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| 160058892 | Act of Toleration | A legal document that allowed all Christian religions in Maryland: Protestants invaded the Catholics in 1649 around Maryland: protected the Catholics religion from Protestant rage of sharing the land: Maryland became the #1 colony to shelter Catholics in the New World. | 0 | |
| 160058893 | Dominion of New England | 1686-The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). Ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros | 1 | |
| 160058894 | Edict of Nantes | 1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship. | 2 | |
| 160058895 | Fundamental Orders of Connecticut | Set up a unified government for the towns of the Connecticut area (Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield). First constitution written in America. | 3 | |
| 160058896 | Halfway Covenant | A Puritan church document; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations. | 4 | |
| 160058897 | Maryland Toleration Act | Act that was passed in Maryland that guaranteed toleration to all Christians, regardless of sect but not to those who did not believe in the divinity of Jesus. Though it did not sanction much tolerance, the act was the first seed that would sprout into the first amendment, granting religious freedom to all. | 5 | |
| 160058898 | Mayflower Compact | This document was drafted in 1620 prior to settlement by the Pilgrims at Plymouth Bay in Massachusetts. It declared that the 41 males who signed it agreed to accept majority rule and participate in a government in the best interest of all members of the colony. This agreement set the precedent for later documents outlining commonwealth rule. | 6 | |
| 160058899 | Navigation Acts | Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries. | 7 | |
| 161675141 | Thirteenth amendment | Abolished Slavery | 8 | |
| 161675142 | Fourteenth Amendment | constitutional ammendment ratified in 1868 to guarantee citizens equal protection under the law | 9 | |
| 161675143 | Fifteenth Amendment | The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. | 10 | |
| 161675144 | Adams-Onis Treaty | Spain ceded Florida to the United States and gave up its claims to the Oregon Territory | 11 | |
| 161675145 | Albany Plan of Union | plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown | 12 | |
| 161675146 | Alien and Sedition Acts | These consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: the Naturalization Act, which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years; the Alien Act, which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens; the Alien Enemy Act, which allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at was with the US; and the Sedition Act, which made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. The first 3 were enacted in response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were considered subversives. The Sedition Act was an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition, although only 25 people were ever arrested, and only 10 convicted, under the law. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts. | 13 | |
| 161675147 | American System | an economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power. | 14 | |
| 161675148 | Amnesty Act | Passed in 1872, law which granted civil rights to ex-confederates and so set the stage for them to regain control of the south | 15 | |
| 161675149 | Articles of Confederation | this document, the nations first constitution, was adopted by the second continental congress in 1781during the revolution. the document was limited because states held most of the power, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage | 16 | |
| 161675150 | Bill of rights | a statement of fundamental rights and privileges (especially the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution) | 17 | |
| 161675151 | Black Codes | laws passed in the South just after the Civil War aimed at controlling freedmen and enabling plantation owners to exploit African American workers | 18 | |
| 161675152 | Bland-Allison Act | 1878 - Authorized coinage of a limited number of silver dollars and "silver certificate" paper money. First of several government subsidies to silver producers in depression periods. Required government to buy between $2 and $4 million worth of silver. Created a partial dual coinage system referred to as "limping bimetallism." Repealed in 1900. | 19 | |
| 161675153 | Bradwell v. Illinois | (1873)-Myra Bradwell applied for the Illinois state bar, but was denied admittance on the basis of her gender. The case ruled 8-1 that the right to practice a profession was not protected by the Fourteenth Amendment | 20 | |
| 161675154 | Proclamation of 1763 | A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east. | 21 | |
| 161675155 | Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge | 1837) interest of community are above corporate rights case settled a dispute over the constitutional clause regarding obligation of contract | 22 | |
