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| 7603601501 | Sugar Act of 1764 | WHAT: reduced tax on molasses from 6 pence to 3 pence, but put tax on wine, coffee, etc. Greenville took strict manners WHY: regulate trade to the benefit of Britain revenue to defray cost of garrisons in America REACTION: viewed as internal tax without consent by colonial legislatures. Smuggling, boycott. | 0 | |
| 7603601502 | Vice-admiralty courts | Courts established in Halifax, Nova Scotia granted jurisdiction over all of the colonies. People are judged by naval officers. | 1 | |
| 7603601503 | Stamp Act of 1765 | A tax in the form of required stamps to be purchased and fixed to all printed material. This act affected people throughout all the colonies. | 2 | |
| 7603601504 | Virtual representation | means that a representative is not elected by his constituents, but he resembles them in his political beliefs and goals. The colonies only had virtual representation in the British government. | 3 | |
| 7603601505 | Quartering Act of 1765 | Measure required that certain colonies provide food and quarters to the British troops. | 4 | |
| 7603601506 | Stamp Act Congress | A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament; the first sign of colonial unity and organized resistance. | 5 | |
| 7603601507 | Sons of Liberty | They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere. | 6 | |
| 7603601508 | English Common Law | The centuries-old body of legal rules and procedures that protected the lives and property of British subjects | 7 | |
| 7603601509 | Natural Rights | An idea that all humans are born with innate rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property. | 8 | |
| 7603601510 | Declaratory Act of 1766 | stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases. Most colonists interpreted the act as a face-saving mechanism and nothing more. Parliament, however, continually interpreted the act in its broadest sense in order to legislate in and control the colonies. | 9 | |
| 7603601511 | Townshend Act of 1767 | These act put a light import duty on such things as glass, lead, paper, and tea. The acts met slight protest from the colonists, who found ways around the taxes such as buying smuggled tea. | 10 | |
| 7603601512 | Nonimportation movement | reduction of household consumption of imported goods and produced large quantities of homemade materials | 11 | |
| 7603601513 | Committees of correspondence | vast communication network formed in Massachusetts and other colonies to communicate grievances and provide colonists with evidence of British oppression | 12 | |
| 7603601514 | Tea Act of May 1773 | Act that eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the British East India Company to sell directly to consumers rather than through merchants. | 13 | |
| 7603601515 | Coercive Acts | the four pieces of legislation passed by Parliament in response to the Boston Tea Party meant to punish the colonies; include the Boston Port Bill, Massachusetts Government Act, Administration of Justice Act, Quartering Act; known in the colonies as the Intolerable Acts | 14 | |
| 7603601516 | Continental Congress | A convention of delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies (not the Province of Georgia) that met on September 5, 1774 at Carpenter's Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania as a response to the Coercive (Intolerable Acts). | 15 | |
| 7603601517 | Continental Association | Called for non-importation of British goods, non-consumption of British goods, and the non-exportation of American goods to Britain or its colonies | 16 | |
| 7603601518 | Dunmore's War | a large scale confrontation between Virginia militia and some Shawnee warriors; no clear winner, but allowed thousands of settlers to come across the mountains | 17 | |
| 7603601519 | Minutemen | was the nickname given to local militiamen who fought against the British during the Revolutionary War. They were called that because of their supposed ability to be ready for battle at a minute's notice. | 18 | |
| 7603601520 | Second Continental Congress | Was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that met beginning on May 10, 1775, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, soon after warfare in the American Revolutionary War had begun. It succeeded the First Continental Congress. It managed the colonial war effort, and moved incrementally towards independence, adopting the United States Declaration of Independence. It became known as the Congress of the Confederation. | 19 | |
| 7603601521 | Declaration of Independence | Approved by Congress on July 4, 1776. drafted by Thomas Jefferson, it formalized the colonies' separation from Britain and laid out the Enlightenment values (best expressed by John Locke) of natural rights to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" upon which the American Revolution was based. | 20 | |
| 7603601522 | Popular sovereignty | political doctrine that the people who lived in a region should determine for themselves the nature of their government. In U.S. history, it was applied particularly to the idea that settlers of federal territorial lands should decide the terms under which they would join the Union, primarily applied to the status as free or slave. | 21 | |
| 7603601523 | George Grenville | Prime minister who, in 1763, ordered the British navy to begin strictly enforcing the Navigation laws. He also secured from parliament the Sugar Act of 1764, The Quartering Act, and the Stamp Act. | 22 | |
