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160058892Act of TolerationA legal document that allowed all Christian religions in Maryland: Protestants invaded the Catholics in 1649 around Maryland: protected the Catholics religion from Protestant rage of sharing the land: Maryland became the #1 colony to shelter Catholics in the New World.0
160058893Dominion of New England1686-The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). Ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros1
160058894Edict of Nantes1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.2
160058895Fundamental Orders of ConnecticutSet up a unified government for the towns of the Connecticut area (Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield). First constitution written in America.3
160058896Halfway CovenantA Puritan church document; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.4
160058897Maryland Toleration ActAct that was passed in Maryland that guaranteed toleration to all Christians, regardless of sect but not to those who did not believe in the divinity of Jesus. Though it did not sanction much tolerance, the act was the first seed that would sprout into the first amendment, granting religious freedom to all.5
160058898Mayflower CompactThis document was drafted in 1620 prior to settlement by the Pilgrims at Plymouth Bay in Massachusetts. It declared that the 41 males who signed it agreed to accept majority rule and participate in a government in the best interest of all members of the colony. This agreement set the precedent for later documents outlining commonwealth rule.6
160058899Navigation ActsLaws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.7
161675141Thirteenth amendmentAbolished Slavery8
161675142Fourteenth Amendmentconstitutional ammendment ratified in 1868 to guarantee citizens equal protection under the law9
161675143Fifteenth AmendmentThe right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.10
161675144Adams-Onis TreatySpain ceded Florida to the United States and gave up its claims to the Oregon Territory11
161675145Albany Plan of Unionplan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown12
161675146Alien and Sedition ActsThese consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: the Naturalization Act, which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years; the Alien Act, which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens; the Alien Enemy Act, which allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at was with the US; and the Sedition Act, which made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. The first 3 were enacted in response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were considered subversives. The Sedition Act was an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition, although only 25 people were ever arrested, and only 10 convicted, under the law. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts.13
161675147American Systeman economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power.14
161675148Amnesty ActPassed in 1872, law which granted civil rights to ex-confederates and so set the stage for them to regain control of the south15
161675149Articles of Confederationthis document, the nations first constitution, was adopted by the second continental congress in 1781during the revolution. the document was limited because states held most of the power, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage16
161675150Bill of rightsa statement of fundamental rights and privileges (especially the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution)17
161675151Black Codeslaws passed in the South just after the Civil War aimed at controlling freedmen and enabling plantation owners to exploit African American workers18
161675152Bland-Allison Act1878 - Authorized coinage of a limited number of silver dollars and "silver certificate" paper money. First of several government subsidies to silver producers in depression periods. Required government to buy between $2 and $4 million worth of silver. Created a partial dual coinage system referred to as "limping bimetallism." Repealed in 1900.19
161675153Bradwell v. Illinois(1873)-Myra Bradwell applied for the Illinois state bar, but was denied admittance on the basis of her gender. The case ruled 8-1 that the right to practice a profession was not protected by the Fourteenth Amendment20
161675154Proclamation of 1763A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.21
161675155Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge1837) interest of community are above corporate rights case settled a dispute over the constitutional clause regarding obligation of contract22
161675156Cherokee Nation v. Georgia(1831) The Cherokees argued that they were a seperate nation and therefore not under Georgia's jurisdiction. Marshall said they were not, but rather had "special status"23
161675157Chinese Exclusion Act(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.24
161675158Chisolm v. Georgia1793, The first meaningful supreme court case. Chisolm tried to sue the state of Georgia for payments he was owed for providing supplies for the revolutionary war, and the supreme court upheld that it was legal to sue the state. This led to the eleventh amendment (cannot sue state unless state allows it).25