| 161675156 | Cherokee Nation v. Georgia | (1831) The Cherokees argued that they were a seperate nation and therefore not under Georgia's jurisdiction. Marshall said they were not, but rather had "special status" | 23 | |
| 161675157 | Chinese Exclusion Act | (1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate. | 24 | |
| 161675158 | Chisolm v. Georgia | 1793, The first meaningful supreme court case. Chisolm tried to sue the state of Georgia for payments he was owed for providing supplies for the revolutionary war, and the supreme court upheld that it was legal to sue the state. This led to the eleventh amendment (cannot sue state unless state allows it). | 25 | |
| 161675159 | Command of the Army Act | prohibited the president from issuing military orders except through the commanding general of the army (General Grant), who could not be relieved or assigned elsewhere without the consent of the Senate. | 26 | |
| 161675160 | Compromise of 1850 | Includes California admitted as a free state, the Fugitive Slave Act, Made popular sovereignty in most other states from Mexican- American War | 27 | |
| 161675161 | Compromise of 1877 | Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river | 28 | |
| 161675162 | Compromise Tariff | Henry Clay comes up with this, saying that the tariff will slowly lower, but a Force Bill will be passed, saying that if you don't pay, you will be attacked | 29 | |
| 161675163 | Confiscation Act | An Act that declared that all rebel property used in war, including slaves, could be confiscated and declared that confiscated slaves were free forever. | 30 | |
| 161675164 | Cumberland (National) Road | constructing a decent road over the Appalachians was more difficult. Although the state was responsible for internal improvements, this road was an exception. Contributed to nationalism because it connected the east and west together in trade and commerce. | 31 | |
| 161675165 | Dawes Severalty Act | Bill that promised Indians tracts of land to farm in order to assimilate them into white culture. The bill was resisted, uneffective, and disastrous to Indian tribes | 32 | |
| 161675166 | Declaration of Independence | the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain | 33 | |
| 161675167 | Delcaratory Act | Parliament declares that they have the same amount of power in Britain as in America | 34 | |
| 161675168 | Dred Scott v. Sandford | 1857 Supreme Court decision that stated that slaves were not citizens; that livig in a free state or territory, even for many years, did not free slaves; and declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitional | 35 | |
| 161675169 | Emancipation Proclamation | a document issued by president Abraham Lincoln in 1862 that freed the slaves from confederacy | 36 | |
| 161675170 | Embargo act | signed by thomas jefferson in 1807 - stop export of all american goods and american ships from sailing for foreign ports | 37 | |
| 161675171 | Franco-American Alliance | Agreement by France to fund American military aids and loans to American colonies. | 38 | |
| 161675172 | Freedmen's Bureau | Organization run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks after the Civil War | 39 | |
| 161675173 | Fugitive Slave Act | a law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders | 40 | |
| 161675174 | Great Compromise | Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house | 41 | |
| 161675175 | Gibbons v. Ogden | Regulating interstate commerce is a power reserved to the federal government | 42 | |
| 161675176 | Homestead Act | Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25. | 43 | |
| 161675177 | Independent Treasury Act | In the wake of the Specie Circular and the Panic of 1837, President Van Buren proposed, and Congress passed this act. The system that was created took the federal government out of banking. All payments to the government were to be made in hard cash and it was to be stored in government vaults until needed. | 44 | |
| 161675178 | Indian Removal Act | removed indians from southern states and put them on reservations in the midwest | 45 | |
| 161675179 | Insular Cases | Determined that inhabitants of U.S. territories had some, but not all, of the rights of U.S. citizens. | 46 | |
| 161675180 | Interstate Commerce Act | Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices | 47 | |
| 161675181 | Intolerable Acts | in response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses | 48 | |
| 161675182 | Jay Treaty | Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley | 49 | |
| 161675183 | Judiciary Act of 1789 | In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures. | 50 | |
| 161675184 | Kansas-Nebraska Act | This Act set up Kansas and Nebraska as states. Each state would use popular sovereignty to decide what to do about slavery. People who were proslavery and antislavery moved to Kansas, but some antislavery settlers were against the Act. This began guerrilla warfare. | 51 | |
| 161675185 | Land Ordinance of 1785 | A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers. | 52 | |
