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| 5627061347 | Republican Motherhood | Predominant conception of women's roles before, during and after the American Revolution: the "Republican Mother" was considered a custodian of civic virtue responsible for upholding the morality of her husband and children. Though this idea emphasized the separation of women's and men's roles, it did weight heavily the influence of the mother on the family and advocated for this influence to be taken seriously. |  | 0 |
| 5627061348 | Legislative Branch | The branch of government tasked with writing laws. |  | 1 |
| 5627061349 | Judicial Branch | The branch of government tasked with interpreting laws. | | 2 |
| 5627061350 | Executive Branch | The branch of government tasked with enforcing laws. | | 3 |
| 5627061351 | The Articles of Confederation | An agreement among all thirteen original states in the United States of America that served as its first constitution. Drafted by a committee appointed by the Second Continental Congress, ratified in late 1777. Later replaced by the Constitution of the United States of America. |  | 4 |
| 5627061352 | Constitutional Convention | took place from May 25 to September 17, 1787, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Although this was intended to revise the Articles of Confederation, the intention from the outset of many of its proponents, chief among them James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, was to create a new government rather than fix the existing one. The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the Convention. The result of the Convention was the creation of the United States Constitution, placing the Convention among the most significant events in the history of the United States. |  | 5 |
| 5627061353 | Federalism | a system of government in which entities such as states or provinces share power with a national government. |  | 6 |
| 5627061354 | Separation of Powers | Inspired by Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws, the idea of a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches. |  | 7 |
| 5627061355 | The Federalist Papers | a collection of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution. |  | 8 |
| 5627061356 | Alexander Hamilton | Founder of the Federalist Party, Co-author of The Federalist Papers, First Secretary of the Treasury |  | 9 |
| 5627061357 | James Madison | Co-Author of the Federalist Papers, hailed as "the Father of the Constitution," Fourth President of the United States |  | 10 |
| 5627061358 | Bill of Rights | the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. These amendments add to the Constitution specific guarantees of personal freedoms and rights, clear limitations on the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and explicit declarations that all powers not specifically delegated to Congress by the Constitution are reserved for the states or the people. |  | 11 |
| 5627061359 | Democratic-Republican Party | formed by Thomas Jefferson and others who believed in an agrarian-based, decentralized,democratic government. The party was established to oppose the Federalists who had supported and pushed through the ratification of the US Constitution. |  | 12 |
| 5627061360 | The Northwest Ordinance | created the Northwest Territory, the first organized territory of the United States, from lands beyond the Appalachian Mountains, between British North America and the Great Lakes to the north and the Ohio River to the south.established the precedent by which the Federal government would be sovereign and expand westward with the admission of new states, rather than with the expansion of existing states and their established sovereignty under the Articles of Confederation. |  | 13 |
| 5627061361 | French Revolution | a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France that lasted from 1789 until 1799, and was partially carried forward by Napoleon during the later expansion of the French Empire. The Revolution overthrew the monarchy, established a republic, experienced violent periods of political turmoil, and finally culminated in a dictatorship under Napoleon that rapidly brought many of its principles to Western Europe and beyond. France will assume that the Treaty of Saratoga from 1778 was still in place and that we should assist them in trying to defeat European monarchies. We try to stay neutral and keep trading with all Europeans, even their enemy of Great Britain. Tension between the French and our government will continue until negotiations occur at the end of John Adams' Presidency and a new treaty respected out neutrality and voiding the treaty of 1778 is written. |  | 14 |
| 5627061362 | Popular Sovereignty | the principle that the authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives (Rule by the People), who are the source of all political power. |  | 15 |
