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| 6326212680 | Sherman's March to the Sea | 1864-1865. Union General William Tecumseh Sherman's destructive march through Georgia. An early instance of "total war", purposely targeting infrastructure and civilian property to diminish morale and undercut the Confederate War effort. |  | 0 |
| 6326212681 | Freedmans' Bureau | 1865-1872. Created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education, and legal support. Its achievements depended largely on the quality of local administrators. |  | 1 |
| 6326212682 | Black Codes | State laws passed throughout the South to restrict the rights of emancipated blacks, particularly with respect to negotiating labor contracts. Increased Northerners' criticisms of President Andrew Johnson's lenient Reconstruction policies. Denied ex-slaves the complete civil rights enjoyed by whites and intended to force blacks back to plantations and impoverished lifestyles. |  | 2 |
| 6326212683 | KKK (Ku Klux Klan) | An extremist, paramilitary, right-wing secret society founded in the mid-nineteenth century and revived during the 1920s. It was anti-foreign, anti-black, anti-Jewish, anti-pacifist, anti-Communist, anti-internationalist, anti-evolutionist, and anti-bootlegger, but pro-Anglo-Saxon and pro-Protestant. Its members, cloaked in sheets to conceal their identities, terrorized freedmen and sympathetic whites throughout the South after the Civil War. By the 1890s, Klan-style violence and Democratic legislation succeeded in virtually disenfranchising all Southern blacks. |  | 3 |
| 6326212684 | Sharecropping | An agricultural system that emerged after the Civil War in which black and white farmers rented land and residences from a plantation owner in exchange for giving him a certain "share" of each year's crop. Sharecropping was the dominant form of southern agriculture after the Civil War, and landowners manipulated this system to keep tenants in perpetual debt and unable to leave their plantation. |  | 4 |
| 6326212685 | Hayes-Tilden Election | The South conceded to let Hayes win the presidency because he agreed to pull out the troops. |  | 5 |
| 6326212688 | Homestead Act | 1862. A federal law that gave settlers 160 acres of land for about $30 if they lived on it for five years and improved it by, for instance, building a house on it. The act helped make land accessible to hundreds of thousands of westward-moving settlers, but many people also found disappointment when their land was infertile or they saw speculators grabbing up the best land. |  | 6 |
| 6326212689 | Gettysburg Address | 1863. Abraham Lincoln's oft-quoted speech, delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg battlefield. In the address, Lincoln framed the war as a means to uphold the values of liberty. |  | 7 |
| 6326212690 | Appomattox Court House | Site (city) where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in April 1865 after almost a year of brutal fighting throughout Virginia in the "Wilderness Campaign". |  | 8 |
| 6326212691 | 10% Reconstruction Plan | 1863. Introduced by President Lincoln, it proposed that a state be readmitted to the Union once 10 percent of its voters had pledged loyalty to the United States and promised to honor emancipation of slaves. |  | 9 |
| 6326212692 | 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments (Reconstruction Amendments) | 13th: Abolished slavery except for criminal punishment. 14th: Gave equal rights and government protection to all men. 15th: Secured suffrage for men. |  | 10 |
| 6326212693 | Radical Republicans | Most liberal part of the Republican Party. Desired political, economic, and social equality for African Americans. Wanted harsh punishment for the South after the Civil War. Became much more powerful after Andrew Johnson's impeachment. |  | 11 |
| 6326212694 | Election of Lincoln | Angered many people in the south who owned slaves because he wanted to end slavery in any new territories. Won the election of 1860 but did not win the popular vote. South Carolina was happy at the outcome of the election because now it had a reason to secede.11 states in the south seceded and made themselves the Confederacy after the election. |  | 12 |
| 6326212696 | Anaconda Plan | Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture of the Mississippi River, and to take an army through heart of south. |  | 13 |
| 6326212707 | Election of 1860 | (1860) The United States presidential election of 1860 set the stage for the American Civil War. Hardly more than a month following Lincoln's victory came declarations of secession by South Carolina and other states, which were rejected as illegal by outgoing President James Buchanan and President-elect Lincoln. |  | 14 |
| 6326212709 | Civil Rights Act of 1867 | (1867) Banned discrimination in public accommodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation. |  | 15 |