161675159Command of the Army Actprohibited the president from issuing military orders except through the commanding general of the army (General Grant), who could not be relieved or assigned elsewhere without the consent of the Senate.26
161675160Compromise of 1850Includes California admitted as a free state, the Fugitive Slave Act, Made popular sovereignty in most other states from Mexican- American War27
161675161Compromise of 1877Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river28
161675162Compromise TariffHenry Clay comes up with this, saying that the tariff will slowly lower, but a Force Bill will be passed, saying that if you don't pay, you will be attacked29
161675163Confiscation ActAn Act that declared that all rebel property used in war, including slaves, could be confiscated and declared that confiscated slaves were free forever.30
161675164Cumberland (National) Roadconstructing a decent road over the Appalachians was more difficult. Although the state was responsible for internal improvements, this road was an exception. Contributed to nationalism because it connected the east and west together in trade and commerce.31
161675165Dawes Severalty ActBill that promised Indians tracts of land to farm in order to assimilate them into white culture. The bill was resisted, uneffective, and disastrous to Indian tribes32
161675166Declaration of Independencethe document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain33
161675167Delcaratory ActParliament declares that they have the same amount of power in Britain as in America34
161675168Dred Scott v. Sandford1857 Supreme Court decision that stated that slaves were not citizens; that livig in a free state or territory, even for many years, did not free slaves; and declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitional35
161675169Emancipation Proclamationa document issued by president Abraham Lincoln in 1862 that freed the slaves from confederacy36
161675170Embargo actsigned by thomas jefferson in 1807 - stop export of all american goods and american ships from sailing for foreign ports37
161675171Franco-American AllianceAgreement by France to fund American military aids and loans to American colonies.38
161675172Freedmen's BureauOrganization run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks after the Civil War39
161675173Fugitive Slave Acta law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders40
161675174Great CompromiseCompromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house41
161675175Gibbons v. OgdenRegulating interstate commerce is a power reserved to the federal government42
161675176Homestead ActPassed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25.43
161675177Independent Treasury ActIn the wake of the Specie Circular and the Panic of 1837, President Van Buren proposed, and Congress passed this act. The system that was created took the federal government out of banking. All payments to the government were to be made in hard cash and it was to be stored in government vaults until needed.44
161675178Indian Removal Actremoved indians from southern states and put them on reservations in the midwest45
161675179Insular CasesDetermined that inhabitants of U.S. territories had some, but not all, of the rights of U.S. citizens.46
161675180Interstate Commerce ActEstablished the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices47
161675181Intolerable Actsin response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses48
161675182Jay TreatyWas made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley49
161675183Judiciary Act of 1789In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.50
161675184Kansas-Nebraska ActThis Act set up Kansas and Nebraska as states. Each state would use popular sovereignty to decide what to do about slavery. People who were proslavery and antislavery moved to Kansas, but some antislavery settlers were against the Act. This began guerrilla warfare.51
161675185Land Ordinance of 1785A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.52
161675186Lincoln's Proclamation of Amnesty and ReconstructionIssued before end of war: -Pardoned almost all Confederates who swore loyalty -Ten Percent Plan--once 10% of voters in Confederate state took oath and set up abolition gov't, that state could re-elect Congressmen -no need to rejoin Union, as it was never legal for them to secede53
161675187Lincoln's Ten-Percent PlanFormer Confederate states would be readmitted to the Union if 10% of their citizens took a loyalty oath and the state agreed to ratify the 13th Amendment which outlawed slavery. Not put into effect because Lincoln was assassinated.54
161675188Marbury v. MadisonThe 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, (the Judiciary Act of 1789).55
161675189Massachusetts Circular LetterA letter written in Boston and circulated through the colonies in February, 1768, which urged the colonies not to import goods taxed by the Townshend Acts. Boston, New York, and Philadelphia agreed to non-importation. It was followed by the Virginia Circular Letter in May, 1768. Parliament ordered all colonial legislatures which did not rescind the circular letters dissolved.56
161675190McCullough v. MarylandIn establishing a national bank, Congress was legally exercising its enumerated powers not sepcifically mentioned in the Constitution.57
161675191McKinley Tariff1890 tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States history58