| 161675186 | Lincoln's Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction | Issued before end of war: -Pardoned almost all Confederates who swore loyalty -Ten Percent Plan--once 10% of voters in Confederate state took oath and set up abolition gov't, that state could re-elect Congressmen -no need to rejoin Union, as it was never legal for them to secede | 53 | |
| 161675187 | Lincoln's Ten-Percent Plan | Former Confederate states would be readmitted to the Union if 10% of their citizens took a loyalty oath and the state agreed to ratify the 13th Amendment which outlawed slavery. Not put into effect because Lincoln was assassinated. | 54 | |
| 161675188 | Marbury v. Madison | The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, (the Judiciary Act of 1789). | 55 | |
| 161675189 | Massachusetts Circular Letter | A letter written in Boston and circulated through the colonies in February, 1768, which urged the colonies not to import goods taxed by the Townshend Acts. Boston, New York, and Philadelphia agreed to non-importation. It was followed by the Virginia Circular Letter in May, 1768. Parliament ordered all colonial legislatures which did not rescind the circular letters dissolved. | 56 | |
| 161675190 | McCullough v. Maryland | In establishing a national bank, Congress was legally exercising its enumerated powers not sepcifically mentioned in the Constitution. | 57 | |
| 161675191 | McKinley Tariff | 1890 tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States history | 58 | |
| 161675192 | Military Reconstruction Act | It divided the South into five military districts that were commanded by Union generals. It was passed in 1867. It ripped the power away from the president to be commander in chief and set up a system of Martial Law | 59 | |
| 161675193 | Missouri Compromise | an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories | 60 | |
| 161675194 | Monroe Doctrine | an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers | 61 | |
| 161675195 | Morrill Land Grant Act | of 1862, in this act, the federal government had donated public land to the states for the establishment of college; as a result 69 land- grant institutions were established. | 62 | |
| 161675196 | Munn v. Illinois | 1876; The Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws. The Munn case allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation. | 63 | |
| 161675197 | Nonintercourse Act, Force Act, Macon's Bill #2 | Replaced Embargo Act, if either Britian or France repealed their restrictions on US trade, US would embargo other. | 64 | |
| 161675198 | Northwest Ordinance of 1787 | Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery | 65 | |
| 161675199 | Olive Branch Petition | On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies. | 66 | |
| 161675200 | Open door policy | A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China. | 67 | |
| 161675201 | Oregon Treaty | 1846. Settled dispute of Oregon boundary dispute, stemming from the Treaty of 1818 in which both U.S. and British settlers were granted free navigation of the territory. | 68 | |
| 161675202 | Ostend Manifesto | a declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S. | 69 | |
| 161675203 | Pendleton Act | 1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons | 70 | |
| 161675204 | Pickney's Treaty | 1795 - Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans. | 71 | |
| 161675205 | Plessy v. Fergusson | supreme court decides that segrigation is equal as long as facilities were seperate but equal | 72 | |
| 161675206 | Protective Tariff | A tariff designed to shield domestic producers of a good or service from the competition of foreign producers | 73 | |
| 161675207 | Quartering Acts | colonists were required to provide housing and food to British soldiers | 74 | |
| 161675208 | Rush-Bagot Agreement | an agreement that limited navel power on the Great lakes for both the United States and British Canada. | 75 | |
| 161675209 | Sherman Antitrust Act | First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions | 76 | |
| 161675210 | Sherman Silver Purchase Act | Required the government to purchase an additional 4.5 million ounces of silver bullion each month for use as currency. | 77 | |
| 161675211 | Stamp Act and Stamp Act Congress | • Stamp Act (1765) - legal printed documents must have a revenue stamp that was purchased from Royal stamp distributors • Official Response: Representatives from 9 colonies go to NY to discuss the stamp act and create stamp act congress. 1) Fair and Equal rights as British 2) No taxation without representation (in govt.) 3) Only colonial assemblies are representative of colonists 4) Unfair for British to take property 5) Military courts enforce stamp tax • Unofficial Response: Sons of Liberty burnt stamps and stamp distribution buildings. They beat merchants who didn't boycott British goods. They used newspapers and pamphlets to get their word out against the act. They tar and feathered the British stamp distributors. | 78 | |
