AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Period 4: 1800 - 1848 Chapter 7 - 11
Terms : Hide Images
| 11658834203 | Second Great Awakening | Religious movement that began in the early decades of the 19th century. Reaction against the rationalism of the Enlightenment. In the northern states it touched off social reform. |  | 0 |
| 11658834304 | market revolution | Starting in the early 19th century, produced vast economic growth, mass produced goods. |  | 1 |
| 11658834305 | Thomas Jefferson | Washington's first secretary of state. A Democrat-Republican, he was the nation's third president from 1801 to 1809. |  | 2 |
| 11658834306 | Battle of New Orleans | General Andrew Jackson won this in 1815. The War of 1812 had officially ended two weeks earlier, but word had not yet reached the United States. |  | 3 |
| 11658834307 | Era of Good Feelings | Term to describe James Monroe's period as president (1817-1825). The Democratic-Republicans party dominated politics. |  | 4 |
| 11658834204 | Jacksonian Democracy | The time period 1829 to 1837, also known as the Age of the Common Man. |  | 5 |
| 11658834308 | Indian Removal Act | President Andrew Jackson supported this. By 1835 most of the eastern tribes had reluctantly moved to an area in today's Oklahoma. |  | 6 |
| 11658834309 | Romanticism in art and literature | Evoked the wonder of the nation's landscape. The Hudson River School of painters were the most prominent. |  | 7 |
| 11658834310 | Nullification Crisis | In 1832, South Carolina passed a resolution forbidding the collection of tariffs in the state. Jackson threatened use of federal troops against South Carolina. |  | 8 |
| 11658834311 | cotton gin | This machine was invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. It removed seeds from plant fibers. |  | 9 |
| 11658834312 | War Hawks | Led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun; argued that war with Britain was the only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy American Indian resistance on the frontier. | 10 | |
| 11658834205 | William Lloyd Garrison | Advocated the immediate emancipation of slaves without compensation to their owners. He was also the writer of the "Liberator." | 11 | |
| 11658834313 | Republican Motherhood/Cult of Domesticity | After industrialization occurred women became the moral leaders in the home and educators of children. Men were responsible for economic and political affairs. |  | 12 |
| 11658834206 | Sectionalism: The North | Largely urban population that worked in factories. | 13 | |
| 11658834207 | Sectionalism: The South | Largely agricultural, mostly cotton from 1830-1850. | 14 | |
| 11658834208 | Sectionalism: The West | Largely trapping and hunting, citizens lived a secluded life away from others. | 15 | |
| 11658834209 | Democratic-Republicans | Favored the common man, weak central government, hated the National Bank, was pro-immigration, wanted slow and cautious westward expansion. | 16 | |
| 11658834210 | Federalists | Favored the wealthy and educated, strong central government, supported the National Bank, limited immigration, slow/against westward expansion. | 17 | |
| 11658834211 | National Republicans | Favored the wealthy and educated, strong central government, supported the National Bank, favored internal improvements. | 18 | |
| 11658834212 | Whigs | Favored the wealthy and educated, strong central government, supported the National Bank and Internal Improvements, limited immigration, slow/against westward expansion; above all else HATED Andrew Jackson. | 19 | |
| 11658834213 | Impressment | Practice of the British navy of stealing Americans and forcing them into service in the British Navy. | 20 | |
| 11658834214 | Treaty of Ghent | Ended the War of 1812, establish status quo antebellum. | 21 | |
| 11658834215 | Frances Scott Key | Wrote the Star Spangled banner at the Battle of Fort McHenry. | 22 | |
| 11658834314 | Monroe Doctrine | Warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. |  | 23 |
| 11658834315 | Missouri Compromise | An 1820 compromise crafted by Henry Clay; prohibited slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36 30. |  | 24 |
| 11658834316 | Nat Turner Rebellion | In 1831, this Virginia slave led a revolt in which 55 whites were killed. In retaliation, whites killed hundreds of African American and put down the revolt. |  | 25 |
| 11658834216 | Marbury v. Madison | Established the Supreme Court's policy of judicial review. |  | 26 |
| 11658834317 | American System | Henry Clay proposed this to advance the nation's economy. It consisted of: * Protective Tariffs: * National Bank * Internal Improvements |  | 27 |
| 11658834318 | Lowell System | The system that recruited young farm women to work in the textile mills. They were housed in company dormitories near the mills. | | 28 |
