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| 9730259633 | Tehran Hostage Crisis | In November 1979, revolutionaries stormed the American embassy in Tehran and held 52 Americans hostage. The Carter administration tried unsuccessfully to negotiate for the hostages release. On January 20, 1981, the day Carter left office, Iran released the Americans, ending their 444 days in captivity. | 0 | |
| 9730259634 | "Moral Majority" | political organization of the United States which had an agenda of evangelical Christian-oriented political lobbying. Formed by Jerry Falwell. Organization made up of conservative Christian political action committees which campaigned on issues its personnel believed were important to maintaining its Christian conception of moral law. This group pressured for legislation that would ban abortion and ban the states' acceptance of homosexuality. Although not it did not accomplish much, it did show that Americans were starting to worry about the moral fabric of society. | 1 | |
| 9730263205 | Contract with America | developed by Newt Gingrich in 1994; promised to end big government that was too intrusive and too easy with tax payer money; congress was to respect the values and faiths of the American family; called for a balance budget amendment; end welfare; increase military spending; and reduce capital gains tax, term limits, great emphasis on personal responsibility, and a general repudiation of the Democratic party. | 2 | |
| 9730267074 | Reagan/Bush Tax Cuts - Implications | The 1981 act, combined with another major tax reform act in 1986, cut marginal tax rates on high-income taxpayers from 70 percent to around 30 percent, and would be the defining economic legacy of Reagan's presidency. The Bush tax cuts were two tax code changes that President Bush authorized during his term. Congress enacted tax cuts to families in 2001 and investors in 2003. | 3 | |
| 9730270119 | Planned Parenthood v. Casey | Four of the original five conditions on abortions upheld -- Informed consent, 24 hour waiting period, parental consent for a minor, and the imposition of certain reporting info from abortion facilities. Spousal notification was overturned. | 4 | |
| 9730273152 | Sandinistas/Contras | - Sandinistas were members of a leftist coalition that overthrew the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastasia Somoza in 1979 and attempted to install a socialist economy. The United States financed armed opposition by the Contras. The Sandinistas lost national elections in 1990. - Contras were counterrevolutionary group in Nicaragua that opposed the Sandinistas; Guerrillas who fought against the Sandinistas | 5 | |
| 9730277015 | Afghanistan Invasion by U.S.S.R. | In December 1979, Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan; this action ended a decade of improving US-Soviet relations. Carter reacted by (1) placing an embargo on grain exports and the sale of high technology to the Soviet Union and (2) boycotting the 1980 Olympics in Moscow. | 6 | |
| 9730277016 | Ronald Reagan - Details | - Ronald Reagan easily won the presidential election of 1980. Voters troubled by inflation and by the yearlong confinement of Americans in Iran swept the Republican ticket into office. Reagan won 489 electoral votes to 49 for President Jimmy Carter. - 69 days after he took office on January 20, 1981, Reagan was shot by an attempted assassin. - Reagan obtained legislation to stimulate economic growth, curb inflation, increase employment, and strengthen national defense. He embarked upon a course of cutting taxes and Government expenditures, refusing to deviate from it when the strengthening of defense forces led to a large deficit. - Reagan and Bush won 49 states in 1984 election - In 1986 Reagan obtained an overhaul of the income tax code, which eliminated many deductions and exempted millions of people with low incomes. At the end of his administration, the Nation was enjoying its longest recorded period of peacetime prosperity without recession or depression. - Reagan also fought in international affairs, claiming to achieve "peace through strength" and in dramatic meetings with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev; he negotiated a treaty that would eliminate intermediate-range nuclear missiles. He is credited with defeating the Soviet Union | 7 | |
| 9730281078 | START Talks | began in 1982; Strategic Arms Reduction Talks between US and Soviets to reduce nuclear warheads | 8 | |
| 9730285415 | Strategic Defense Initiative - "Star Wars" | Reagan's proposed Strategic Defense Initiative (1983), also known as "Star Wars," called for a land- or space-based shield against a nuclear attack. Although SDI was criticized as unfeasible and in violation of the Antiballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, Congress approved billions of dollars for development. | 9 | |
| 9730285416 | Iran-Contra Scandal | Reagan's administration was embroiled in scandal when it came to light that the United States had sold weapons to Iran and funneled the money to Nicaraguan rebels. | 10 | |
| 9730289456 | "Black Monday" | Oct 19.1987 , when the leading stock-market index plunged 508 points, the largest one-day decline in history, which followed the bailouts of many banks as the federal and international trade deficit continued to grow as falling oil prices hurt the economy of the Southwest, slashing real estate values and undermining hundreds of savings and loan institutions. | 11 | |