| 7603601524 | John Dickinson | Drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts. Although an outspoken critic of British policies towards the colonies, Dickinson opposed the Revolution, and, as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776, refused to sign the Declaration of Independence. | 23 | |
| 7603601525 | Charles Townshend | Charles Townshend was control of the British ministry and was nicknamed "Champagne Charley" for his brilliant speeches in Parliament while drunk. He persuaded Parliament in 1767 to pass the Townshend Acts. These new regulations was a light import duty on glass, white lead, paper, and tea. It was a tax that the colonist were greatly against and was a near start for rebellions to take place. | 24 | |
| 7603601526 | Lord North | Became the Prime Minister of England in 1770. He thought it was stupid to tax British imports in America because that would just raise prices which would then lower demand. Instead, he repealed the Townshend Acts. Eventually he enacted the Tea Act. | 25 | |
| 7603601527 | Samuel Adams | Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence. Often called the "Penman of the Revolution" | 26 | |
| 7603601528 | The Proclamation of Neutrality (1793) | A formal announcement issued by President George Washington on April 22, 1793, declaring the United States a neutral nation in the conflict between Great Britain and France. | 27 | |
| 7603601529 | French Revolution (in relation to U.S.) | Began in 1789 with some nonviolent restrictions on the king, but became more hostile in 1792 when France declared war on Austria. Seeking help from America, the French pointed to the Franco-American alliance of 1778. Not wanting to get involved for fear of damage to the trade business, Washington gave the Neutrality Proclamation, which made America neutral. This led to arguments between Americans and French. After fighting with the French over such things as the Jay Treaty, the Americans came to peace with France in 1800. | 28 | |
| 7603601530 | Citizen Genet | He was a French statesman who came to America in search of monetary aid. He asked for private donations to France and recruited American privateers (pirates plundering for another country). | 29 | |
| 7603601531 | Jacobins | A political group that took over France in the late eighteenth century | 30 | |
| 7603601532 | Whiskey Rebellion | Farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. The army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. | 31 | |
| 7603601533 | Jay's Treaty | An unpopular treaty with Britain, in which Britain agreed to abandon frontier posts and allow small American ships to trade in the West Indies, but refused to compensate for ships seized until Americans paid debts from before the Revolution. | 32 | |
| 7603601534 | Haitian Revolution | only successful slave revolt in history. Slaves rebelled against white land owners once they heard how the French were able to get liberty and independence. | 33 | |
| 7603601535 | XYZ Affair | is an incident that occurred when John Adams send to France 3 american delegates to negotiate because France was attacking American ships. Three French agents bribed the american delegates who didn't accept. The commissioners labeled the French agents as X, Y, and Z in their report to Congress. | 34 | |
| 7603601536 | Alien Act | Contains four parts: 1) Raised the residence requirement for American citizenship from 5 to 14 years. 2) Alien Act - Gave the President the power in peacetime to order any alien out of the country. 3) Alien Enemies Act - permitted the President in wartime to jail aliens when he wanted to. (No arrests made under the Alien Act or the Alien Enemies Act.) 4) The Sedition Act - Key clause provided fines and jail penalties for anyone guilty of sedition. Was to remain in effect until the next Presidential inauguration. | 35 | |
| 7603601537 | Sedition Act | Prohibited anyone from making "disloyal" or "abusive" remarks about the US government, the Constitution, the flag, or the armed forces. | 36 | |
| 7603601538 | Naturalization Act | extended the citizenship period from 5 to 14 years; aimed to target Irish and French immigrants who often supported the Republicans | 37 | |
| 7603601539 | Virginia and Kentucky Resolves | Were political statements , in which the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures took the position that the federal Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional. The Resolutions argued that the states had the right and the duty to declare unconstitutional any acts of Congress that were not authorized by the Constitution. | 38 | |
| 7603601540 | Nullification | Theory promoted by John C. Calhoun and other South Carolinians that said states had the right to disregard federal laws to which they objected | 39 | |
| 7603601541 | John Adams (presidency) | He was the second president of the United States and a Federalist. He was responsible for passing the Alien and Sedition Acts. Prevented all out war with France after the XYZ Affair. His passing of the Alien and Sedition Acts, which severely hurt the popularity of the Federalist party and himself | 40 | |
| 7603601542 | "Revolution of 1800" | Jefferson's view of his election to presidency. Jefferson claimed that the election of 1800 represented a return to what he considered the original spirit of the Revolution. Jefferson's goals for his revolution were to restore the republican experiment, check the growth of government power, and to halt the decay of virtue that had set in under Federalist rule. | 41 | |