| 161675212 | Sugar Act | halved the duty on foreign made molasses, placed duties on certain imports, and strenghtened the enforcement of the law allowing prosecutors to try smuggling cases in a vice-admiralty court | 79 | |
| 161675213 | Currency Act | restricted colonists from printing their own currency and instead using "hard" currency (gold and silver) | 80 | |
| 161675214 | Tallmadge Amendment | Ammendment passed in the House but not the Senate that would have prohibited more slaves from being brought into Missouri and emancipated all slaves born there | 81 | |
| 161675215 | Tariff of Abominations | The bill favored western agricultural interests by raising tariffs or import taxes on imported hemp, wool, fur, flax, and liquor, thus favoring Northern manufacturers. In the South, these tariffs raised the cost of manufactured goods, thus angering them and causing more sectionalist feelings. | 82 | |
| 161675216 | Tea Act | Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies - undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party | 83 | |
| 161675217 | Teller Amendment | Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war | 84 | |
| 161675218 | Tenure of Office Act | 1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet | 85 | |
| 161675219 | Townshend Acts | A tax that the British Parliament placed on leads, glass, paint and tea | 86 | |
| 161675220 | Treaty of Ghent | December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border. | 87 | |
| 161675221 | Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million | 88 | |
| 161675222 | Treaty of Paris | agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent contry | 89 | |
| 161675223 | Trent Affair | In 1861 the Confederacy sent emissaries James Mason to Britain and John Slidell to France to lobby for recognition. A Union ship captured both men and took them to Boston as prisonners. The British were angry and Lincoln ordered their release | 90 | |
| 161675224 | United States v. E. C. Knight Co | (1895) Congress wanted to bust a trust because it controled 98% of sugar manufacturing. Supreme court said no because it wasn't interstate commerce which they do have the right to regulate. Severely weakend the Sherman Anti-Trust Act | 91 | |
| 161675225 | Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions | Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional. | 92 | |
| 161675226 | Wabash case | favorable to state regulation of those phases of interstate commerce upon which Congress itself had not acted. The court declared invalid an Illinois law prohibiting long- and short-haul clauses in transportation contracts as an infringement on the exclusive powers of Congress granted by the commerce clause of the Constitution. The result of the case was denial of state power to regulate interstate rates for railroads, and the decision led to creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission | 93 | |
| 161675227 | Wade-Davis Bill | an 1864 plan for Reconstruction that denied the right to vote or hold office for anyone who had fought for the Confederacy...Lincoln refused to sign this bill thinking it was too harsh. | 94 | |
| 161675228 | Webster-Ashburn Treaty | 1842. Solved border issues between the United States and the British. Maine-New Brunswick border, Lake Superior Border, 49th parallel western frontier. Ended the slave trade on the high seas. Share the great lakes. | 95 | |
| 161675229 | Wilmont Proviso | bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the war with mexico | 96 | |
| 161675230 | Wilson-Gorman Tariff | Meant to be a reduction of the McKinley Tariff, it would have created a graduated income tax, which was ruled unconstitutional. | 97 | |
| 161675231 | Worcester v. Georgia | Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it | 98 | |
| 162001605 | Sixteenth Amendment | The constitutional amendment adopted in 1913 that explicitly permitted Congress to levy an income tax. | 99 | |
| 162001606 | Seventeenth Amendment | 1913 constitutional amendment allowing American voters to directly elect US senators | 100 | |
| 162001607 | Eighteenth Amendment | prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages | 101 | |
| 162001608 | Nineteenth Amendment | The constitutional amendment adopted in 1920 that guarantees women the right to vote. | 102 | |
| 162001609 | Twenty-First Amendment | Passed February, 1933 to repeal the 18th Amendment (Prohibition). Congress legalized light beer. Took effect December, 1933. Based on recommendation of the Wickersham Commission that Prohibition had lead to a vast increase in crime. | 103 | |
| 162001610 | Abrams v. United States | Socialists threw leaflets from windows denouncing American intervention in Russia. ISSUE: Do the amendments to the Espionage Act or the application of those amendments in this case violate the free speech clause of the First Amendment? NO, and NO! - formulated the Bad Tendency Test | 104 | |
| 162001611 | Agricultural Adjustment Act | Recovery: (AAA); May 12, 1933; restricted crop production to reduce crop surplus; goal was to reduce surplus to raise value of crops; farmers paid subsidies by federal government; declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in US vs Butler on January 6, 1936 | 105 | |