| 9730289457 | Pan Am Flight 103 - Implications | 1988 - commonly referred to as the Lockerbie bombing, was the bombing of a Pan Am transatlantic flight from London's Heathrow Airport to New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport; in 2003 Gaddafi admitted Libya's responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing and paid compensation to the victims' families though he maintained he never personally gave the order for the attack | 12 | |
| 9730294386 | Tiananmen Square | Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military - thousands were killed | 13 | |
| 9730304780 | Fall of the Berlin Wall | The removal of the wall that separated East and West Germany on November 9, 1989. Symbolized the end of the Cold War. Reagan famously said, "Mr. Gorbachev tear down this wall." | 14 | |
| 9730308615 | Manuel Noriega - Invasion of Panama | Ordered by Bush in December 1989 to remove the autocratic General Manuel Noriega. The said purpose of the invasion was to stop Noriega from using the country as a "drug pipeline" to the US. | 15 | |
| 9730312935 | Mandela - Apartheid | Born 1918. 11th President of South Africa. Spent 27 years in prison after conviction of charges while he helped spearhead the struggle against apartheid. Received Nobel Peace Prize in 1993. | 16 | |
| 9730312936 | Operation Desert Storm | Military operations that started on January 16, 1991, with a bombing campaign, followed by a ground invasion of February 23 and 24, 1991. The ground war lasted 100 hours and resulted in a spectacularly one-sided military victory for the Coalition. | 17 | |
| 9730316908 | Commonwealth of Independent States | After the fall of the Berlin Wall, the USSR began to dissolve into its component parts, some fifteen republics loosely confederated in the Commonwealth of Independent States, with Russia as the most powerful state. Gorbachev, now a leader without a country, resigned in December 1991. | 18 | |
| 9730316909 | Boris Yeltsin | Was the first President of the Russian Federation from 1991 to 1999. His era was a traumatic period in Russian history—a period marked by widespread corruption, economic collapse, and enormous political and social problems. By the time he left office, he was a deeply unpopular figure in Russia, with an approval rating as low as two percent by some estimates. | 19 | |
| 9730320774 | Savings and Loan Crisis | - the failure of 1,043 out of the 3,234 savings and loan associations in the United States from 1986 to 1995 - "The banking problems of the '80's and '90's came primarily, but not exclusively, from unsound real estate lending". | 20 | |
| 9730320775 | AIDS - Impact | Huge deadly outbreak in the '70's started with gay men and was labeled the "gay plague" but soon began to affect drug users, hemophiliacs, and minorities. Expensive to treat, no cure. C Everett Koop caused government to spend 1.3 billion on AIDS assistance. | 21 | |
| 9730323711 | Persian Gulf War | 1990 - Saddam Hussein of Iraq invaded Kuwait and threatened Saudi Arabia. By taking over these regions, Hussein would have been able to control much of the world's oil. He was stopped by intervention of America in Operation Desert Storm. In 1991, Bush issued an ultimatum for Hussein to pull out of Kuwait or face invasion. Saddam failed to comply and America declared war. Iraq was defeated within 100 hours. | 22 | |
| 9730323712 | NAFTA | established free trade zone between Canada, United States and Mexico | 23 | |
| 9730327433 | Reaganomics/Supply Side Economics | The federal economic polices of the Reagan administration, elected in 1981. These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side tax cuts, and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth. | 24 | |
| 9730330871 | Rachel Carson - Silent Spring | A book written (Rachel Carson) to voice the concerns of environmentalists. Launched the environmentalist movement by pointing out the effects of civilization development. | 25 | |
| 9730330872 | Stagflation | A period of slow economic growth and high unemployment (stagnation) while prices rise (inflation). During the 60's and 70's, the U.S. was suffering from 5.3% inflation and 6% unemployment. | 26 | |
| 9730336153 | Michael Harrington - "The Other America" | (1962) The book that inspires LBJ to create the Great Society: emphasizes the idea is that poverty still exists in the US. | 27 | |
| 9730339109 | Ralph Nader - "Unsafe at Any Speed" | (1965) describes resistance by car manufacturers to the introduction of safety features, like seat belts, and their general reluctance to spend money on improving safety. Basically a big poo-poo ing of the American car industry. | 28 | |
| 9730339110 | Texas v. Johnson | Texas v. Johnson | 29 | |
| 9730342480 | Bush v. Gore | The Bush v. Gore case officially began on December 11th of 2000. Originally Gore won his case and the ballots were manually recounted; however, George W. Bush explained that the manual recount undermined the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution. The United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of George Bush in Bush v. Gore. | 30 | |
| 9730344317 | Supply Side Economics | An economic philosophy that holds that sharply cutting taxes will increase the incentive people have to work, save, and invest. Greater investments will lead to more jobs, a more productive economy, and more tax revenues for the government. | 31 | |