| 11658834319 | Seneca Falls Convention | In 1848 women's rights movement wrote a "Declaration of Sentiments", which declared all men and women equal and listed grievances. |  | 29 |
| 11658834320 | Transcendentalists | They questioned the doctrines of established churches and business practices of the merchant class. Mystical and intuitive way of thinking to discover inner self and look for essence of God in nature. |  | 30 |
| 11658834321 | Trail of Tears | Forced removal of Native Americans from 1830-1838 west of the Mississippi River |  | 31 |
| 11658834322 | Hartford Convention (1814) | A meeting was held due to opposition to the the War of 1812; some radical Federalist in the Northeast want to secede from the United States, but that it was rejected. |  | 32 |
| 11658834217 | Panic of 1837 | Was a result of Jackson's defeat of the National Bank. | 33 | |
| 11658834218 | Martin Van Buren | Became President after Andrew Jackson, won the election because of Jackson's popularity. Was faced with economic troubles. | 34 | |
| 11658834219 | Tecumseh | He said, "They have pushed us from the seas to the lakes, we can go no further." Advocated fighting Americans to stop westward progression and renew British alliances. | 35 | |
| 11658834220 | The Prophet | Advocated relocation rather than fighting Americans westward progression in order to preserve remnants of Native culture. | 36 | |
| 11658834221 | Embargo Act | Cut off all US trade with the world, attempting to maintain American neutrality. | 37 | |
| 11658834222 | Macon's Bill no. 2 | Allowed the US to trade with either Great Britain or France depending on who recognized American sovereignty and neutrality first. | 38 | |
| 11658834223 | Adams-Onis Treaty | Grave the United States Florida in exchange for taking on Spain's $5 million debt to American citizens. | 39 | |
| 11658834224 | Old Hickory | Nickname for Andrew Jackson gained from the Battle of New Orleans. |  | 40 |
| 11658834225 | Treaty of 1818 | Granted the United States join occupation of Oregon with Great Britain. | 41 | |
| 11658834226 | Worcester v. Georgia | Supreme Court case regarding Cherokee rights to land in the United States. | 42 | |
| 11658834227 | John Q. Adams | Elected in 1824 as a result of a bargain struck by Henry Clay. | 43 | |
| 11658834228 | Tariff of Abominations | 1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights. | 44 | |
| 11658834229 | Increased Voter Turnout | -elimination of land ownership, -increased news circulation, -increased education/literacy -changes to candidate selection | 45 | |
| 11658834230 | Henry Clay | Created the Tariff of 1833 to solve the Nullification Crisis, developed the American System, Speaker of the House, Secretary of State under JQA, Whig leaders, leader of the War Hawks. | 46 | |
| 11658834231 | Results of the War of 1812 | -American Nationalism -War Heroes -Death of the Federalist Party | 47 | |
| 11658834232 | Revolution of 1800 | Electoral victory of Democratic Republicans over the Federalists, who lost their Congressional majority and the presidency. The peaceful transfer of power between rival parties solidified faith in America's political system. | 48 | |
| 11658834233 | McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) | Established national supremacy; established implied powers; use of elastic clause; state unable to tax fed. Institution; John Marshall; "the power to tax involves the power to destroy." | 49 | |
| 11658834234 | Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) | case in which the Supreme Court prevented the New Hampshire from changing Dartmouth's charter to make it a public institution; the Court held that the contract clause of the Constitution extended to charters and that contracts could not be invalidated by state law. The case was one of a series of Court decisions that limited states' power and promoted business interests | 50 | |
| 11658834235 | Fletcher v. Peck (1810) | decision that established the precedent that the Supreme Court could rule a state law unconstitutional | 51 | |
| 11658834236 | Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) | The Supreme Court upheld broad congressional power to regulate interstate commerce. The Court's broad interpretation of the Constitution's commerce clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers. | 52 | |
| 11658834237 | Louisiana Purchase | 1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US. | 53 | |
| 11658834238 | Lewis and Clark | Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase. | 54 | |
| 11658834239 | Aaron Burr | served as the 3rd Vice President of the United States. Member of the Republicans and President of the Senate during his Vice Presidency. He was defamed by the press, often by writings of Hamilton. Challenged Hamilton to a duel in 1804 and killed him. | 55 | |
| 11658834240 | Nonintercourse Act | An 1809 law that allowed Americans to carry on trade with all nations except Britain and France | 56 | |