| 7603601543 | Alexander Hamilton | 1789-1795 First Secretary of the Treasury. Advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt. Revolutionary War soldier. | 42 | |
| 7603601544 | Aaron Burr | A democratic-republican closed meeting decided not to elect him for second term Vice President, he got mad and went on a series of events, threatening to break up the Union and also killed Alexander Hamilton. | 43 | |
| 7603601545 | Constitutional Convention | A gathering where they attempted to revise the Articles of Confederation, but ending up scrapping it and debating and compromising a lot to make the Constitution. | 44 | |
| 7603601546 | Federalism | a system of government in which entities such as states or provinces share power with a national government. | 45 | |
| 7603601547 | Separation of Powers | Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law | 46 | |
| 7603601548 | Checks and Balances | A system that ensured that no particular branch of government gained too much power over another. It demonstrated the fear of absolute power in one group/individual as well as preventing one branch from overpowering the others. | 47 | |
| 7603601549 | Bill of Rights | Although the Anti-Federalists failed to block the ratification of the Constitution, they did ensure that the Bill of Rights would be created to protect individuals from government interference and possible tyranny. The Bill of Rights, drafted by a group led by James Madison, consisted of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, which guaranteed the civil rights of American citizens. | 48 | |
| 7603601550 | Anti-Federalists | People against federalists in 1787; disagreed with the Constitution because they believed people's rights were being taken away without a Bill of Rights; also did not agree with annual elections and the non-existence of God in the government. | 49 | |
| 7603601551 | Federalists | first American political party that supported ideas straight from the Constitution; called for a strong national government that promoted economic growth and fostered friendly relationships with Great Britain, as well as opposition to revolutionary France | 50 | |
| 7603601552 | The Federalist Papers | This collection of essays by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison, explained the importance of a strong central government. It was published to convince New York to ratify the Constitution. | 51 | |
| 7603601553 | Lord Dunmore | British royal governor who encouraged runaway slaves to join his army. | 52 | |
| 7603601554 | Thomas Paine | Paine published his pamphlet Common Sense in January 1776, exhorting Americans to rise in opposition to the British government and establish a new government based on Enlightenment ideals. | 53 | |
| 7603601555 | Thomas Jefferson | 3rd President of the United States. He favored limited central government. He was chief drafter of the Declaration of Independence; approved of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and promoted ideals of republicanism. Sent out the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore this territory. | 54 | |
| 7603601556 | Revenue Act of 1762 | Tightened collection of trade duties that merchants had evaded through bribery | 55 | |
| 7603601557 | Proclamation of 1763 | The British sought peace with the Indians (after Pontiac's Rebellion) by prohibiting colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. The Americans saw this ban as an unlawful restriction of their rights and generally ignored it. | 56 | |
| 7603601558 | Currency Act of 1764 | The British ban on printing colonial money in order to alleviate British creditors' fears of being payed in the depreciated currency of the colonists. | 57 | |
| 7603601559 | Patrick Henry | One of the politicians who helped the movement to Independence in Virginia during the 1770s, he's one of the Founding Fathers, and led oppositions to many of the oppressive Acts. Known for "Give me Laverty or give me Death!" | 58 | |
| 7603601560 | Spinning bees | large gatehrings of women spinning their own cloths; colonial women's response to leaders' pleas for the expansion of domestic cloth production; included women of all social rank | 59 | |
| 7603601561 | Writs of Assistance | It was part of the Townshend Acts. It said that the customs officers could inspect a ship's cargo without giving a reason. Colonists protested that the Writs violated their rights as British citizens. | 60 | |
| 7603601562 | John Hancock | Boston smuggler and prominent leader of the colonial resistance, who served as president of the Second Continental Congress. | 61 | |
| 7603601563 | John Adams | Second president of the United States. Federalist, but did not share many of Hamilton's beliefs. Voided 1778 treaties with France. Disliked Thomas Jefferson, his republican vice president. | 62 | |
| 7603601564 | Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania | papers written by John Dickinson which stated that Parliament could not exercise its power to raise revenue for itself in the colonies. It could regulate colonial trade however. This allowed the colonists to feel as if they could approve each of Parliament's laws pertaining to trade and then decide whether or not to obey it. This was ineffective. | 63 | |