161675192Military Reconstruction ActIt divided the South into five military districts that were commanded by Union generals. It was passed in 1867. It ripped the power away from the president to be commander in chief and set up a system of Martial Law59
161675193Missouri Compromisean agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories60
161675194Monroe Doctrinean American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers61
161675195Morrill Land Grant Actof 1862, in this act, the federal government had donated public land to the states for the establishment of college; as a result 69 land- grant institutions were established.62
161675196Munn v. Illinois1876; The Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws. The Munn case allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation.63
161675197Nonintercourse Act, Force Act, Macon's Bill #2Replaced Embargo Act, if either Britian or France repealed their restrictions on US trade, US would embargo other.64
161675198Northwest Ordinance of 1787Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery65
161675199Olive Branch PetitionOn July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.66
161675200Open door policyA policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.67
161675201Oregon Treaty1846. Settled dispute of Oregon boundary dispute, stemming from the Treaty of 1818 in which both U.S. and British settlers were granted free navigation of the territory.68
161675202Ostend Manifestoa declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S.69
161675203Pendleton Act1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons70
161675204Pickney's Treaty1795 - Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans.71
161675205Plessy v. Fergussonsupreme court decides that segrigation is equal as long as facilities were seperate but equal72
161675206Protective TariffA tariff designed to shield domestic producers of a good or service from the competition of foreign producers73
161675207Quartering Actscolonists were required to provide housing and food to British soldiers74
161675208Rush-Bagot Agreementan agreement that limited navel power on the Great lakes for both the United States and British Canada.75
161675209Sherman Antitrust ActFirst federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions76
161675210Sherman Silver Purchase ActRequired the government to purchase an additional 4.5 million ounces of silver bullion each month for use as currency.77
161675211Stamp Act and Stamp Act Congress• Stamp Act (1765) - legal printed documents must have a revenue stamp that was purchased from Royal stamp distributors • Official Response: Representatives from 9 colonies go to NY to discuss the stamp act and create stamp act congress. 1) Fair and Equal rights as British 2) No taxation without representation (in govt.) 3) Only colonial assemblies are representative of colonists 4) Unfair for British to take property 5) Military courts enforce stamp tax • Unofficial Response: Sons of Liberty burnt stamps and stamp distribution buildings. They beat merchants who didn't boycott British goods. They used newspapers and pamphlets to get their word out against the act. They tar and feathered the British stamp distributors.78
161675212Sugar Acthalved the duty on foreign made molasses, placed duties on certain imports, and strenghtened the enforcement of the law allowing prosecutors to try smuggling cases in a vice-admiralty court79
161675213Currency Actrestricted colonists from printing their own currency and instead using "hard" currency (gold and silver)80
161675214Tallmadge AmendmentAmmendment passed in the House but not the Senate that would have prohibited more slaves from being brought into Missouri and emancipated all slaves born there81
161675215Tariff of AbominationsThe bill favored western agricultural interests by raising tariffs or import taxes on imported hemp, wool, fur, flax, and liquor, thus favoring Northern manufacturers. In the South, these tariffs raised the cost of manufactured goods, thus angering them and causing more sectionalist feelings.82
161675216Tea ActLaw passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies - undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party83
161675217Teller AmendmentLegislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war84
161675218Tenure of Office Act1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet85
161675219Townshend ActsA tax that the British Parliament placed on leads, glass, paint and tea86
161675220Treaty of GhentDecember 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.87
161675221Treaty of Guadalupe HidalgoTreaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million88
161675222Treaty of Parisagreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent contry89
161675223Trent AffairIn 1861 the Confederacy sent emissaries James Mason to Britain and John Slidell to France to lobby for recognition. A Union ship captured both men and took them to Boston as prisonners. The British were angry and Lincoln ordered their release90
161675224United States v. E. C. Knight Co(1895) Congress wanted to bust a trust because it controled 98% of sugar manufacturing. Supreme court said no because it wasn't interstate commerce which they do have the right to regulate. Severely weakend the Sherman Anti-Trust Act91