| 9730347523 | "Whip Inflation Now" (WIN) | 1974 Ford replaces Nixon as president; Whip Inflation Now was a campaign slogan promoting Ford's ideas to help the recession and inflation problems; a program by the Ford administration to curb inflation and dramatic price increases by putting pressure on businesses to lower prices and deter consumers from hording goods | 32 | |
| 9730351463 | Health Care and Social Security Reform | - Clinton proposed a 1993 health care reform package that required each US citizen and permanent resident alien to become enrolled in a qualified health plan. The plan was defeated. - Welfare reform, signed reluctantly by Clinton, this bill made deep cuts in welfare grants and required able-bodied welfare recipients to find employment. It also tightly restricted welfare benefits for legal and illegal immigrants alike, reflecting a rising ride of anti-immigrant sentiment as their numbers climbed toward an all-time high. | 33 | |
| 9730356346 | "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" | Clinton's effort to end homosexuals exclusion from the military proved difficult. The "don't ask, don't tell" policy stated as long as homosexual soldiers did not openly reveal their sexual orientation, commanders could not investigate it. | 34 | |
| 9730362064 | Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 | Passed in 1986, it was an update of the 1965 Immigration Act and outlawed the hiring of undocumented immigrants, but offered legal status to aliens who had lived in the U.S. for five years. Debates over immigration policy persisted, however, as did efforts to tighten U.S. border controls. | 35 | |
| 9730362065 | Deregulation | the lifting of restrictions on business, industry, and professional activities for which government rules had been established and that bureaucracies had been created to administer. | 36 | |
| 9730370834 | Pat Robertson, Oral Roberts and Jim Baker - Who? Impact? | conservative religious revival; wanted return of Bible and praying in schools; Pat Robertson, Oral Roberts, Jim Baker were televangelists; spoke of moral decay | 37 | |
| 9730370835 | Sandra Day O'Connor | Sandra Day O'Connor is a retired Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, serving from her appointment in 1981 by Ronald Reagan until her retirement in 2006. She was the first woman to be appointed to the Court. | 38 | |
| 9730375260 | Jesse Jackson - Details | an African-American candidate for the Democratic ticket of 1988, campaigned for a "rainbow coalition" of minorities and the disadvantaged | 39 | |
| 9730379663 | "It's Morning Again in America" | Opening line of a political campaign television commercial. "Morning in America" was the slogan used in Reagan's political campaign; was used to depict a new day dawning on a confident people; produced positive feelings and associations by expressing that America was a nation of small towns, close-knit families, and kindly neighbors; evoking nostalgia from people; | 40 | |
| 9730379664 | National Debt Under Reagan | Economists speculated that the economy had recovered because of Reagan's massive military expenditures. Reagan gave the Pentagon nearly $2 trillion in the 1980's. This massive expenditure led to an unbalanced federal budget and it substantially increased the national debt. | 41 | |
| 9730384502 | Invasion of Grenada | Ronald Reagan dispatched a heavy- fire- power invasion force to the island of Grenada, where a military coup had killed the prime minister and brought Marxists to power ----Americans captured the island quickly demonstrating Reagan's determination to assert the dominance of the US in the Caribbean | 42 | |
| 9730387498 | Glasnost and Perestroika | -Two policies announced by Gorbachev with remarkable, even revolutionary implications -"Openness" aimed to ventilate the secretive, repressive stuffiness of Soviet society by introducing free speech and a measure of political liberty -"Restructuring" intended to revive the moribund Soviet economy by adopting many of the free market practices such as the profit motive and an end to subsidized prices -Required that the USSR shrink the size of its enormous military machine and redirect its energies to the dismal civilian economy -Necessitated an end to the Cold War | 43 | |
| 9730389458 | Clarence Thomas - Controversy | This man was an African American jurist, and a strict critic of affirmative action. He was nominated by George H. W. Bush to be on the Supreme Court in 1991, and shortly after was accused of sexual harassment by Anita Hill. Hearings were reopened, and he became the second African American to hold a seat in the Supreme Court. | 44 | |
| 9730389459 | H. Ross Perot | He rose as a significant third party candidate in 1992. A tech-company billionaire who spent his own money campaigning, he ran on one main issue: the U.S. must get the debt under control--he split the Republican vote, leading to Democrat win for Bill Clinton. | 45 | |
| 9730394893 | Dot-Com Boom and Bust | a speculative bubble from 1995-2000 in which the stock market grew super fast in the area of new information technologies on the world wide web, before crashing in 2000 | 46 | |
| 9730398193 | Clinton's Impeachment - Details | The impeachment of Bill Clinton was initiated in December 1998 by the House of Representatives and led to a trial in the Senate for the impeachment of Bill Clinton, the 42nd President of the United States, on two charges, one of perjury and one of obstruction of justice. He was narrowly acquitted. | 47 | |
| 9730400669 | Formation of the European Union | An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members. Formally changed name to European Union in 1993. | 48 | |