| 6326212710 | Thirteenth Amendment | (1865) The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude. | 16 | |
| 6326212711 | Fourteenth Amendment | (1868) Provided equal protection of the law to freed slaves. Representation for any state that withheld voting from African Americans would be reduced. |  | 17 |
| 6326212712 | Fifteenth Amendment | (1870) Prohibited any state from denying citizens the right to vote on the grounds of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. |  | 18 |
| 6326212713 | Compromise of 1877 | (1877) It withdrew federal soldiers from their remaining position in the South, enacted federal legislation that would spur industrialization in the South, appointed Democrats to patronage positions in the south, appointed a Democrat to the president's cabinet, and allowed Rutherford B. Hayes to win the election. Marked the end of Reconstruction. |  | 19 |
| 6326212725 | Abraham Lincoln | 16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865) | | 20 |
| 6326212726 | secession | Formal withdrawal of states or regions from a nation |  | 21 |
| 6326212727 | habeas corpus | Petition requiring law enforcement officers to present detained individuals before the court to examine the legality of the arrest. Protects individuals from arbitrary state action. Suspended by Lincoln during the Civil War. |  | 22 |
| 6326212729 | Robert E. Lee | Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force. Military genius whose aggressiveness made him a fearsome opponent throughout the Civil War. |  | 23 |
| 6326212730 | Fort Sumter | Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War. |  | 24 |
| 6326212731 | Battle of Antietam | A battle near a sluggish little creek, it proved to be the bloodiest single day battle in American History with over 26,000 lives lost in that single day. Prevented a Confederate invasion of Maryland. |  | 25 |
| 6326212732 | Battle of Vicksburg | Grant besieged the city from May 18 to July 4, 1863, until it surrendered, yielding command of the Mississippi River to the Union effectively splitting the South in two. |  | 26 |
| 6326212733 | Battle of Gettysburg | A large battle in the American Civil War, took place in southern Pennsylvania from July 1 to July 3, 1863. Union General George G. Meade led an army of about 90,000 men to victory against General Robert E. Lee's Confederate army of about 75,000. Proved to be a significant turning point in the war because of the loss of about 1/3 of Lee's army. |  | 27 |
| 6326212734 | Ulysses S. Grant | An American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War. Presidency was plagued by inflation, debt, economic depression, and scandal. |  | 28 |
| 6326212735 | William Tecumseh Sherman | Union General who destroyed South during "march to the sea" from Atlanta to Savannah; example of total war and "scorched-earth" military tactics. |  | 29 |
| 6326212736 | Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson | He was a confederate general who was known for his fearlessness in leading rapid marches, bold flanking movements, and furious assaults. He earned his nickname at the battle of first bull run for standing courageously against union fire. During the battle of Chancellorsville his own men accidently mortally wounded him. |  | 30 |
| 6326212737 | martial law | Rule by the army instead of the elected government (such as in the South as a result of the Military Reconstruction Act) |  | 31 |
| 6326212738 | emergency powers | Wide-ranging powers a president may exercise during times of crisis or those powers permitted the president by Congress for a limited time. |  | 32 |
| 6326212739 | Radical Reconstruction | Name given to the period when Congress, which was controlled by Republicans, took over Reconstruction efforts. When southerners balked at some of the more moderate reforms proposed, more radical republicans started to gain more power and pass more legislation. |  | 33 |
| 6326212740 | Military Reconstruction Act | 1867. Divided the South into five districts and placed them under military rule; required Southern States to ratify the 14th amendment; guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in convention to write new state constitutions | | 34 |
| 6326212741 | Freedmen's Bureau | 1865. Organization (turned government agency) run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks after the Civil War, sometimes including settling them on confiscated confederate lands. |  | 35 |
| 6326212742 | Election of 1876 | Ended reconstruction because neither candidate had an electoral majority. The Democrat Sam Tilden lost the election, despite winning more votes, to Rutherford B Hayes in the House of Representatives who had to determine the winner since noone had secured the 51% needed in the electoral college. Hayes was elected, and then ended Reconstruction as he secretly promised to the Representatives from the remaining states still under Reconstruction. | | 36 |