| 11658834241 | War of 1812 causes | pre existing past revolution, British influence on Native Americans, violation of trading rights, British impressment, and U.S desired Canada | 57 | |
| 11658834242 | Patriotism | the love of one's country; the passion that inspires a person to serve his or her country | 58 | |
| 11658834243 | Nationalism | pride in one's country with a uniform identity; often a fault | 59 | |
| 11658834244 | Tariff of 1816 | This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S. | 60 | |
| 11658834245 | Lancaster Turnpike | road built in the 1790s by a private company, linking Philadelphia and Lancaster, Pennsylvania | 61 | |
| 11658834246 | Eerie Canal | A historic canal that connects the Hudson River at Albany in eastern New York with the Niagara River and the Great Lakes. It opened in 1825. | 62 | |
| 11658834247 | Clermont | Fulton's steamboat in 1807 which powered on/by a newly designed engine. It took the Clermont 32 hours to go 150 miles from New York to Albany. | 63 | |
| 11658834248 | Railroads | Networks of iron rails on which steam locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. | 64 | |
| 11658834249 | Samuel Slater | "Father of the Factory System" in America; escaped Britain with the memorized plans for the textile machinery; put into operation the first spinning cotton thread in 1791. | 65 | |
| 11658834250 | Unions | An association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages. | 66 | |
| 11658834251 | Eli Whitney | Invented the cotton gin | 67 | |
| 11658834252 | social mobility | Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another | 68 | |
| 11658834253 | Sectionalism | Different parts of the country developing unique and separate cultures (as the North, South and West). This can lead to conflict. | 69 | |
| 11658834254 | Commonwealth v. Hunt | (1842) a landmark ruling of the MA Supreme Court establishing the legality of labor unions and the legality of union workers striking if an employer hired non-union workers. | 70 | |
| 11658834255 | Cyrus McCormick | Irish-American inventor that developed the mechanical reaper. The reaper replaced scythes as the preferred method of cutting crops for harvest, and it was much more efficient and much quicker. The invention helped the agricultural growth of America. | 71 | |
| 11658834256 | Nativism/Nativists | Discrimination towards immigrants or the belief that immigration to the U.S. should be limited. | 72 | |
| 11658834257 | Know-Nothing Party | Political party of the 1850s that was anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant | 73 | |
| 11658834258 | Irish Immigrants | Came to the U.S. because of the Irish Potato Famine. Many worked in factories in harsh conditions for little pay | 74 | |
| 11658834259 | German Immigrants | People coming to America to flee political unrest in their home country | 75 | |
| 11658834260 | Tammany Hall | a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism | 76 | |
| 11658834261 | Boss Tweed | William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. | 77 | |
| 11658834262 | Peculiar Institution | A euphemism for slavery and the economic ramifications of it in the American South. The term aimed to explain away the seeming contradiction of legalized slavery in a country whose Declaration of Independence states that "all men are created equal". It was one of the key causes of the Civil War. | 78 | |
| 11658834263 | Free African Americans | Most of them lived in the cities where they could own property. However, they were not allowed to vote or work in most skilled professions. | 79 | |
| 11658834264 | poor whites | Rented farm land from landowners and paid for rent with crops. Owned no slaves, but could vote. | 80 | |
| 11658834265 | Mountain People | A number of small farmers that lived on frontier conditions in isolation from the rest of the South, along the slopes and valleys of the Appalachian and Ozark mountains. These people disliked the planters and their slaves. | 81 | |
| 11658834266 | Code of Chivalry | Adopted from knights, a code of behavior that governed the aspect of all behavior in South | 82 | |
| 11658834267 | Plains Indians | A diverse group of Indian tribes and their languages that inhabited the West | 83 | |
| 11658834268 | Mountain Men | American adventurers and fur trappers who spent most of their time in the Rocky Mountains | 84 | |
| 11658834269 | Frontier Women | Women of the backcountry who had to survive in isolation because the men would always be working | 85 | |
| 11658834270 | Universal Male Suffrage | the right of all males to vote in elections | 86 | |
| 11658834271 | Political Campaigning | the actions/strategy to get someone elected, or to get a law passed | 87 | |
| 11658834272 | Spoils System | A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends. | 88 | |