| 162001612 | Atlantic Charter | 1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII and to work for peace after the war | 106 | |
| 162001613 | Baghdad Pact | 1955 - A treaty supported by the West that united the defenses of Iraq, Turkey, Pakistan, and Iran, to counter the threat of the expansion of the Soviet Union. | 107 | |
| 162001614 | Baker v. Carr | (LBJ) 1962 Baker v. Carr, case decided in 1962 by the U.S. Supreme Court. Tennessee had failed to reapportion the state legislature for 60 years despite population growth and redistribution. Charles Baker, a voter, brought suit against the state (Joe Carr was a state official in charge of elections) in federal district court, claiming that the dilution of his vote as a result of the state's failure to reapportion violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. The court dismissed the complaint on the grounds that it could not decide a political question. Baker appealed to the Supreme Court, which ruled that a case raising a political issue would be heard. This landmark decision opened the way for numerous suits on legislative apportionment. | 108 | |
| 162001615 | Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka | In a 9-0 vote, the separate but equal doctrine was abandoned when it was decided that the education system was not equal. | 109 | |
| 162001616 | Camp David Accords | A peace treaty between Israel and Egypt where Egypt agreed to recognize the nation state of Israel | 110 | |
| 162001617 | Central Intelligence Agency | an independent agency of the United States government responsible for collecting and coordinating intelligence and counterintelligence activities abroad in the national interest | 111 | |
| 162001618 | Civil Rights Act of 1964 | This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places. | 112 | |
| 162001619 | Civilian Conservation Corps | Relief: (CCC) March 31, 1933; reduced poverty/unemployment, helped young men and families; young men go to rural camps for 6 months to do construction work; $1/day; intended to help youth escape cities; concerned with soil erosion, state/national parks, telephone/power lines; 40 hr weeks | 113 | |
| 162001620 | Clayton Antitrust Act | New antitrust legislation constructed to remedy deficiencies of the Sherman Antitrust Act, namely, it's effectiveness against labor unions | 114 | |
| 162001621 | Containment | a policy of creating strategic alliances in order to check the expansion of a hostile power or ideology or to force it to negotiate peacefully (USSR) | 115 | |
| 162001622 | Department of Housing and Urban Development | the United States federal department that administers federal programs dealing with better housing and urban renewal | 116 | |
| 162001623 | Eisenhower Doctrine | Eisenhower proposed and obtained a joint resolution from Congress authorizing the use of U.S. military forces to intervene in any country that appeared likely to fall to communism. Used in the Middle East. | 117 | |
| 162001624 | Elementary and Secondary Education Act and Higher Education Act | aid to education | 118 | |
| 162001625 | Emergency Banking Relief Bill | put poorly managed banks under the control of the Treasury Department and granted government licenses (which functioned as seals of approval) to those that were solvent | 119 | |
| 162001626 | Emergency Quota Act | A government legislation that limited the number of immigrants from Europe which was set at 3% of the nationality currently in the U.S. It greatly limited the number of immigrants who could move to the U.S. And it reflected the isolationist and anti-foreign feeling in America as well as the departure from traditional American ideals. | 120 | |
| 162001627 | Engel v. Vitale | banned formal prayer in schools, goverment whould not make any religion the 'official' religion. | 121 | |
| 162001628 | Environmental Protection Agency | an independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment | 122 | |
| 162001629 | Equal Rights Amendment | constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender | 123 | |
| 162001630 | Escobedo v. Illinois | 1964--Ruled that a defendant must be allowed access to a lawyer before questioning by police. | 124 | |
| 162001631 | Espionage Act | This law, passed after the United States entered WWI, imposed sentences of up to twenty years on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty. It allowed the postmaster general to remove from the mail any materials that incited treason or insurrection. | 125 | |
| 162001632 | Fair Deal | Truman's extension of the New Deal that increased min wage, expanded Social Security, and constructed low-income housing | 126 | |
| 162001633 | Fair Labor Standards Act | 1938 act which provided for a minimum wage and restricted shipments of goods produced with child labor | 127 | |
| 162001634 | Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation | a federally sponsored corporation that insures accounts in national banks and other qualified institutions | 128 | |