161675225Virginia and Kentucky ResolutionsWritten anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.92
161675226Wabash casefavorable to state regulation of those phases of interstate commerce upon which Congress itself had not acted. The court declared invalid an Illinois law prohibiting long- and short-haul clauses in transportation contracts as an infringement on the exclusive powers of Congress granted by the commerce clause of the Constitution. The result of the case was denial of state power to regulate interstate rates for railroads, and the decision led to creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission93
161675227Wade-Davis Billan 1864 plan for Reconstruction that denied the right to vote or hold office for anyone who had fought for the Confederacy...Lincoln refused to sign this bill thinking it was too harsh.94
161675228Webster-Ashburn Treaty1842. Solved border issues between the United States and the British. Maine-New Brunswick border, Lake Superior Border, 49th parallel western frontier. Ended the slave trade on the high seas. Share the great lakes.95
161675229Wilmont Provisobill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the war with mexico96
161675230Wilson-Gorman TariffMeant to be a reduction of the McKinley Tariff, it would have created a graduated income tax, which was ruled unconstitutional.97
161675231Worcester v. GeorgiaSupreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it98
162001605Sixteenth AmendmentThe constitutional amendment adopted in 1913 that explicitly permitted Congress to levy an income tax.99
162001606Seventeenth Amendment1913 constitutional amendment allowing American voters to directly elect US senators100
162001607Eighteenth Amendmentprohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages101
162001608Nineteenth AmendmentThe constitutional amendment adopted in 1920 that guarantees women the right to vote.102
162001609Twenty-First AmendmentPassed February, 1933 to repeal the 18th Amendment (Prohibition). Congress legalized light beer. Took effect December, 1933. Based on recommendation of the Wickersham Commission that Prohibition had lead to a vast increase in crime.103
162001610Abrams v. United StatesSocialists threw leaflets from windows denouncing American intervention in Russia. ISSUE: Do the amendments to the Espionage Act or the application of those amendments in this case violate the free speech clause of the First Amendment? NO, and NO! - formulated the Bad Tendency Test104
162001611Agricultural Adjustment ActRecovery: (AAA); May 12, 1933; restricted crop production to reduce crop surplus; goal was to reduce surplus to raise value of crops; farmers paid subsidies by federal government; declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in US vs Butler on January 6, 1936105
162001612Atlantic Charter1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII and to work for peace after the war106
162001613Baghdad Pact1955 - A treaty supported by the West that united the defenses of Iraq, Turkey, Pakistan, and Iran, to counter the threat of the expansion of the Soviet Union.107
162001614Baker v. Carr(LBJ) 1962 Baker v. Carr, case decided in 1962 by the U.S. Supreme Court. Tennessee had failed to reapportion the state legislature for 60 years despite population growth and redistribution. Charles Baker, a voter, brought suit against the state (Joe Carr was a state official in charge of elections) in federal district court, claiming that the dilution of his vote as a result of the state's failure to reapportion violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. The court dismissed the complaint on the grounds that it could not decide a political question. Baker appealed to the Supreme Court, which ruled that a case raising a political issue would be heard. This landmark decision opened the way for numerous suits on legislative apportionment.108
162001615Brown v. Board of Education of TopekaIn a 9-0 vote, the separate but equal doctrine was abandoned when it was decided that the education system was not equal.109
162001616Camp David AccordsA peace treaty between Israel and Egypt where Egypt agreed to recognize the nation state of Israel110
162001617Central Intelligence Agencyan independent agency of the United States government responsible for collecting and coordinating intelligence and counterintelligence activities abroad in the national interest111
162001618Civil Rights Act of 1964This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.112
162001619Civilian Conservation CorpsRelief: (CCC) March 31, 1933; reduced poverty/unemployment, helped young men and families; young men go to rural camps for 6 months to do construction work; $1/day; intended to help youth escape cities; concerned with soil erosion, state/national parks, telephone/power lines; 40 hr weeks113
162001620Clayton Antitrust ActNew antitrust legislation constructed to remedy deficiencies of the Sherman Antitrust Act, namely, it's effectiveness against labor unions114
162001621Containmenta policy of creating strategic alliances in order to check the expansion of a hostile power or ideology or to force it to negotiate peacefully (USSR)115
162001622Department of Housing and Urban Developmentthe United States federal department that administers federal programs dealing with better housing and urban renewal116