| 6326212762 | Jefferson Davis | President of the Confederate States of America prior to and during the Civil War. |  | 37 |
| 6326212763 | self-determination | The ability of a people/government to determine their own course or future using their own free will. |  | 38 |
| 6326212767 | Clara Barton | Launched the American Red Cross. An "angel" in the Civil War, she was a hospital nurse that treated the wounded in the field. |  | 39 |
| 6326212768 | Border States | Southern states that never chose secession and joined the Confederacy during the Civil War (Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Deleware). |  | 40 |
| 6326212769 | Andrew Johnson | 17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. |  | 41 |
| 6326212770 | John Wilkes Booth | Southerner who assasinated Abraham Lincoln on April 14, 1865 |  | 42 |
| 6326212771 | George B. McClellan | First commander of the Army of the Potomac; well-known for being a master at training an army; was replaced several times by President Lincoln during the Civil War because of his timidness and sometimes outright refusal to send his army into battle. |  | 43 |
| 6326212772 | Merrimack (the Virginia) v. Monitor | A battle between for first "ironclad" naval vessels, marking a new age in naval warfare. |  | 44 |
| 6326212773 | Copperheads | Nickname for Northerners who were pro-Confederacy. |  | 45 |
| 6326212774 | First Battle of Bull Run (Battle of Manassas) | (July 1861) first major conflict of the Civil War. Southern victory led to overconfidence. |  | 46 |
| 6326212775 | Thaddeus Stevens | Radical Republican congressman from Pennsylvania who defended runaway slaves in court for free and insisted on being buried in a black cemetery; hated white Southerners. Leading figure on the Joint Committee on Reconstruction and for the social equality of African Americans. | | 47 |
| 6326212776 | Wade-Davis Bill | Bill pushed by Congress in 1864 that required 50 percent of a state's voters take the oath of allegiance and demanded stronger safe-guards for emancipation than proposed in Lincoln's 10 percent plan. Pocket-vetoed by Lincoln. |  | 48 |
| 6326212777 | 10 Percent Plan | Lincoln's plan for re-admitting the Southern states into the Union: a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10 percent of its voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the United States and pledged to abide by emancipation. |  | 49 |
| 6326212778 | Civil Rights Act (1866) | A Reconstruction bill which granted citizenship to African Americans and weakened the proliferation of Black Codes in the South. |  | 50 |
| 6326212779 | Redeemers | Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. |  | 51 |
| 6326212780 | Ku Klux Klan | The "Invisible Empire of the South", founded in Tennessee in 1866, made up of embittered white Southerners who resented the success and ability of Black legislators. They would terrorize, mutilate, and even murder "upstart" blacks or their supporters to "keep them in their place". |  | 52 |
| 6326212781 | "Seward's Folly" | Refers to the United States' Secretary of State William Seward's decision to purchase the Alaskan territory from Russia in 1867. At the time, Seward's decision to buy the land was regarded as a terrible one by many critics in the United States. |  | 53 |
| 6326275073 | Confederate States of America | Eventually made up of 11 former states that seceded; Jefferson Davis was the 1st & only president; unable to defeat the North b/c of lack of railroad lines, lack of industry, & inability to get European nations to support their cause. |  | 54 |
| 6326284700 | Alexander H. Stephens | VP of Confederacy; threatened to secede with GA; attempted to take his seat in the U.S. Congress after the war. |  | 55 |
| 6326293869 | Second American Revolution | The civil war is sometimes called ______ because although it destroyed slavery and devastated the southern economy, and it also acted as a catalyst to transform American into a complex modern industrial society of capital, technology, national organizations, and large corporations; the characteristics of American democracy and its capitalist economy were strengthened |  | 56 |
| 6328535218 | Greenbacks | Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war. |  | 57 |
| 6328543554 | Morrill Tariff Act | This was an act passed by Congress in 1861 to meet the cost of the war. It raised the taxes on shipping from 5 to 10 percent, however, later needed to increase to meet the demanding cost of the war. Although they were still low by today's standards, they still raked in millions of dollars. |  | 58 |
| 6328552590 | Pacific Railway Act | 1862 legislation to encourage the construction of a transcontinental railroad, connecting the West to industries in the Northeast (Union Pacific and Central Pacific RR). |  | 59 |
