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AP US History Period 4 (1800-1848) Flashcards

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6419951056FederalistPolitical party created in the 1790s led by Alexander Hamilton; favored a stronger national government; supported primarily by the bankers and moneyed interests0
6419951057Democratic-RepublicansPolitical party created in the 1790's; led by Thomas Jefferson; favored limited government and state rights; supported primarily by the "common man"1
6419951058Election of 1800(AKA Revolution of 1800) election that led to a peaceful transfer of power from the Federalist party to the Democratic Republican Party2
6419951059Hartford Convention, 1814Meeting of Federalists during the War of 1812 discuss strategy to gain more power in government; viewed as unpatriotic by many; as a result, the Federalist Party was no longer a significant force in American politics3
6419951060Era of Good FeelingsTerm used to describe the time period after the 2nd Party System in the United States after the Federalist Party fell from the national stage, leaving only the Democratic Party; associated with the presidency of James Monroe4
6419951061DemocratsPolitical party that brought Andrew Jackson into office in 1829; part of the 2nd Party System of the United States; supported Jeffersonian ideas of limited government and individualism; drew its support from the "common Man"5
6419951062Whig PartyPolitical Party created in 1834 as a coalition of anti-Jackson political leaders and dedicated to internal improvements funded by the national government6
6419951063Andrew JacksonLeader of the Democrats who became the seventh president of the US (1829-1837); known for his opposition to the 2nd Bank of the US, the Indian Removal Act, and opposition to nullification7
6419951064Henry ClayLeader of the Whig Party who proposed an "American System" to make the United States economically self-sufficient, mostly through protective tariffs; worked to keep the Union together through political compromise8
6419951065Nullification Crisis (1832-1833)After South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void, President Jackson obtained a Force Bill to use military actions against South Carolina; ended with a compromise to lower tariffs over an extended time; overall significance was the challenge of states to ignore federal law (later on with laws regarding slavery).9
6419951066John C. CalhounSouth Carolina political leader who defended slavery as a positive good and advocated the doctrine of nullification, a policy in which state could nullify federal law.10
6419951067John MarshallAppointed to the Supreme Court by John Adams in 1801; served as a chief justice until 1835; legal decisions gave the Supreme Court more power, strengthened the federal government, and supported protection of private property.11
6419951068Cotton BeltSouthern region in the US where most of the cotton is grown/deep; stretched from South Carolina to Georgia to the new states in the southwest frontier; had the highest concentration of slaves12
6419951069Judicial ReviewThe power of the Supreme Court to review the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress13
6419951070Market EconomyEconomic system based on the unregulated buying and selling of goods and services; prices are determined by the forces of supply and demand14
6419951071Embargo Act (1807)Passed by President Jefferson in order to pressure Britain and France to stop impressment and support the American rights to free trade with the other; a government-order ban on international trade; went into effect in 1808 and closed down virtually all U.S. trade with foreign nations; led to steep depression in the economy15
6419951072Panic of 1819Financial panic that began when the Second Bank of the US tightened credit and recalled government loans after the price of cotton dropped16
6419951073Second Bank of the United States (1816)Privately owned bank that operated as both a commercial and fiscal agent for the US government; established in 1816 under a charter that was supposed to last 20 years; Andrew Jackson was critical of the bank and its potential for corruption; ended when Jackson vetoed the extension of its charter and won reelection in the process17
6419951074Tariff of 1816First protective tariff in US history; designed primarily to help America's textile industry18
6419951075Tariff of Abominations 1828Tariff with such high rates that it set off tension between northerners and southerners over tariff issues (called the Nullification Crisis)19
6419951076Panic of 1837Economic collapse caused primarily by President Jackson's destruction of the Second Bank of the United States20
6419951077Slave CodesLaws that established the status of slaves denying them basic rights and classifying them as the property of slaveholders21
6419951078Second Great AwakeningAn upsurge in religious activity that began around 1800 and was characterized by emotional revival meetings; led to several reform movements (temperance, abolition) designed to perfect society with religious morals22
6419951079Charles FinneyPresbyterian minister who is credited and is known as the "Father of modern Revivalism"; advocated the abolition of slavery and equal education for women and African Americans23
6419951080Elizabeth Cady StantonAdvocate of women right's, including the right to vote; organized (with Lucretia Mott) the first women's rights convention at Seneca Falls, NY24
6419951081Dorothea DixPioneer in the moment for special treatment for the mentally ill25
6419951082Horace MannMassachusetts educator who called for publicly funded education for all children; called the "Father of Public Education in America"26
6419951083Utopian CommunitiesIdealistic reform movement based on the belief that a perfect society could be created on Earth; significant Utopian experiments were established at New Harmony, Indiana, Book Farm, Massachusetts and the Oneida Community in New York; usually such attempts were short-lived27
6419951084American Colonization Society (established 1817)Organization established to end slavery gradually by helping individual slave owners liberate their slaves and then transport the freed slaves to Africa (Liberia)28