| 5627061363 | Protective Tariffs | Taxes placed on imported goods, often to raise prices and thus protect domestic producers. |  | 16 |
| 5627061365 | Boycott | An organized refusal to deal with some person, organization, or product. |  | 17 |
| 5627061367 | Ratification | The confirmation or validation of an act (such as the constitution) by authoritative approval. |  | 18 |
| 5627061368 | Aliens | Foreigners; also, persons resident in but not citizens of a country. |  | 19 |
| 5627061369 | Territory | In America, government an organized political entity not yet enjoying full equal terms of a state. | | 20 |
| 5627061370 | Bicameral | Referring to a legislative body with two houses |  | 21 |
| 5627061371 | Cabinet | The body of official advisers to the head of a government; in the United States, it consists of the heads of the major executive departments. |  | 22 |
| 5627061374 | Impressment | To force people or property into public service without choice. |  | 23 |
| 5627061375 | Nullification | In American politics, the assertion that a state may legally invalidate a federal act deemed inconsistent with its rights or sovereignty. |  | 24 |
| 5627061376 | Alien Sedition Acts | deport foreigners deemed dangerous and arrest anyone speaking against government |  | 25 |
| 5627061377 | GW Farewell Address | Warns of political parties and europe/permanent alliances |  | 26 |
| 5627061378 | Whiskey Rebellion | Displayed power of new constitution with putting down disorder. Hamilton's financial plan placed a high tax on Whiskey makers and they rebelled. Washington and Hamilton will put down the rebellion themselves now having a national military. |  | 27 |
| 5627061379 | XYZ Affair | France hold meetings hostage for tribute, angers Adams |  | 28 |
| 5627061380 | John Jay Treaty | Britain said they'd leave interior but didnt promise impressment would stop or that theyd stop trading with Native Americans. |  | 29 |
| 5627061381 | Hamilton Debt Plan | Government assumes all state debt and taxes all imports and states to pay it off. Debt shared by all to get America on sound financial footing |  | 30 |
| 5627061382 | National Bank of US | Hamilton aimed to create a standard reliable predictable currency and fix problem of inflation |  | 31 |
| 5627139997 | Land Ordinance of 1785 | Set up a standardized system whereby settlers could purchase title to farmland in the undeveloped west. One of the few successes of the Articles of Confederation. |  | 32 |
| 5627165212 | Battle of Fallen Timbers | The last major conflict of the Northwest Territory Indian War between Native Americans and the United States. At the battle, near present-day Toledo, Ohio, General Anthony Wayne led U.S. troops to victory over a confederation of Indian warriors whose leaders included Chief Blue Jacket of the Shawnees and Chief Little Turtle of the Miamis. |  | 33 |
| 5627188599 | Treaty of Greenville | Opened up much of present-day Ohio to white settlers after the Battle of the Fallen Timbers. |  | 34 |
| 5627204000 | Public Land Act (1796) | Authorized the sale of federal lands in sections consisting of 640 acres each for a price of $2 per acre. This essentially reduced the price of the land while increasing the minimum acreage allowed for each sale. |  | 35 |
| 5627222983 | Unicameral Legislature | A one house lawmaking body. |  | 36 |
| 5627251507 | Mt. Vernon Conference | A meeting of delegates from Virginia and Maryland held March 21-28, 1785, to discuss navigational rights in the states' common waterways. Conversation led to talk of doing away with or editing the Articles of Confederation and having a larger conference. |  | 37 |
| 5627278986 | Annapolis Convention | Held to discuss some issues of interstate trade. Attendance was low, with only 12 delegates total representing just five states (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Virginia). Called for the convening of a special convention to amend the weak Articles of Confederation for a number of serious defects. The convention adopted the resolution unanimously, but because of the few representatives in attendance made no changes to the Articles. They agreed to meet to do this in Philadelphia in what would become the Constitutional Convention. |  | 38 |
| 5627321278 | Checks and Balances | Constitution makes sure no one branch would be able to control too much power |  | 39 |
| 5627344296 | Virginia Plan | A national government consisting of three branches with checks and balances to prevent the abuse of power. 2 houses: one with members elected by the people for 3-year terms and the other composed of older leaders elected by the state legislatures for 7-year terms. Both would use population as a basis for dividing seats among the states. Favored populated and large states. |  | 40 |
| 5627376451 | New Jersey Plan | Detailed a legislature of only one house and featured equal representation in which each state had the same number of representatives. Called for Separation of Powers consisting of legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Favored small and lowly populated states. |  | 41 |