162001623Eisenhower DoctrineEisenhower proposed and obtained a joint resolution from Congress authorizing the use of U.S. military forces to intervene in any country that appeared likely to fall to communism. Used in the Middle East.117
162001624Elementary and Secondary Education Act and Higher Education Actaid to education118
162001625Emergency Banking Relief Billput poorly managed banks under the control of the Treasury Department and granted government licenses (which functioned as seals of approval) to those that were solvent119
162001626Emergency Quota ActA government legislation that limited the number of immigrants from Europe which was set at 3% of the nationality currently in the U.S. It greatly limited the number of immigrants who could move to the U.S. And it reflected the isolationist and anti-foreign feeling in America as well as the departure from traditional American ideals.120
162001627Engel v. Vitalebanned formal prayer in schools, goverment whould not make any religion the 'official' religion.121
162001628Environmental Protection Agencyan independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment122
162001629Equal Rights Amendmentconstitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender123
162001630Escobedo v. Illinois1964--Ruled that a defendant must be allowed access to a lawyer before questioning by police.124
162001631Espionage ActThis law, passed after the United States entered WWI, imposed sentences of up to twenty years on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty. It allowed the postmaster general to remove from the mail any materials that incited treason or insurrection.125
162001632Fair DealTruman's extension of the New Deal that increased min wage, expanded Social Security, and constructed low-income housing126
162001633Fair Labor Standards Act1938 act which provided for a minimum wage and restricted shipments of goods produced with child labor127
162001634Federal Deposit Insurance Corporationa federally sponsored corporation that insures accounts in national banks and other qualified institutions128
162001635Federal Emergency Relief ActThe Act was the first direct-relief operation under the New Deal, and was headed by Harry L. Hopkins, a New York social worker who was one of Franklin D. Roosevelt's most influential advisors, law provided money for food and other necessities for the unemployed *Affected the people in trying to aid people feeling the effects of the depression, still in effect today129
162001636Federal highway ActAppropriating $25 billion for the construction of interstate highways over a 20-year period, it was the largest public works project in American history to that point.130
162001637Federal Reserve Acta 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply131
162001638Federal Trade Commissionan independent agency of the United States fedeal government that maintains fair and free competition132
162001639Fordney McCumber Actincreased tariffs made it difficult for European nations to conduct trade in order to pay off war debts; protected US industries from foreign competition133
162001640Full Employment ActEnacted after WWII and stated that returning veterans were guaranteed a job. US gov't responsible for putting people to work134
162001641Furman v. Georgia8th Amendment Capital punishment. It raised the question of racial imbalances in the use of the death penaltyby state courts. Many states rewrote the death penalty statutes.135
162001642Geneva ConferenceA conference between many countries that agreed to end hostilities and restore peace in French Indochina and Vietnam.136
162001643Gideon v. Wainwrighta landmark case in United States Supreme Court history. In the case, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required under the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants unable to afford their own attorneys.137
162001644Griswold v. Connecticutmarried couple wanted to get contraceptives; struck down a Connecticut law prohibiting the sale of contraceptives; established the right of privacy through the 4th and 9th amendment138
162001645Glass-Steagall Banking Actthis gave the President the power to regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange139
162001646Good Neighbor PolicyFDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region140
162001647Great SocietyPresident Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.141
162001648Hawley-Smoot Tariffcharged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliation142
162001649Helsinki AccordsThe Final Act of the Helsinki conference in 1975 in which the thirty-five nations participating agreed that Europe's existing political frontiers could not be changed by force. They also solemnly accepted numerous provisions guaranteeing the human rights and political freedoms of their citizens.143
162001650Kellog-Briand PactAgreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another144
162001651Korematsu v. United States1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 to each survivor.145
162001652Lend-Lease Actallowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S146
162001653Marshall Plana United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)147
162001654McCarran Internal Security ActUnited States federal law that required the registration of Communist organizations with the Attorney General in the United States and established the Subversive Activities Control Board to investigate persons thought to be engaged in "un-American" activities, including homosexuals148