| 6328564032 | Morrill Land Grant Act | A law passed by Congress in July 1862 that awarded proceeds for the sale of public lands to the states for the establishment of agricultural and mechanical colleges. |  | 60 |
| 6328580803 | Winfield Scott | Leading union general in the Civil War in the beginning, and was the architect of the Anaconda Plan. He resigned from his commission once he realized that the war would not be a quick one. His plan will still be used by Lincoln and his future commanding generals. |  | 61 |
| 6328589630 | Shiloh | Confederate forces led by Beauregard surprised Union troops led by Grant & drove them across the Tennessee river; Union got backup and won the battle but it was one of the bloodiest battles in the Civil War. It was a win for the Union, however, it clearly demonstrated that the war would not be easily won for either side. |  | 62 |
| 6328628580 | Executive Power | Lincoln had an immense amount of this during the Civil War due to the absence of most southerners and democrats. Most of his ideas came to fruition and most of his agenda was put in place. |  | 63 |
| 6328644642 | Insurrection | Lincoln referred to the rebellion in the South as this and saw himself as constitutionally still the president of the South; he never technically declared war since to him the Civil War was simply a domestic ________________________. |  | 64 |
| 6328685356 | Confiscation Acts | Series of laws passed by federal government designed to liberate slaves in seceded states; authorized Union seizure of rebel property, and stated that all slaves who fought with Confederate military services were freed of further obligations to their masters; virtually emancipation act of all slaves in Confederacy. |  | 65 |
| 6328719137 | Emancipation Proclamation | 1863, Lincoln's proclamation made after a crucial victory at Antietam, allowed Lincoln to push for something radical; frees all slaves in areas under rebellion; this excludes the border states, keeping them on the side of the union, prevents foreign powers from entering the war for slavery, provides a rationale for the war, and allows blacks to enlist in the army; it changed the purpose of the Civil War for Union troops. |  | 66 |
| 6328739442 | Draft Riots | Violent disturbances in New York City that were the culmination of working-class discontent with new laws passed by Congress that year to draft men to fight in the ongoing American Civil War. Irish workers blamed the blacks for loss of jobs, the war, etc. Resulted in destruction of businesses, violence and lynching of blacks, even the destruction of an all black orphanage. After 4 days, the riots were put to an end by Union troops. |  | 67 |
| 6328776766 | Election of 1864 | General George McClellan campaigns against Lincoln with a peace platform. Northern victories in the summer of 1864 help Lincoln get reelected. Lincoln ran with Andrew Johnson, a former democrat from Tennessee and new Republican and Unionist. |  | 68 |
| 6329870699 | Trent Affair | 1861 Confederacy sent diplomats James Mason and John Sidell to try to get Britain's aid; Union warship stopped the steamer called the Trent which was carrying the diplomats and held them as prisoners of war; Lincoln set them free and they were able to speak to Great Britain but the Confederacy ended up not getting the support they needed. |  | 69 |
| 6329901989 | Alabama Affair | The British Foreign Enlistment Act of 1819 forbade the construction and outfitting of foreign warships. The Confederates evaded the letter of this law during the early years of the war by various ruses and managed to purchase a number of cruisers. After these vessels were completed, they destroyed or captured more than 250 American merchant ships and caused the conversion of 700 more to foreign flags. By the end of the war, the U.S. Merchant Marine had lost half its ships. The subsequent demands for compensation took the title of the vessel that had done the most damage-Alabama. The British government eventually gave us $15 million by 1871 to make up for damage that the ship caused at the hands of the Confederacy. |  | 70 |
| 6329940244 | Laird Rams | Two ships built by John Laird and Sons in Great Britain. Constructed in 1863 they had iron rams and large caliber guns. They were more dangerous than the Alabama. They were intended for Confederate use and would have waged war between Britain and the U.S. because they would have destroyed Union wooden ships. After negotiations by Charles Francis Adams, the ships were sold into the Royal Navy. Everyone was happy but the South. |  | 71 |
| 6329962904 | Segregated | After being emancipated, black people were allowed to fight in the Union in _______________________ troops led by a white commander. Hundreds of thousands of Southern blacks walked away from slavery to join the Union army and navy, performed courageously under fire and won respect of Union white soldiers. The most famous was the 54th regiment out of Massachusetts. |  | 72 |