| 7603601565 | Daughters of Liberty | An organization formed by women prior to the American Revolution They got together to protest treatment of the colonies by their British Rulers. They continued to support American resistance. They helped end the Stamp Act in 1766. In 1774, the patriot women helped influence a decision made by the Continental Congress to boycott all British goods. | 64 | |
| 7603601566 | Boston Tea Party | Boston patriots organized the Boston Tea Party to protest the 1773 Tea Act. In December 1773, Samuel Adams warned Boston residents of the consequences of the Tea Act. Boston was boycotting the tea in protest of the Tea Act and would not let the ships bring the tea ashore. Finally, on the night of December 16, 1773, colonials disguised as Indians boarded the ships and threw the tea overboard. They did so because they were afraid that Governor Hutchinson would secretly unload the tea because he owned a share in the cargo. | 65 | |
| 7603601567 | Boston Massacre | In March 1770, a crowd of colonists protested against British customs agents and the presence of British troops in Boston. Violence flared and five colonists were killed. | 66 | |
| 7603601568 | Paul Revere | American silversmith remembered for his midnight ride (celebrated in a poem by Longfellow) to warn the colonists in Lexington and Concord that British troops were coming | 67 | |
| 7603601569 | Gaspee incident | a British revenue schooner that had been vigorously enforcing unpopular trade regulations, ran aground in shallow water, on June 9, 1772. While chasing the packet boat Hannah. In an act of defiance that gained considerable notoriety, the ship was attacked, boarded, stripped of valuables and torched by American patriots led by Abraham Whipple. It led to battles of concord and Lexington | 68 | |
| 7603601570 | George III | The new king during the Seven Years' War. He and his Prime Minister George Greenville both believed that the colonist should help pay the huge debt that occurred by financing the war | 69 | |
| 7603601571 | Quebec Act | It gave Catholic French Canadians religious freedom and restored the French form of civil law; this law nullified many of the Western claims of the coast colonies by extending the boundaries of the province of Quebec to the Ohio River on the south and to the Mississippi River on the west. | 70 | |
| 7603601572 | General Gage | General of the British troop that attempted to seize weapons from the armory at Concord | 71 | |
| 7603601573 | Olive Branch Petition | The colonies' final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts and ended the taxation without representation policies). However, it was rejected by Parliament. | 72 | |
| 7603601574 | Common Sense | revolutionary pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1776 calling for independence and a republican government in America | 73 | |
| 7603601575 | Battle of Long Island | a British fleet of 500 ships and 35,000 armed men appeared off New York in 1775; George Washington could only get 18,000 ill-trained troops together; 1400 Americans killed; Washington barely escaped to Manhattan Island, and kept retreated northward to the Delaware River, the British close behind. | 74 | |
| 7603601576 | Battle of Saratoga | A multistage battle in New York ending with the surrender of British general John Burgonye. The victory ensured the diplomatic success of American representatives in Paris. | 75 | |
| 7603601577 | Valley Forge | where Washington retired to with his army for the winter after be defeated twice in Philadelphia in 1777 | 76 | |
| 7603601578 | The Great Compromise | A state's representation in the House of Representation would be based on population; Two senators for each state; all bills would originate in the house; direct taxes on states were to be assessed according to population | 77 | |
| 7603601579 | Virginia Plan | "Large State" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for appointing representation. | 78 | |
| 7603601580 | New Jersey Plan | Called for a one-house Congress in which each state had equal representation but which would have given Congress expanded powers to tax and to regulate commerce. | 79 | |
| 7603601581 | Connecticut Plan | Ending weeks of stalemate, it reconciled the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan for determining legislative representation in Congress.It established equal representation for all states in the Senate and proportional representation by population in the House of Representatives | 80 | |
| 7603601582 | 3⁄5 Compromise | compromise in which one slave was determined to equal 3/5 of a person when considering the population of a state | 81 | |
| 7603601583 | Philipsburg Proclamation | a proclamation that declared that any slave who deserted a rebel master would receive protection, freedom, and land from Great Britain | 82 | |
| 7603601584 | Battle of Yorktown | A battle in which French and American troops and a French fleet trapped the British army under the command of General Charles Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia. The Franco-American victory broke the resolve of the British government. | 83 | |
| 7603601585 | Currency tax | A Navigation act that only allowed the use of British currency. | 84 | |
| 7603601586 | Treaty of Paris 1783 | treaty in which British formally recognized the independence of the United States; granted generous boundaries (Mississippi River to Great Lakes to Spanish Florida plus a share in the priceless fisheries on Newfoundland); Americans could no longer persecute Loyalists and had to restore their property to them; states vowed to put no lawful obstacles in the way of debt-collecting from British | 85 | |