| 162001635 | Federal Emergency Relief Act | The Act was the first direct-relief operation under the New Deal, and was headed by Harry L. Hopkins, a New York social worker who was one of Franklin D. Roosevelt's most influential advisors, law provided money for food and other necessities for the unemployed *Affected the people in trying to aid people feeling the effects of the depression, still in effect today | 129 | |
| 162001636 | Federal highway Act | Appropriating $25 billion for the construction of interstate highways over a 20-year period, it was the largest public works project in American history to that point. | 130 | |
| 162001637 | Federal Reserve Act | a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply | 131 | |
| 162001638 | Federal Trade Commission | an independent agency of the United States fedeal government that maintains fair and free competition | 132 | |
| 162001639 | Fordney McCumber Act | increased tariffs made it difficult for European nations to conduct trade in order to pay off war debts; protected US industries from foreign competition | 133 | |
| 162001640 | Full Employment Act | Enacted after WWII and stated that returning veterans were guaranteed a job. US gov't responsible for putting people to work | 134 | |
| 162001641 | Furman v. Georgia | 8th Amendment Capital punishment. It raised the question of racial imbalances in the use of the death penaltyby state courts. Many states rewrote the death penalty statutes. | 135 | |
| 162001642 | Geneva Conference | A conference between many countries that agreed to end hostilities and restore peace in French Indochina and Vietnam. | 136 | |
| 162001643 | Gideon v. Wainwright | a landmark case in United States Supreme Court history. In the case, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required under the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants unable to afford their own attorneys. | 137 | |
| 162001644 | Griswold v. Connecticut | married couple wanted to get contraceptives; struck down a Connecticut law prohibiting the sale of contraceptives; established the right of privacy through the 4th and 9th amendment | 138 | |
| 162001645 | Glass-Steagall Banking Act | this gave the President the power to regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange | 139 | |
| 162001646 | Good Neighbor Policy | FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region | 140 | |
| 162001647 | Great Society | President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education. | 141 | |
| 162001648 | Hawley-Smoot Tariff | charged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliation | 142 | |
| 162001649 | Helsinki Accords | The Final Act of the Helsinki conference in 1975 in which the thirty-five nations participating agreed that Europe's existing political frontiers could not be changed by force. They also solemnly accepted numerous provisions guaranteeing the human rights and political freedoms of their citizens. | 143 | |
| 162001650 | Kellog-Briand Pact | Agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another | 144 | |
| 162001651 | Korematsu v. United States | 1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 to each survivor. | 145 | |
| 162001652 | Lend-Lease Act | allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S | 146 | |
| 162001653 | Marshall Plan | a United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952) | 147 | |
| 162001654 | McCarran Internal Security Act | United States federal law that required the registration of Communist organizations with the Attorney General in the United States and established the Subversive Activities Control Board to investigate persons thought to be engaged in "un-American" activities, including homosexuals | 148 | |
| 162001655 | McCarran-Walter Immigration and Nationality Act | 1952; restricts immigration to US; people born in Guam, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Isles get US citizenship | 149 | |
| 162001656 | Meat Inspection Act | Law that authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to order meat inspections and condemn any meat product found unfit for human consumption. | 150 | |
| 162001657 | Medicare and Medicaid | these provided free or low cost medical insurance to welfare recipients and most Americans age 65 and older | 151 | |
| 162001658 | Miranda v. Arizona | Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police. | 152 | |
| 162001659 | Munich Agreement | Chamberlain flew to Munich to attend summit w/France, Italy & Germany; discussed future of Czechoslovakia; led to transfer of all Sudenten territories to Germany in return of Hitler promising respect sovereignty of remainder of Czechoslovakia | 153 | |
| 162001660 | NAFTA | A trade agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico that encourages free trade between these North American countries. | 154 | |
| 162001661 | National Defense Act | Passed in response to Sputnik, it provided an oppurtunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans. It allocated funds for upgrading funds in the sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation. | 155 | |