| 6329986901 | Massachusetts 54th Regiment | One of the first and most famous black regiments. The regiment lost half their soldiers during an assault on Fort Wagner. They were forced to retreat but their bravery won them widespread respect. Led by Colonel Robert Shaw. |  | 73 |
| 6330011667 | Women | During the Civil War, this group began working outside of the home at unusually high rate for the time; especially in offices, schools, and as nurses. All three areas have been dominated by this ever since. |  | 74 |
| 6330013904 | Long-term effects of the Civil War | Changed war methods, war became more deadly, took more American lives than any other war (600,000), destroyed towns, devastated the South, blow to the southern economy, led to more industrialization in the North, led to more railroad which had enormous implications, more telegraph lines, freed the slaves, gave African-Americans citizenship and voting rights, changed the lives and occupations of women, altered the social structure of the South, created many political and cultural beliefs that still exist today, created more educational institutions in the North and in the West, created more farmland in the North and in the West....etc. |  | 75 |
| 6330095868 | 4 Million Freedmen | Socially, this group was without land, homes, and an occupation at the end of the Civil War but did have their freedom. |  | 76 |
| 6330102471 | Civil Rights Act of 1866 | Granted citizenship and the same rights enjoyed by white citizens to all male persons in the United States "without distinction of race or color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude." President Andrew Johnson's veto of the bill was overturned by a two-thirds majority in both houses of Congress, and the bill became law. Johnson's attitude contributed the growth of the Radical Republican movement, which favored increased intervention in the South and more aid to former slaves, and ultimately to Johnson's impeachment. | | 77 |
| 6336432421 | Equal protection of the laws | Important clause of the 14th amendment which granted further equality to African-Americans, albeit de jure and not de facto. |  | 78 |
| 6336446894 | Due process of the laws | Important clause of the 14th amendment which granted equal access to the judicial system for all African-Americans, albeit de jure and not de facto. |  | 79 |
| 6336455499 | Civil Rights Act of 1875 | It protected all Americans, regardless of race, in their access to public accommodations and facilities such as restaurants, theaters, trains and other public transportation, and protected the right to serve on juries. However, it was not enforced, and the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional in 1883. |  | 80 |
| 6336464746 | Jay Gould | Often regarded as the most unethical of the Robber Barons, an American financier that was partnered with James Fisk in tampering with the railroad stocks for personal profit. He, like other railroad kings, controlled the lives of the people more than the president did. Conned President Grant into ceasing the sale of gold to stop inflation and help farmers, but resulted in "Black Friday," September 24,1869. He did this to corner the market on gold and for personal profit. |  | 81 |
| 6336505055 | Credit Mobilier | This was a fraudulent construction company created to take the profits of the Union Pacific Railroad. Using government funds for the railroad, the Union Pacific directors gave padded construction contracts to Congress members, then hired and overpaid themselves to build their own railroad. Chief among the scandals to rock the Grand Administration was this scandal. The New York Sun exposed the scandal. $23 million taxpayer dollars had been paid to the men involved. This is important because it demonstrated the power of the railroad company and its stockholders over the government. |  | 82 |
| 6336557856 | William (Boss) Tweed | Head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13million. |  | 83 |
| 6338519695 | Spoilsmen | Group of corrupt and manipulating politicians which arose during the Grant administration and caused Grant to lose credibility with Reformer/Radical Republicans. Leadership of the Republican party passed from the reformers (Stevens, Sumner, Wade) to political manipulators such as Senator Roscoe Conklin of NY and James Blaine of Maine. |  | 84 |
| 6338555851 | Patronage | Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support; very common during Reconstruction. |  | 85 |
| 6338562149 | Thomas Nast | An American caricaturist and editorial cartoonist from Germany. He is the "Father of the American Cartoon". His artwork was primarily based on political corruption. He was the scourge of Boss Tweed and the Tammany Hall political machine. He is most known for the creation of the modern version of Santa Claus, and the political symbol of the elephant for the Republican Party. |  | 86 |