| 9730400670 | G-8 Summit | An international organization of the leading capitalist industrial nations: US, Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, Canada, Russia. Largely controlled the world's major international financial organizations: World Bank, IMF, and GATT. - hold an annual meeting to foster consensus on global issues like economic growth and crisis management, global security, energy, and terrorism | 49 | |
| 9730407386 | "No Child Left Behind" - Point? Impact? | - An education bill created and signed by the George W. Bush administration. Designed to increase accountability standards for primary and secondary schools, the law authorized several federal programs to monitor those standards and increased choices for parents in selecting schools for their children. - The program was highly controversial, in large part because it linked results on standardized to federal funding for schools and school districts. - It is extremely unpopular and dysfunctional | 50 | |
| 9730413899 | 9/11 Attack - Implications | - On September 11, 2001, terrorists affiliated with al-Qaeda hijacked and flew airplanes into the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington, D.C. Nearly 3,000 Americans were killed in the attacks. - The administration of President George W. Bush declared a Global War on Terror and sent troops to Afghanistan, where the ruling Taliban regime was providing safe haven to al-Qaeda, and to Iraq, where Saddam Hussein purportedly was harboring weapons of mass destruction. - Concerns about US national security resulted in the creation of the Department of Homeland Security and the signing of the USA Patriot Act into law. These developments sparked a debate over constitutional rights and protections, and the proper balance between security and liberty in a democracy. | 51 | |
| 9730421428 | Patriot Acts of 2001, 2003 - Department of Homeland Security - Implications | - Legislation passed during the aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist attacks; permitted extensive telephone and email surveillance and authorized the detention and deportation of immigrants suspected of terrorism. - Agency created in the aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist attacks; charged with protecting the nation's borders and identifying potential terrorists. | 52 | |
| 9730425396 | Operation Iraqi Freedom | Operation where U.S. troops invaded Iraq and Saddam's forces collapsed almost immediately. Baghdad fell, and Saddam and other Iraqi leaders went into hiding. In the months that followed Saddam and many of his supporters were captured | 53 | |
| 9730425397 | Election of 2008 - Details | -Democrat Barack Obama, then junior United States Senator from Illinois, defeated Republican John McCain. -There were several unique aspects of the 2008 election: -The election was the first in which an African American was elected President. -It was also the first time two sitting senators ran against each other. -The 2008 election was the first in 56 years in which neither an incumbent president nor a vice president ran -Bush was constitutionally limited from seeking a third term by the Twenty-second Amendment; Vice President Dick Cheney chose not to seek the presidency. - It was also the first time the Republican Party nominated a woman for Vice President (Sarah Palin, then-Governor of Alaska). -Additionally, it was the first election in which both major parties nominated candidates who were born outside of the contiguous United States. Voter turnout for the 2008 election was the highest in at least 40 years. | 54 | |
| 9730429324 | Economic Stimulus | In February 2009, US President Barack Obama authorized a $787 billion economic stimulus package composed of spending increases and tax cuts. The US national debt rose by $6 trillion from 2008 to 2012, while unemployment peaked at 10 percent in 2009 and then declined. | 55 | |
| 9730429325 | "Obamacare" | 1)"Affordable Care Act" known as "Obamacare", the Act extended health care insurance to millions of Americans. 2)Marking a major step toward achieving the century-old goal of universal health car coverage for all citizens. | 56 | |
| 9730434588 | Tea Party Movement - Implications | - a grassroots conservative political movement mobilized in opposition to Barack Obama's fiscal, economic, and health care policies - An American political movement known for its conservative positions and its role in the Republican Party. Members of the movement have called for a reduction of the U.S. national debt and federal budget deficit by reducing government spending, and for lower taxes. The movement opposes government-sponsored universal health care | 57 | |
| 9730437447 | Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission | 2010 - By a 5-to-4 vote along ideological lines, the SCOTUS majority held that under the First Amendment corporate funding of independent political broadcasts in candidate elections cannot be limited. | 58 | |
| 9730440257 | Boston Bombing | Two bombs set off at the finish line of the Boston Marathon killing 3 and injuring 264 more. This act of terrorism proved the difficulty of preventing such attacks. The FBI took over the investigation and released photographs and surveillance video of two suspects. The suspects were identified as the brothers Dzhokhar and Tamerlan Tsarnaev. One was killed and the other captured, tried, convicted and sentenced to death. | 59 |