162001655McCarran-Walter Immigration and Nationality Act1952; restricts immigration to US; people born in Guam, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Isles get US citizenship149
162001656Meat Inspection ActLaw that authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to order meat inspections and condemn any meat product found unfit for human consumption.150
162001657Medicare and Medicaidthese provided free or low cost medical insurance to welfare recipients and most Americans age 65 and older151
162001658Miranda v. ArizonaSupreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police.152
162001659Munich AgreementChamberlain flew to Munich to attend summit w/France, Italy & Germany; discussed future of Czechoslovakia; led to transfer of all Sudenten territories to Germany in return of Hitler promising respect sovereignty of remainder of Czechoslovakia153
162001660NAFTAA trade agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico that encourages free trade between these North American countries.154
162001661National Defense ActPassed in response to Sputnik, it provided an oppurtunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans. It allocated funds for upgrading funds in the sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation.155
162001662National Industry Recovery ActSought to help business, raise prices, control production, and put people back to work. This act established the National Recovery Administration (NRA), with the power to set fair competition codes in all industries156
162001663National Origins ActAct which restricted immigration from any one nation to two percent of the number of people already in the U.S. of that national origin in 1890. Severely restricted immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe, and excluded Asians entirely157
162001664National Security Councila committee in the executive branch of government that advises the president on foreign and military and national security158
162001665National War Labor Boardhelped resolve labor disputes that might slow down war production.159
162001666NATOan international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security160
162001667Nazi-Soviet PactA secret agreement between the Germans and the Russians that said that they would not attack each other161
162001668Neutrality Actseries of laws passed by Congress in 1935 that banned arms sales or loans to countries at war162
162001669New York Times v. United StatesGovernment argued that national security would be endangered and that the Pentagon Papers had been stolen from the Defense Department. A divided Court rejected the government's claims. The Court ruled that stopping publication would be prior restraint.163
162001670Nixon DoctrineDuring the Vietnam War, the Nixon Doctrine was created. It stated that the United States would honor its exisiting defense commitments, but in the future other countries would have to fight their own wars without support of American troops.164
162001671Nixon v. United Statesa 1974 landmark Supreme Court decision. It was a unanimous ruling that was crucial to dealing with the Watergate scandal, and that resulted a redefined constitutional limiting of presidential power. Determined that the Supreme Court power went beyond even Marbury v. Madison, that they could limit a president using the Constitution, that the Constitution provides for laws enforceable on a president, and that presidential privilege does not apply to relevant materials in a criminal case.165
162001672Northern Securities Co. v. United StatesThe Supreme Court ruled that the Northern Securities Company, which controlled three railroads and monopolized rail transit for 1/4 of the United States was in violation of the Sherman Anti Trust Act of 1890. This was the first real usage of the law to break down monopolies.166
162001673Office of Economic Opportunityoversaw many programs dealing w/ improving life in inner cities (ex: Job Corps: education and job training program for at-risk youth), Set guidelines for equal hiring and education practices (started "quotas")167
162001674Panama Canal treatiesPassed by President Carter, these called for the gradual return of the Panama Canal to the people and government of Panama. They provided for the transfer of canal ownership to Panama in 1999 and guaranteed its neutrality.168
162001675Peace Corps(JFK) , volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America169
162001676Platt Amendmentcuba could not make treaties with foreign power limiting independence and not borrow excessive amounts of money, allowed us to establish naval base at guantanamo bay170
162001677Port Huron StatementManifesto of the Students for a Democratic Society, which criticized the federal government for racial inequality, poverty, and also the Cold War and international peace.171
162001678Project Apollomanned u.s. space program established to land on the moon and briefly explore the moon172
162001679Pure Food and Drug ActForbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.173
162001680Reconstruction Finance CorporationCongress set up $2 billion. It made loans to major economic institutions such as banks, insurance companies and railroads.174
162001681Regents of University of California v. BakkeCourt ruling that colleges and universities could legitimately consider race as a factor in the admissions process.175