| 6338586932 | Liberal Republicans | Formed in 1872 when a faction split from the ranks of the Republican Party in opposition to President Ulysses S. Grant. Many Liberals argued that the task of Reconstruction was complete and should be put aside. Their defection served a major blow to the Republican Party and shattered what congressional enthusiasm remained for Reconstruction. |  | 87 |
| 6338609547 | Horace Greeley | Liberal republican candidate that ran against Grant in 1872 election. An American newspaper editor and founder of the Republican party. His New York Tribune was America's most influential newspaper 1840-1870. Greeley used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties, as well as antislavery and a host of reforms. |  | 88 |
| 6338622102 | Panic of 1873 | Caused by speculation and inflation. Impacted the US and Europe. 18,000 businesses went bankrupt, including hundreds of banks, and ten states went bankrupt and turned against Republicans and favored Democrats. KKK increased in membership as poor whites began to blame the freedmen for their economic woes. Lasted from 1873 until 1879. The Coinage Act of 1873 passed by Ulysses S. Grant helped to spawn this economic panic. Because the federal government was worried about inflation, this act allowed them to discontinue using silver to back the currency in the United States, and instead, back the currency with only gold. Therefore, it would be extremely hard for the poorer classes to obtain, so they would only be able to use paper money, which is backed by nothing. This act had the immediate effect of depressing silver prices, which hurt the Western mining companies tremendously. This led to the economic depression that the United States would experience for the years to come. |  | 89 |
| 6338660650 | Rutherford B. Hayes | 19th president of the United States, famous for being part of an election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, and the winner of the popular vote (Samuel Tilden) failed to secure the presidency due to corrupt bargaining. Argued to be the most corrupt election in US history. The election of this individual secured the end of Reconstruction. |  | 90 |
| 6338683707 | Samuel J. Tilden | Hayes' opponent in the 1876 presidential race, he was the Democratic nominee who had gained fame for putting Boss Tweed behind bars. He collected 184 of the necessary 185 electoral votes and won the popular vote. However, the House of Representatives gives the presidency to Hayes instead. |  | 91 |
| 6338709589 | Presidential Reconstruction | In December 1863 Lincoln introduced the first Reconstruction scheme, the Ten Percent Plan, thus beginning the period known as ______________________________ _____________________________. The plan decreed that when one-tenth of a state's prewar voters had taken an oath of loyalty to the U.S. Constitution, its citizens could elect a new state government and apply for readmission to the Union. In addition, Lincoln promised to pardon all but a few high-ranking Confederates if they would take this oath and accept abolition. The plan also required that states amend their constitutions to abolish slavery. Conspicuous in this plan was the stipulation that only whites could vote or hold office. | | 92 |
| 6338723449 | Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction | 1863 Lincoln issued this proclamation which provided a means of repatriating "those who resume their allegiance" even though the war was still in progress. To those who took an oath of loyalty, he was prepared to issue a full pardon, with some notable exceptions. Those exceptions he specifically listed in the proclamation so there would be no misunderstanding. He also provided guidelines for the systematic reestablishment of loyal state governments. |  | 93 |
| 6338729947 | Wade-Davis Bill | 1864. Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for Reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned. |  | 94 |
| 6338766781 | Congressional Reconstruction | The second "round" of Reconstruction that began after the congressional elections of 1866 when the dominant Republicans in Congress unified and took a more radical stance (fearing that the Democrats would gain power). During this period of reconstruction, the southern states were occupied by the Union army and many steps to guarantee the rights of blacks were taken. The Radical Republicans also had Johnson impeached in 1867. |  | 95 |
| 6339203264 | Charles Sumner | A leader of the Radical Republicans along with Thaddeus Stevens. He was from Massachusetts and was in the Senate. Prior to the Civil War he had been nearly beaten to death for his speech called the "Crimes Against Kansas" and returned after the Civil War to his Senate seat with a radical agenda. His two main goals were breaking the power of wealthy planters and ensuring that freedmen could vote. |  | 96 |