| 5627410078 | Connecticut Plan; Great Compromise | Proposed a solution to the heated debate between larger and smaller states over their representation in the newly proposed Senate. Established a two-house legislature. In the House of Representatives each state's number of seats would be in proportion to population (pleasing large and populated states). In the Senate, all states would have the same number of seats (pleasing small and lowly populated states). Amendments to the compromise based representation in the House on total white population and three-fifths of the black population. |  | 42 |
| 5627473072 | House of Representatives | Lower house in the U.S. Congress based on population. Terms are for 2 years, must be a citizen for 9 years, and 25 or older. Special powers of impeachment and the purse. |  | 43 |
| 5627485975 | Senate | Upper house in the U.S. Congress with equal representation; 2 members per state regardless of population. Special advise and consent powers over presidential decisions, removal power after impeachments. Terms are 6 years, citizen for 9 years, and must be at least 30 years old. Continuous body with 1/3rd up for reelection every 2 years. |  | 44 |
| 5628399718 | Three-Fifths Compromise | The population of slaves would be counted as three-fifths in total when apportioning Representatives, as well as Presidential electors and taxes. (3 out of every 5 would be counted). This same number would be counted for property taxes i.e. South would get more representation than they should have; however, they would have to pay higher taxes. |  | 45 |
| 5628440614 | Commercial Compromise: Slave Trade and Commerce Compromise | Congress could not prohibit the slave trade until 1808, but imported slaves could be taxed. |  | 46 |
| 5628486484 | Electoral College System | The founding fathers established it in the Constitution as a compromise between election of the President by a vote in Congress and election of the President by a popular vote of qualified citizens. The process consists of the selection of the electors, the meeting of the electors where they vote for President and Vice President, and the counting of the electoral votes by Congress. |  | 47 |
| 5628508966 | Shays' Rebellion | A series of protests in 1786 and 1787 by American farmers against state and local enforcement of tax collections and judgments for debt. It demonstrated flaws in the Articles of Confederation's ability to tax and creates a sense of urgency among the Founding fathers to change or even get rid of the Articles in favor of a stronger federal government. |  | 48 |
| 5628542773 | Executive Departments; Cabinet | _________________________ _________________________________ are established to assist the president in enforcing the law. Each one helps enforce laws relating to their department and is headed by a secretary who is appointed by the president and approved by the Senate. Together, the secretaries are called the _______________________. | | 49 |
| 5628571677 | Henry Knox | The first Secretary of War(Defense). Appointed by George Washington. General in the American Revolution. |  | 50 |
| 5628596014 | Edmund Randolph | First Attorney General for the Justice Department. Appointed by George Washington. |  | 51 |
| 5628612025 | Judiciary Act (1789) | Established the structure and jurisdiction of the federal court system and created the position of attorney general. Originally, the only court created was the Supreme Court. This created the Court of Appeals and District Courts where cases begin. Although amended throughout the years by Congress, the basic outline of the federal court system established by the First Congress remains largely intact today. |  | 52 |
| 5628650447 | Federal Courts | Has three main levels: district courts (the trial court), circuit courts which are the first level of appeal, and the Supreme Court of the United States, the final level of appeal. Federal laws are interpreted by these courts. |  | 53 |
| 5628669186 | Supreme Court | Highest court in the country. Judges can look at any case involving the Constitution, disputes between states, disputes with foreign nations, and crimes involving foreign officials on USA soil. It is the final level of appeal for cases. Judges are appointed for life by the President and approved of by the Senate; however, they can be removed through impeachment proceedings in Congress, resign, or retire. |  | 54 |
| 5628699268 | National Debt | The debt of our country and government. |  | 55 |
| 5628733012 | Federalist Era | From roughly 1788-1800, a time when the Federalist Party was dominant in American politics. This period saw the adoption of the United States Constitution, the expansion of the federal government, and its move to Washington D.C., the newly created national capital. The party will be weakened by events that occurred during the Adams Presidency (XYZ, Relations with France) and the rise of the Democratic-Republican Party of Thomas Jefferson. |  | 56 |