6419951085William Lloyd GarrisonRadical abolitionist in Massachusetts who published the liberator, an antislavery newspaper29
6419951086Sojourner TruthFormer slave (freed in 1827) who became a leading abolitionist and feminist30
6419951087Hudson River School 1825-1875The first native school of painting in the US; painted primarily landscapes; themes included deep nationalism, grandeur of nature, and transcendentalism31
6419951088TranscendentalismPhilosophical and literary movement that believed God existed within human being and nature; believed intuition was the highest source of knowledge; advocated for introspection by surrounding oneself with nature32
6419951089Ralph Waldo EmersonPhilosopher, writer, and poet who became a central figure in the Transcendalist movement in American33
6419951090Henry David ThoreauWriter and naturalist; with Ralph Waldo Emerson, he was one of America's best known transcendentalists34
6419951091Richard AllenAfrican American minister who established the first independent African American denomination in the US, the African Methodist Episcopalian Church35
6419951092Samuel SlaterKnown as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution"; brought British textile technology to the United States to create the first factory36
6419951093John DeereInvented the steel plow in 1837, which revolutionized farming; the steel plow broke up soil without the soil getting stuck to the plow37
6419951094Lowell SystemMethod of factory management that evolved in the textile mills of Lowell, MA38
6419951095Erie Canal (1817-1825)350 mile canal built by the state of NY that stretched from Buffalo to Albany; the canal revolutionized shipping in NY and opened up new markets (evidence of the Market Revolution)39
6419951096National Road (1811)AKA Cumberland Road; first significant road built in the US at the expense of the federal government; stretched from the Potomac River to the Ohio River40
6419951097Mason-Dixon LineBoundary between PA and MD that marked the division between free and slave states before the Civil War41
6419951098Cult of DomesticityThe belief that a woman's proper role in life was found in domestic pursuits (raising children, taking care of the house); strongly believed by many throughout the 19th century42
6419951099Louisiana Purchase (1803)U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. and giving the U.S. full control of the Mississippi River43
6419951100Lewis and Clark expedition (1804-1806)Expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark44
6419951101War HawksMembers of Congress from the West and South elected in 1810 who wanted war with Britain in the hopes of annexing new territory and ending British trade with the Indians of the Northwest45
6419951102War of 18121812-1815, War between the U.S. and Great Britain caused primarily by the perceived British violation of American neutral rights on the high seas (impressment); ended with an agreement of "status quo ante" (a return to how things were before the war)46
6419951103Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)Treaty between the U.S. and Spain that ceded Florida to the U.S47
6419951104Monroe Doctrine (1823)President Monroe's unilateral declaration that the Americas would be closed to further European colonization and that the U.S. would not allow European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere; in return the U.S. pledged to stay out of European conflicts and affairs; significant foreign policy state that lasted through most of the 19th century48
6419951105Oregon Treaty of 1846After years of conflict over ownership of the Pacific Northwest, the U.S. and England established the boundary at 49° latitude, essentially splitting the Oregon Country down the middle49
6419951106Manifest DestinyPopular belief amongst early-19th century Americans that the U.S. was destined to expand across the North American continent, that this belief was obvious, and that God willed it to take place50
6419951107TecumsehShawnee leader who attempted to establish an Indian confederacy among tribes from around the continent that he hoped would be a barrier to white expansion; defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 by U.S. forces led by General William Henry Harrison, slowing the momentum of Pan-Indian unity51
6419951108Indian Removal Act (1830)Law that provided for the removal of all Indian tribes east of the Mississippi and the purchase of Indian lands for white resettlement52
6419951109Worcester v. Georgia (1832)A Supreme Court ruling that declared a state did not have the power to enforce laws on lands that were not under state jurisdiction; John Marshall wrote that the state of Georgia did not have the power to remove Indians; this ruling was largely ignored by President Andrew Jackson53
6419951110Trail of Tears (1838)Forced march of the Cherokee people from Georgia to Indian Territory in the winter; a large percentage of Cherokee died on the journey54
6419951111American Anti-Slavery SocietyAbolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison - included Frederick Douglass as a significant leader of the society55
6419951112RomanticismAn artistic and intellectual movement characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature, preferring the medieval rather than the classical56
6419951113The American SystemConsisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: (1) a tariff to protect and promote American industry; (2) a national bank to foster commerce; (3) federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements" to develop profitable markets for agriculture; supported heavily by Henry Clay57
6419951114Missouri Compromise (1820)Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance between slave and free states in representation in the federal government; established a geographic line that would determine whether new states (made from the western territories) would be added to the union as slave or free states58
6419951115Spoils SystemPublic offices given as a reward for political support. Most iconically used by Andrew Jackson after his first election, which then became a precedent for future federal leaders.59