162001682Roe v. Wadeestablished national abortion guidelines; trimester guidelines; no state interference in 1st; state may regulate to protect health of mother in 2nd; state may regulate to protect health or unborn child in 3rd. inferred from right of privacy established in griswald v. connecticut176
162001683Roosevelt CorollaryRoosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force177
162001684SALT-IISecond Strategic Arms Limitations Talks. A second treaty was signed on June 18, 1977 to cut back the weaponry of the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. because it was getting too competitive. Set limits on the numbers of weapons produced. Not passed by the Senate as retaliation for U.S.S.R.'s invasion of Afghanistan, and later superseded by the START treaty.178
162001685Schecter Poultry Corp. v. United StatesMay 27, 1935: supreme court ruled down NRA when regulating a poultry business. NRA exceeded their power of interstate commerece and lost the case.179
162001686Schenck v. United StatesCourt case that limited freedom of speech 2) upheld the Espionage Act 3) under certain circumstances, the SC can limit free speech.180
162001687Securities Exchange Commissionan independent federal agency that oversees the exchange of securities to protect investors181
162001688Sedition Actmade it a crime to write, print, utter, or publish criticism of the president of government182
162001689Selective Service Actlaw requiring men to register for military service183
162001690Servicemen's Readjustment Act (G.I. Bill)bill providing college and vocational education for returning WWII servicemen184
162001691Social Security Administrationan independent government agency responsible for the social security system185
162001692Standard Oil Co. v. United StatesGives birth to the federal government's power to analyze, and, if warranted, seek the breakup of companies and to minutely review and, if warranted, disallow proposed mergers that might restrain competition.186
162001693Star WarsSpace-based missile system that would be merely defensive A protective web of missile satellites above the US (fantastical)187
162001694Strategic Arms Limitation Treatytwo agreements signed in 1972 and 1979 between he united states and soviet union limiting the number of offensive nuclear missles188
162001695Taft-Hartley Act(HT) 1947, , The Act was passed over the veto of Harry S. Truman on the 23rd June, 1947. When it was passed by Congress, Truman denounced it as a "slave-labor bill". The act declared the closed shop illegal and permitted the union shop only after a vote of a majority of the employees. It also forbade jurisdictional strikes and secondary boycotts. Other aspects of the legislation included the right of employers to be exempted from bargaining with unions unless they wished to. The act forbade unions from contributing to political campaigns and required union leaders to affirm they were not supporters of the Communist Party. This aspect of the act was upheld by the Supreme Court on 8th May, 1950.189
162001696Tennessee Valley AuthorityA relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.190
162001697Treaty of Versaillesthe treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans191
162001698Tripartite PactSigned between the Axis powers in 1940 (Italy, Germany and Japan) where they pledged to help the others in the event of an attack by the US192
162001699Truman DoctrinePresident Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology193
162001700United States v. ButlerThis was a Supreme Court case during the New Deal. The case ruled the AAA unconstitutional because it taxed one group to pay another.194
162001701"Voice of America"1948; This government agency was created to make radio (and later TV) broadcasts of news and entertainment into foreign countries, especially into those controlled by communists.195
162001702Volstead ActThe Act specified that "no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, furnish or possess any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act." It did not specifically prohibit the purchase or use of intoxicating liquors196
162001703Voting Rights Act1965 act which guaranteed the right to vote to all Americans, and allowed the federal government to intervene in order to ensure that minorities could vote197
162001704Wagner Act/National Labor Relations ActPart of "Second" New Deal Programs (1935-1938), collective bargaining rights, closed shops permitted (where workers must join unions), outlawed anti-union tactics198
162001705War Powers ResolutionA law passed in 1973 spelling out the conditions under which the president can commit troops without congressional approval.199
162001706Warsaw Pacttreaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania200
162001707Washington Naval Conference1921 - president harding invited delegates from Europe and Japan, and they agreed to limit production of war ships, to not attack each other's possessions, and to respect China's independence201
162001708Works Progress AdministrationMay 6, 1935- Began under Hoover and continued under Roosevelt but was headed by Harry L. Hopkins. Provided jobs and income to the unemplyed but couldn't work more than 30 hours a week. It built many public buildings and roads, and as well operated a large arts project.202

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