| 162001662 | National Industry Recovery Act | Sought to help business, raise prices, control production, and put people back to work. This act established the National Recovery Administration (NRA), with the power to set fair competition codes in all industries | 156 | |
| 162001663 | National Origins Act | Act which restricted immigration from any one nation to two percent of the number of people already in the U.S. of that national origin in 1890. Severely restricted immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe, and excluded Asians entirely | 157 | |
| 162001664 | National Security Council | a committee in the executive branch of government that advises the president on foreign and military and national security | 158 | |
| 162001665 | National War Labor Board | helped resolve labor disputes that might slow down war production. | 159 | |
| 162001666 | NATO | an international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security | 160 | |
| 162001667 | Nazi-Soviet Pact | A secret agreement between the Germans and the Russians that said that they would not attack each other | 161 | |
| 162001668 | Neutrality Act | series of laws passed by Congress in 1935 that banned arms sales or loans to countries at war | 162 | |
| 162001669 | New York Times v. United States | Government argued that national security would be endangered and that the Pentagon Papers had been stolen from the Defense Department. A divided Court rejected the government's claims. The Court ruled that stopping publication would be prior restraint. | 163 | |
| 162001670 | Nixon Doctrine | During the Vietnam War, the Nixon Doctrine was created. It stated that the United States would honor its exisiting defense commitments, but in the future other countries would have to fight their own wars without support of American troops. | 164 | |
| 162001671 | Nixon v. United States | a 1974 landmark Supreme Court decision. It was a unanimous ruling that was crucial to dealing with the Watergate scandal, and that resulted a redefined constitutional limiting of presidential power. Determined that the Supreme Court power went beyond even Marbury v. Madison, that they could limit a president using the Constitution, that the Constitution provides for laws enforceable on a president, and that presidential privilege does not apply to relevant materials in a criminal case. | 165 | |
| 162001672 | Northern Securities Co. v. United States | The Supreme Court ruled that the Northern Securities Company, which controlled three railroads and monopolized rail transit for 1/4 of the United States was in violation of the Sherman Anti Trust Act of 1890. This was the first real usage of the law to break down monopolies. | 166 | |
| 162001673 | Office of Economic Opportunity | oversaw many programs dealing w/ improving life in inner cities (ex: Job Corps: education and job training program for at-risk youth), Set guidelines for equal hiring and education practices (started "quotas") | 167 | |
| 162001674 | Panama Canal treaties | Passed by President Carter, these called for the gradual return of the Panama Canal to the people and government of Panama. They provided for the transfer of canal ownership to Panama in 1999 and guaranteed its neutrality. | 168 | |
| 162001675 | Peace Corps | (JFK) , volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America | 169 | |
| 162001676 | Platt Amendment | cuba could not make treaties with foreign power limiting independence and not borrow excessive amounts of money, allowed us to establish naval base at guantanamo bay | 170 | |
| 162001677 | Port Huron Statement | Manifesto of the Students for a Democratic Society, which criticized the federal government for racial inequality, poverty, and also the Cold War and international peace. | 171 | |
| 162001678 | Project Apollo | manned u.s. space program established to land on the moon and briefly explore the moon | 172 | |
| 162001679 | Pure Food and Drug Act | Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA. | 173 | |
| 162001680 | Reconstruction Finance Corporation | Congress set up $2 billion. It made loans to major economic institutions such as banks, insurance companies and railroads. | 174 | |
| 162001681 | Regents of University of California v. Bakke | Court ruling that colleges and universities could legitimately consider race as a factor in the admissions process. | 175 | |
| 162001682 | Roe v. Wade | established national abortion guidelines; trimester guidelines; no state interference in 1st; state may regulate to protect health of mother in 2nd; state may regulate to protect health or unborn child in 3rd. inferred from right of privacy established in griswald v. connecticut | 176 | |
| 162001683 | Roosevelt Corollary | Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force | 177 | |
| 162001684 | SALT-II | Second Strategic Arms Limitations Talks. A second treaty was signed on June 18, 1977 to cut back the weaponry of the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. because it was getting too competitive. Set limits on the numbers of weapons produced. Not passed by the Senate as retaliation for U.S.S.R.'s invasion of Afghanistan, and later superseded by the START treaty. | 178 | |