6419951116Marbury v. Madison (1803, Marshall)The Court established its role as the arbiter of the constitutionality of federal laws, the principle is known as judicial review.60
6419951117McCulloch v. Maryland (1819, Marshall)The Court ruled that states cannot tax the federal government, i.e. the Bank of the United States; the phrase "the power to tax is the power to destroy"; confirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States.61
6419951118Johnson v. McIntosh (1823, Marshall)Established that Indian tribes had rights to tribal lands that preceded all other American law; only the federal government could take land from the tribes.62
6419951119Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831, Marshall)"The conditions of the Indians in relation to the United States is perhaps unlike that of any two people in existence," Chief Justice John Marshall wrote, "their relation to the United States resembles that of a ward to his guardian. . .(they were a) domestic dependent nation." Established a "trust relationship" with the tribes directly under federal authority.63
6419951120interchangeable partsParts that were identical and which could be substituted for one another; developed by Eli Whitney for the manufacturing of muskets; became a hallmark of the American factory system64
6419951121turnpikeA road in which tolls were collected at gates set up along the road65
6419951122tariffA tax imposed on imported goods and services. Tariffs are used to restrict trade, as they increase the price of imported goods and services, making them more expensive to consumers.66
6419951123sectionalistPerson devoted to the cause of a particular section of the country (usually North or South), as opposed to the nation as a whole67
6419951124embargoA government order prohibiting commerce in or out of a port68
6419951125nationalismA strong devotion to the nation as the central political entity, often in a narrow or aggressive fashion; usually involves feelings of superiority over other nations or ideaologies69
6419951126internal improvementsThe basic public works, such as roads and canals, that create the structure for economic development.70
6419951127depressionIn economics, a severe and often prolonged period of declining economic activity, rising unemployment, and falling wages and prices.71
6419951128boomIn economics, a period of sudden, spectacular expansion of business activity or prices.72
6419951129constituentsThe body of voters or supporters in a district, regarded as a group.73
6419951130hard moneyGold and Silver coins, as distinguished from paper money.74
6419951131deferenceThe yielding of opinion to the judgment of someone else.75
6419951132subversiveTending to corrupt, overthrow, or destroy something established.76
6419951133puritanicalExtremely or excessively strict in matters of morals or religion.77
6419951134usurpationThe act of seizing, occupying, or enjoying the place, power, or functions of someone without right.78
6419951135mudslingingMalicious, unscrupulous attacks against an opponent.79
6419951136machineA political organization, often controlled through patronage or spoils.80
6419951137incumbentThe person currently holding an office.81
6419951138impostA tax, particularly a tariff or duty on imported goods.82
6419951139appeasementThe policy of giving in to demands of a hostile of dangerous power in hope of avoiding conflict.83
6419951140prejudiceUnreasonable suspicion, bias, or hatred directed at members of a group.84
6419951141ritualA set form or system of ceremonies, often but not necessarily religious.85
6419951142evangelicalConcerning religious belief, commonly Protestant, that emphasizes personal salvation, individual and voluntary religious commitment, and the authority of Scripture.86
6419951143platformA statement of the principles or positions of a political party.87
6419951144denominationsIn American religion, the major branches of Christianity, organized into separate national churches structures; e.g., Presbyterians, Baptists, Disciples of Christ.88
6419951145prolificProducing a large number of something.89
6419951146temperanceModeration, or sometimes total abstinence, as regards drinking alcohol.90
6419951147nativistOne who advocates favoring native-born citizens over aliens or immigrants.91
6419951148factoryAn establishment for the manufacturing of goods, including buildings and substantial machinery.92
6419951149liabilityLegal responsibility for loss or damage.93
6419951150incorporationThe formation of individuals into a legally organized group, usually a business.94
6419951151labor unionAn organization of workers—usually wage-earning workers—to promote the interests and welfare of its members, often by collective bargaining with employers.95
6419951152strikeAn organized work stoppage by employees in order to obtain better wages, working conditions, and so on.96
6419951153capitalistAn individual or group who uses private property to produce goods for profit in an open market.97
6419951154posterityLater descendants or subsequent generations.98
6419951155productivityIn economics, the relative capacity to produce goods and services, measured in terms of the number of workers and machines needed to create goods in a certain length of time.99
6419951156transientReferring to a person without a fixed or long-term home or job; a migrant.100
6419951157polygamyThe practice or condition of having two or more spouses at one time.101
6419951158theocracyLiterally, rule by God, the term is often applied to a state where religious leaders exercise direct or indirect political authority.102
6419951159zealotOne who is carried away by a cause to an extreme or excessive degree.103
6419951160communisticReferring to the theory or practice in which the means of production are owned by the community as a whole.104
6419951161nonconformistOne who refuses to follow established or conventional ideas or habits; often referred to as part of a "counter-culture".105
6419951162providence (providencial)Under the care and direction of God or other benevolent natural or supernatural forces.106

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