| 6339224764 | Thaddeus Stephens | The most famous Radical Republican representing Pennsylvania in the House of Representatives who hoped to revolutionize southern society through an extended period of military rule where blacks could exercise their civil rights, would be educated in public schools, and receive lands confiscated from former plantation owners. |  | 97 |
| 6339238458 | Benjamin Wade | Senator from Ohio and Radical Republican who was co-sponsor of the strict Wade-Davis Bill of 1864 that was ultimately vetoed by Lincoln. He endorsed woman's suffrage, rights for labor unions, and civil rights for northern blacks. |  | 98 |
| 6339252408 | Reconstruction Acts | Pushed through congress over Johnson's veto in 1867, it gave Radical Republicans complete military control over the South and divided the South into five military zones, each headed by a general with absolute power over his district. They disenfranchised former Confederates, and required that Southern states both ratify the 14th Amendment and write state constitutions guaranteeing freedmen the franchise before gaining readmission to the Union. These acts created Congressional/Radical Reconstruction. |  | 99 |
| 6339267145 | Tenure of Office Act | Enacted by Radical Republicans in 1866, it forbade the president from removing civil officers without consent of the Senate. It was meant to prevent Johnson from removing radicals from office; in particular, members of Lincoln's administration. Johnson broke this unconstitutional law when he fired a Radical Republican from his cabinet, and he was impeached for this "crime". |  | 100 |
| 6339294409 | Edwin Stanton | Secretary of War appointed by Lincoln. President Andrew Johnson dismissed him in spite of the Tenure of Office Act, and as a result, Congress wanted Johnson's impeachment. |  | 101 |
| 6339298149 | Impeachment | An action by the House of Representatives to accuse the president, vice president, or other civil officers of the United States of committing "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors." Andrew Johnson will be the first president to have this done but will remain in office when the Senate voted (1 more vote and he would have been removed!) |  | 102 |
| 6339312458 | Scalawags | A derogatory term for white Republican Southerners who supported Reconstruction following the Civil War. They were considered to be traitors to the "Lost Cause" and to the South, especially considered so by wealthy ex-confederates. |  | 103 |
| 6339337256 | Carpetbaggers | A derogatory term applied to Northerners who migrated south during Reconstruction to take advantage of opportunities, reform the south, pursue political positions, aide the freedmen and help those in poverty, advance their own fortunes by buying up land from desperate Southerners(Southern View), or by manipulating new black voters to obtain lucrative government contracts(Southern View). Term was especially used by wealthy ex-confederates and was given to them due to the type of luggage that they carried which resembled a carpet. |  | 104 |
| 6339368001 | Blanche K. Bruce | U.S. politician who represented Mississippi as a Republican in the U.S. Senate from 1875 to 1881; of mixed race, he was the first elected black senator to serve a full term. |  | 105 |
| 6339378516 | Hiram Revels | Black Mississippi senator elected to the seat that had been occupied by Jefferson Davis before the South seceded. |  | 106 |
| 6339393209 | Force Acts | Acts passed in 1870 and 1871 under the Grant Administration to promote African American voting and mainly aimed at limiting the activities of the Ku Klux Klan. Through the acts, actions committed with the intent to influence voters, prevent them from voting, or conspiring to deprive them of civil rights, including life, were made federal offenses. Thus the federal government had the power to prosecute the offenses, including calling federal juries to hear the cases. |  | 107 |
| 6339408215 | Amnesty Act of 1872 | United States federal law that removed voting restrictions and office-holding disqualification against most of the secessionists who rebelled in the American Civil War, except for some 500 military leaders of the Confederacy and Jefferson Davis. The original restrictive Act was passed by the U.S. House of Representatives on May 1866. |  | 108 |
| 6339435183 | "Waving the Bloody Shirt" | The Republican's strategy for getting Grant re-elected, referring to linking the opposition to the Confederacy by focusing on the opposition's desires to end Reconstruction. |  | 109 |
| 9250654311 | Fredericksburg | December 1862, Confederate victory, Burnside (USA) v Lee (CSA). Lincoln will fire Burnside and replace him with Hooker because of this battle. Burnside let Lee regroup and re-plan leading to a Confederate victory and severe union loss. The win further emboldens Confederates and weakens Union troop morale. |  | 110 |
