkeley was unable to subdue them, but Bacon began to lose control of his men and then suddenly died. The rebellion was a catalyst for a transition from indentured servitude to slave labor. | 27 | |
| 8001614281 | King Philip's War | A war between American Indian groups and colonists in New England. As the population of New England grew, so did tensions over land between the colonies and the regional tribes. The war began when a converted Wampanoag was killed by some of King Philip's, or Metacom's, men. In retaliation, colonial militias attacked villages which led to the Wampanoag raiding English settlements. When some Narragansett independently joined the fighting, the colonies declared war on that tribe as well. The war raged on for three years with shifting native alliances, and large death tolls on both sides. Ultimately, the English won, killing thousands of American Indians, selling more into slavery, and clearing much of New England for white settlement. | 28 | |
| 8001614282 | Huron Confederacy | A confederacy of four American Indian tribes north of the Great Lakes. The Huron Confederacy, or Wendat (People of the Peninsula), was composed of the Bear, Rock, Barking Dogs and White Thorns tribes. The four tribes relied primarily on agriculture and hunting, and lived in villages ranging from 200 to over 1000. Jacques Cartier first encountered the Huron in 1535, and in 1614 the French established a formal trade alliance with them. After this, an increasing reliance on the fur trade pushed them westward out of their traditional territory. This led to conflict with western tribes over land and with the Iroquois over control of the fur trade. The Huron Confederacy was destroyed in 1648 by a group of Iroquois armed by the Dutch. Huron refugees later joined with other refugees to form the much weaker Wyandot nation. | 29 |