| 162001685 | Schecter Poultry Corp. v. United States | May 27, 1935: supreme court ruled down NRA when regulating a poultry business. NRA exceeded their power of interstate commerece and lost the case. | 179 | |
| 162001686 | Schenck v. United States | Court case that limited freedom of speech 2) upheld the Espionage Act 3) under certain circumstances, the SC can limit free speech. | 180 | |
| 162001687 | Securities Exchange Commission | an independent federal agency that oversees the exchange of securities to protect investors | 181 | |
| 162001688 | Sedition Act | made it a crime to write, print, utter, or publish criticism of the president of government | 182 | |
| 162001689 | Selective Service Act | law requiring men to register for military service | 183 | |
| 162001690 | Servicemen's Readjustment Act (G.I. Bill) | bill providing college and vocational education for returning WWII servicemen | 184 | |
| 162001691 | Social Security Administration | an independent government agency responsible for the social security system | 185 | |
| 162001692 | Standard Oil Co. v. United States | Gives birth to the federal government's power to analyze, and, if warranted, seek the breakup of companies and to minutely review and, if warranted, disallow proposed mergers that might restrain competition. | 186 | |
| 162001693 | Star Wars | Space-based missile system that would be merely defensive A protective web of missile satellites above the US (fantastical) | 187 | |
| 162001694 | Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty | two agreements signed in 1972 and 1979 between he united states and soviet union limiting the number of offensive nuclear missles | 188 | |
| 162001695 | Taft-Hartley Act | (HT) 1947, , The Act was passed over the veto of Harry S. Truman on the 23rd June, 1947. When it was passed by Congress, Truman denounced it as a "slave-labor bill". The act declared the closed shop illegal and permitted the union shop only after a vote of a majority of the employees. It also forbade jurisdictional strikes and secondary boycotts. Other aspects of the legislation included the right of employers to be exempted from bargaining with unions unless they wished to. The act forbade unions from contributing to political campaigns and required union leaders to affirm they were not supporters of the Communist Party. This aspect of the act was upheld by the Supreme Court on 8th May, 1950. | 189 | |
| 162001696 | Tennessee Valley Authority | A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil. | 190 | |
| 162001697 | Treaty of Versailles | the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans | 191 | |
| 162001698 | Tripartite Pact | Signed between the Axis powers in 1940 (Italy, Germany and Japan) where they pledged to help the others in the event of an attack by the US | 192 | |
| 162001699 | Truman Doctrine | President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology | 193 | |
| 162001700 | United States v. Butler | This was a Supreme Court case during the New Deal. The case ruled the AAA unconstitutional because it taxed one group to pay another. | 194 | |
| 162001701 | "Voice of America" | 1948; This government agency was created to make radio (and later TV) broadcasts of news and entertainment into foreign countries, especially into those controlled by communists. | 195 | |
| 162001702 | Volstead Act | The Act specified that "no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, furnish or possess any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act." It did not specifically prohibit the purchase or use of intoxicating liquors | 196 | |
| 162001703 | Voting Rights Act | 1965 act which guaranteed the right to vote to all Americans, and allowed the federal government to intervene in order to ensure that minorities could vote | 197 | |
| 162001704 | Wagner Act/National Labor Relations Act | Part of "Second" New Deal Programs (1935-1938), collective bargaining rights, closed shops permitted (where workers must join unions), outlawed anti-union tactics | 198 | |
| 162001705 | War Powers Resolution | A law passed in 1973 spelling out the conditions under which the president can commit troops without congressional approval. | 199 | |
| 162001706 | Warsaw Pact | treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania | 200 | |
| 162001707 | Washington Naval Conference | 1921 - president harding invited delegates from Europe and Japan, and they agreed to limit production of war ships, to not attack each other's possessions, and to respect China's independence | 201 | |
| 162001708 | Works Progress Administration | May 6, 1935- Began under Hoover and continued under Roosevelt but was headed by Harry L. Hopkins. Provided jobs and income to the unemplyed but couldn't work more than 30 hours a week. It built many public buildings and roads, and as well operated a large arts project. | 202 |