| 7603601587 | Pennsylvania constitution of 1776 | a constitution that granted all taxpaying men the right to vote and hold office and created a unicameral (one-house) legislature with complete power with no governor to exersize a veto | 86 | |
| 7603601588 | Mixed government | Also known as a mixed constitution, is a form of government that integrated facets of government by democracy, oligarchy, and monarchy. It means there are some issues (often defined in a constitution) where the state is governed by the majority of the people, in some other issues the state is governed by few, in some other issues by a single person (also often defined in a constitution). The idea is commonly treated as an antecedent of separation of powers. | 87 | |
| 7603601589 | George Washington | Virginian who was Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army and President of the Constitutional Convention. Later became the first President. Founding Father. | 88 | |
| 7603601590 | General William Howe | English general who commanded English forces at Bunker Hill, did not relish the rigors of winter campaigning and joined British army for attack on Philadelphia | 89 | |
| 7603601591 | General Horatio Gates | leader of the American army that fought with Burgoyne's army in the Battle of Saratoga | 90 | |
| 7603601592 | Robert Morris | American merchant and banker who came to be known as the financier of the American Revolution. He signed the constitution and the declaration of independence | 91 | |
| 7603601593 | Baron Von Steuben | Prussian officer who taught European methods to the colonists which legitimized the militia. | 92 | |
| 7603601594 | Judith Sargent Murray | Published an essay in 1784, defending the right of women to education, and arguing that men and women were equal in intellect and potential. Women, therefore, should have the same educational opportunities as men, to earn their own livings and to establish roles for themselves in society apart from their husbands and families. Her ideas attracted relatively little support. | 93 | |
| 7603601595 | Eliza Wilkinson | a South Carolina Woman o that fought for women's rights for say in the Constitution. She was unheard. Relayed in her letters the treatment of Americans by Tories after the Americans lost a battle; they taunted, abused, and stole from the Americans, even the elderly | 94 | |
| 7603601596 | Daniel Morgan | Virginian soldier. Very gifted tactician. Led continental army to victory in Battle of Cowpens | 95 | |
| 7603601597 | Nathanael Greene | A colonial general who used the fighting tactic of retreating and getting the English to pursue him for miles, biding his time and waiting for the chance to make a move. He eventually helped clear Georgia and South Carolina of British troops. | 96 | |
| 7603601598 | Lord Cornwallis | British commander in the South, penetrated Camden, South Carolina, met and crushed a Patriot force under Horatio Gates on August 16, 1780. | 97 | |
| 7603601599 | Benedict Arnold | American General who was labeled a traitor when he assisted the British in a failed attempt to take the American fort at West Point. | 98 | |
| 7603601600 | Joseph Brant | Mohawk chief who converted to Anglicanism; believed that a victorious Britain would restrain American expansion into the West | 99 | |
| 7603601601 | Judiciary Act of 1789 | In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures. | 100 | |
| 7603601602 | George Washington (Presidency) | Judiciary Act, established Supreme Court and district courts. Hamilton's Financial Program. Bill of Rights added to the Constitution. Proclamation of Neutrality, declared US neutral in France/Britain conflict. Whiskey Rebellion. Jay Treaty, settled post-revolution tensions with Britain. Pinckney Treaty, settled boundaries with Spain, giving the US navigation rights on the Mississippi | 101 | |
| 7603601603 | Report on Public Credit | proposed by Hamilton to repair war debts; selling of securities and federal lands, assumption of state debts, set up the first National Bank | 102 | |
| 7603601604 | 1st Cabinet | established by GW first cabinet: Sec. of State T. Jefferson, Sec. of Treasury A. Hamilton, Sec. of War H. Knox | 103 | |
| 7603601605 | Bank of the United States (1790's) | A bank chartered in 1790 and jointly owned by private stockholders and the national government. Alexander Hamilton argued that it would provide stability to the specie-starved American economy by making loans to merchants, handling government funds, and issuing bills of credit. | 104 | |
| 7603601606 | Report on Manufactures | A proposal written by Hamilton promoting protectionism in trade by adding tariffs to imported goods in order to protect American industry Though congress did not do anything with it, the report later influenced later industrial policies. | 105 | |
| 7603601607 | Yeoman farmers | small landowners (the majority of white families in the south) who farmed their own land and usually did not own slaves | 106 | |
| 7603601608 | Agrarian ideal | Means having to do with agriculture. The agrarian society were the farmers and plantation owners of the south. This was the society that Jefferson wanted to see become the future of America. He appreciated the many virtuous and beneficial characteristics. | 107 |