| 5628785592 | Political Parties | A group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. Agrees on some proposed policies and programs, with a view to promoting the collective good or furthering their supporters' interests. The first election did not have these but every election since has had them. |  | 57 |
| 5628823949 | Two-term Tradition | Washington created this tradition by choosing to only be president twice. Until it became law with the passing of the 22nd Amendment *most* presidents followed this tradition. |  | 58 |
| 5628845730 | John Adams | The first Vice-President under George Washington for both of his terms due to earning 2nd place in both elections (the way we used to do it before the 12th Amendment). President himself from 1796-1800m making him the 2nd president of the USA. Created the U.S. Navy and avoided war with France, allowing for a more open relationship with them and creating the foundation for the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. |  | 59 |
| 5628888153 | Revolution of 1800 | Vice President Thomas Jefferson defeated President John Adams. The election was a realigning election that ushered in a generation of Democratic-Republican Party rule and the eventual demise of the Federalist Party in the First Party System. And as a result of the election, Congress adopted the Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution, which gives each elector in the Electoral College one vote for president and one for vice president. The next three presidents will be from the Democratic-Republican Party which changed the course of our nation. |  | 60 |
| 5628935315 | Framers of the Constitution | Delegates to the Constitutional Convention who helped draft the Constitution of the United States. | | 61 |
| 5628948704 | Gouverneur Morris | American politician, public official and diplomat. Signed the Articles of Confederation as a New York delegate to the Continental Congress. Among the most vocal participants of the 1787 Constitutional Convention, Morris argued for granting Congress veto powers over state laws, direct election of the president and proportional representation in Congress based on taxation. Morris served as American minister to France from 1792-94 under President Washington. |  | 62 |
| 5628979926 | John Dickinson | Known as the "Penman of the Revolution" for his twelve "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania", published individually in 1767 and 1768. As a member of the First Continental Congress, where he was a signee to the Continental Association, Dickinson drafted most of the 1774 Petition to the King, and then as a member of the Second Continental Congress wrote the 1775 Olive Branch Petition, two attempts to negotiate with King George III of Great Britain. When these failed, he reworked Thomas Jefferson's language and wrote the final draft of the 1775 Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms. When Congress then decided to seek independence, Dickinson served on the committee that wrote the Model Treaty, and then wrote the first draft of the 1776-1777 Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union. He prepared initial drafts of the First Amendment. Following the Convention he promoted the resulting Constitution in a series of nine essays, written under the pen name Fabius. | 63 | |
| 5629041782 | "permanent alliances" | In Washington's farewell address, he warned against these, believing that our country should never have relations with other nations indefinitely because we could be dragged into their disputes. |  | 64 |
| 5629115742 | Alien and Sedition Acts | Consisted of four laws passed by the Federalist-controlled Congress as America prepared for war with France. These acts increased the residency requirement for American citizenship from five to fourteen years, authorized the president to imprison or deport aliens considered "dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States" and restricted speech critical of the government. These laws were designed to silence and weaken the Democratic-Republican Party. Negative reaction helped contribute to the Democratic-Republican victory in the 1800 elections. Congress repealed the Naturalization Act in 1802, while the other acts were allowed to expire. |  | 65 |
| 5629205734 | Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions | These resolutions were passed by the legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 and were authored by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, respectively. The resolutions argued that the federal government had no authority to exercise power not specifically delegated to it in the Constitution. Jefferson went further than Madison's and asserted that states had the power to nullify unconstitutional federal laws. |  | 66 |