| 11658834273 | Corrupt Bargain | Refers to the presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than Jackson. | 89 | |
| 11658834274 | Peggy Eaton Affair | A social scandal where many wealthy cabinet member's wives snubbed the socially unacceptable Peggy Eaton, wife of John Eaton. Jackson sided with the Eatons, and the affair helped to dissolve the cabinet - especially those members associated with John C. Calhoun (V.P.), who was against the Eatons and had other problems with Jackson. | 90 | |
| 11658834275 | Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) | Ruled that Indians were dependent domestic nations which could be regulated by the federal government. | 91 | |
| 11658834276 | Worcester v. Georgia (1832) | Held that Native Americans were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty; ignored by the Jackson administration. | 92 | |
| 11658834277 | John C. Calhoun | South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification | 93 | |
| 11658834278 | Democrats | Party led by Jackson - "Common Man"; pro states' rights | 94 | |
| 11658834279 | Pet Banks | A term used by Jackson's opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States; the practice continued after the charter for the Second Bank expired in 1836. | 95 | |
| 11658834280 | Species Circular | A United States executive order that was issued by President Andrew Jackson in 1836. This required that government land be paid for in gold and silver. | 96 | |
| 11658834281 | William Henry Harrison | American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief Constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe. | 97 | |
| 11658834282 | John Tyler | elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died 1841-1845, President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery | 98 | |
| 11658834283 | Baptists and Methodists | Christians from two of the largest Protestant denominations in Georgia that grew and spread rapidly during the 1790s-1830s in the South | 99 | |
| 11658834284 | Mormons | Church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UT | 100 | |
| 11658834285 | Transcendentalism | A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions. | 101 | |
| 11658834286 | Ralph Waldo Emerson | American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement. | 102 | |
| 11658834287 | Henry David Thoreau | American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War. | 103 | |
| 11658834288 | Brook Farm | Transcendentalist commune founded by a group of intellectuals, who emphasized living plainly while pursuing the life of the mind. The community fell into debt and dissolved when their communal home burned to the ground in 1846. | 104 | |
| 11658834289 | Shakers | A group who believed in both Jesus and a mystic named Ann Lee. Since they were celibate and could only increase their numbers through recruitment and conversion, they eventually ceased to exist. | 105 | |
| 11658834290 | Amana | This utopian group was called the Minonites and was created by the Germans. The members lived in communes and manufactured appliances. | 106 | |
| 11658834291 | New Harmony | A utopian settlement in Indiana lasting from 1825 to 1827. It had 1,000 settlers, but a lack of authority caused it to break up. | 107 | |
| 11658834292 | Oneida | A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children. | 108 | |
| 11658834293 | Hudson River School | Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River | 109 | |
| 11658834294 | Neo-Classical Architecture | style of art in late 18th and early 19th centuries, characterized by simple, symmetrical forms of ancient Greek and Roman art. | 110 | |
| 11658834295 | James Fenimore Cooper | American novelist who is best remembered for his novels of frontier life, such as The Last of the Mohicans (1826). | 111 | |
| 11658834296 | Temperance | restraint or moderation, especially in regards to alcohol or food | 112 | |
| 11658834297 | Dorothea Dix | Rights activist on behalf of mentally ill patients - created first wave of US mental asylums | 113 | |
| 11658834298 | Auburn System | Prison reform in 1790, based on concept that solitary confinement would induce meditation and moral reform; actually led to many mental breakdowns; Auburn system, 1816, allowed congregation of prisoners during the day | 114 | |
| 11658834299 | Horace Mann | United States educator who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education (1796-1859) | 115 | |
| 11658834300 | Cult of Domesticity | idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands | 116 | |
| 11658834301 | American Colonization Society | A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country. | 117 | |
| 11658834302 | Frederick Douglass | Escaped slave and great black abolitionist who fought to end slavery through political action | 118 | |
| 11658834303 | Mass Democracy | a society taking control of voting and choosing presidents to their liking | 119 |