| 5629235537 | Slave trade | Southern states feared that Northern states would get rid of the _____________________ __________________ to decrease Southern power in the House of Representatives and the Electoral College, which allowed them to count 3 out of every 5 of their slaves toward population. Northerners feared that Southerners would begin buying up slaves for the purpose of increasing their power in the House and in the Electoral College so they wanted the slave trade to have an end date. They compromised by allowing the slave trade to go on without regulation until 1808, at which time Congress could vote to let it continue or stop it. That allowed them more than 20 years to buy slaves from Africa. In exchange, Southerners had to be import taxes on each slave to Congress to please the North i.e. they could buy more and get more representation but in exchange they had to pay for it. |  | 67 |
| 5629299629 | Infant Industries | Northern states that focused on industry wanted Congress and the President to create and enforce laws that would protect new American industries, called ___________________ __________________________________, from well-established European competitors who were able to charge lower prices. They wanted tariffs to be placed on European goods so that their goods would cost more in the USA and make it more likely that Americans would by American. Southerners and agricultural communities disagreed because they believed Europeans would then start adding tariffs to American goods being exported to Europe (mainly our raw materials) which rural Americans made. This would make it more difficult for them to make a profit abroad. |  | 68 |
| 5629348110 | National bank | Alexander Hamilton, as Secretary of the Treasury under Washington, and Federalists believed that all of the federal government's money should be housed in a _______________________ ______________. Anti-federalists believed that this would give too much power to the federal government. Instead, they believed the money should be dispersed proportionately into each state so states could check the power of the federal government. |  | 69 |
| 5629409595 | Tariffs; Excise Taxes | Federalists supported _____________________________ to protect infant industries while anti-federalists believed that these additional taxes would be at the expense of the small American farmer who would lose profits abroad. |  | 70 |
| 5629500072 | Proclamation of Neutrality (1793) | A formal announcement issued by U.S. President George Washington on April 22, 1793, declaring the nation neutral in the conflict between France and Great Britain. It threatened legal proceedings against any American providing assistance to any country at war. Great Britain will not respect this proclamation and neither will France under Napoleon. |  | 71 |
| 5629572020 | Citizen Genet | New French minister to the U.S. Living in Charleston where many were Republicans and favored France. Believed he had American support and began to seize British ships when they docked in Charleston in the name of France. This violated our neutrality, invited retaliation from Britain, and embarrassed Jefferson who publicly distanced himself from Genet. Ironically, this was what Washington needed in order to formally declare neutrality so that Britain wouldn't declare war on us. |  | 72 |
| 5629586886 | Jay Treaty (1794) | This was a source of political humiliation for President Washington. British were only willing to do the following under this treaty: 1)Would abandon their posts in U.S. territory. 2)Would allow small American ships through to trade. They would not, however, respect our neutrality. British required us to do the following: 1)Let them search our ships for contraband and impress soldiers suspected of actually being British. 2) Pay our war debts from the French and Indian War in exchange for compensation for seized American vessels! To Americans, peace was at the expense of American interests. Washington wouldn't even support it. However, approval of the treaty passed just barely in the Senate. John Jay will be disgraced, Washington threatens to resign, Hamilton and Jefferson resign over it, and some Americans begin burning/destroying effigies of Jay and the treaty. |  | 73 |
| 5629645288 | Pinckney Treaty (1795) | This treaty happened in part because Spain feared that Jay's Treaty was an indication of an alliance with Great Britain. Thomas Pinckney was able to negotiate the opening of the south all of the way to the Mississippi for Americans and down to the 31 North Latitude line. Of course, no Native Americans had any say in this. In fact, Spain agreed that they would not get involved with anything we did with the natives. |  | 74 |
| 5629680932 | Right of Deposit | The right to transfer cargo from one ship to another without paying port fees. The U.S. negotiated this right at New Orleans (which was a Spanish port at the time) in the Pinckney Treaty of 1792. It was a very valuable concession. |  | 75 |
