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| 6977660606 | Columbian Exchange | a series of interactions and adaptations among societies across the Atlantic, including plants, animals, disease, people, etc. | 0 | |
| 6977660607 | Columbian Exchange, from Americas to "Old World" | potatos, corn, tomatoes, squash, beans, chocolate, syphillis, etc | 1 | |
| 6977660608 | Columbian Exchange, from "Old World" to Americas | smallpox, livestock (pigs, cows, sheep), bees, bananas, coffee, sugar | 2 | |
| 6977660609 | encomienda system | Indian labor used to support plantation-based agriculture and extract precious metals and other resources. EX: sugar, silver | 3 | |
| 6977660610 | How did Europeans justify the subjugation of Africans and Natives? | White racial superiority, bible, view of groups as "savages" | 4 | |
| 6977660611 | capitalism | an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state or hereditary noble class | 5 | |
| 6977660612 | joint stock companies | Businesses owned by shareholders that invested in exploration and colonization, enabiling more investors to profit with less risk | 6 | |
| 6977660613 | Mercantilism | Economic policy that focuses on making $ for the mother country. It favors a positive balance of trade for the mother country and the accumulation of gold and silver | 7 | |
| 6977660614 | What led Europeans to develop diverse patterns of colonization? | Differences in imperial goals, cultures, and the North American environments that different empires confronted | 8 | |
| 6977660615 | What factors led to the emergence of the Atlantic slave trade? | The abundance of land, a shortage of indentured servants, the lack of an effective means to enslave native peoples, and a growing European demand for colonial goods led to the emergence of the Atlantic slave trade. | 9 | |
| 6977660616 | indentured servitude | System of labor in which a company or individual paid a person's passage to America in return for a contract of repayment through servitude (usually seven years). | 10 | |
| 6977660617 | middle passage | the brutal journey of slaves in bondage across the Atlantic to America. | 11 | |
| 6977660618 | Jamestown, 1607 | first permanent English colony in North America, founded in Virginia in 1607 - 13 years before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth in Massachusetts | 12 | |
| 6977660619 | Describe the general characteristics of the New England colonies | The New England colonies, founded primarily by Puritans seeking to establish a community of likeminded religious believers, developed a close-knit, homogeneous society and — aided by favorable environmental conditions — a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and commerce. | 13 | |
| 6977660620 | What were the New England colonies? | Plymouth (later absorbed into Massachussetts), Massachussetts Bay Colony, New Hamphire, Connecticut, Rhode Island | 14 | |
| 6977660621 | Mayflower Compact, 1620 | The Mayflower Compact, signed by 41 English colonists on the ship Mayflower on November 11, 1620, was the first written framework of government established in what is now the United States. | 15 | |
| 6977660622 | Puritans | English Protestants who wanted to create a "community of saints" or "city upon a hill" that would serve as a model of Christianity. | 16 | |
| 6977660623 | Great Migration of Puritans to Massachusetts, 1630's and 1640's | Beginning with 700 people led by Governor John Winthrop, a great migration of Puritans from England brought over 20,000 people—mostly families— to New England over a ten-year period. | 17 | |
| 6977660624 | Describe the general characteristics of the Middle Colonies | The demographically, religiously, and ethnically diverse middle colonies supported a flourishing export economy based on cereal crops (wheat, corn, barley, etc) | 18 | |
| 6977660625 | Quakers | Religious group that settled Pennsylvania. Often known as the "Society of Friends," Quakers believed in an "Inner Light" that would guide them toward religious truth and were pacifists (opposed violence) who had good relations with Native Americans | 19 | |
| 6977660626 | Describe the Chesapeake colonies (Virginia and Maryland) and North Carolina | they relied on the cultivation of tobacco, a labor-intensive product based on white indentured servants and African chattel. | 20 | |
| 6977660627 | Headright System | The grant of 50 acres of land for each settler brought to Virginia by a colonist. Established a pattern of small wealthy planter elite and a large, landless, powerless majority that would characterize politics/society in the South until the Civil War and beyond. | 21 | |
| 6977660628 | Molasses Act, 1733 | A British law that established a tax on imports of molasses, sugar, and rum from non-British colonies. The law was loosely enforced and New England imported great quantities of West Indian sugar for manufacturing rum. Example of mercantilism | 22 | |
| 6977660629 | smuggling | As a way of ignoring British restrictions on colonial trade, colonists engaged in widespread smuggling. Smugglers who got caught were often often freed by sympathetic American juries. | 23 | |
| 6977660630 | triangular trade | A system of trade between Africa, Europe, and American colonies that involved slaves, cash crops, and manufactured goods. | 24 | |
| 6977660631 | House of Burgesses, 1619 | The first elected lawmaking body in North America, established by the Virginia Company to allow representative government in Virginia. | 25 | |
| 6977660632 | Navigation Acts | Attempt by England to assert its control over American trade by passing a series of laws that regulated colonial trade to England's benefit. | 26 | |
| 6977660633 | salutary neglect | Unofficial British policy of non-enforcement of trade laws. Salutary neglect lasted throughout most of the 1600s and 1700s. Considered good because the colonies grew economically and learned to govern themselves | 27 | |
| 6977660634 | Bacon's Rebellion, 1676 | Armed rebellion in Virginia against Governor William Berkeley, who had the support of the British government. Forces from England came to Virginia to suppress the resistance and reform the colonial government to one that was more directly under royal control. | 28 | |
| 6977660635 | First Great Awakening, 1730s-1760s | Evangelical religious revival that swept through Britain's North American colonies. The Great Awakening strengthened beliefs in religious freedom and challenged the status of established churches. | 29 | |
| 6977660636 | George Whitefield | Christian preacher whose tour of the English colonies attracted big crowds and sparked the First Great Awakening. | 30 | |
| 6977660637 | Jonathan Edwards sparked the First Great Awakening, 1734 | Known for his "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God "sermon. Leading theologian (religious thinker) of First Great Awakening, a massive religious movement that swept through the colonies | 31 | |
| 6977660638 | Impact of 7 Years' War | France was removed from North America; Great Britain was in massive debt, began to consolidate control over colonies - taxes; many colonists resisted | 32 | |
| 6977660639 | Common Sense | Written by T-Paine, and Enlightenment thinker. Urged that it was "Common Sense" that colonies should break away from Great Britain | 33 | |
| 6977660640 | Northwest Land Ordinance | Passed under Articles - banned slavery in NW territory (OH, MI, IN, etc.); created a process for admitting new states (60,000 inhabitants) | 34 | |
| 6977660641 | Proclamation of 1763 | It was created to alleviate relations with natives after the French and Indian War and stated that Americans were not permitted to pass the Appalachian Mountains. Angered struggling colonists who had no other option but to find fortune and life on the frontier. Largely ignored by the colonists who continued to expand west and cause further turmoil between the colonials and the natives. | 35 | |
| 6977660642 | Stamp Act, 1765-66 | It imposed tax on newspapers, almanacs, pamphlets, deeds, wills, licenses. In retaliation, many colonial groups formed such as Sons of Liberty and tarred or feathered stamp tax collectors and organized non-important movements (boycotts) of British goods. | 36 | |
| 6977660643 | Boston Tea Party, 1773 | Angry and frustrated at a new tax on tea, American colonists calling themselves the Sons of Liberty and disguised as Mohawk Native Americans, boarded three British ships and dumped British tea into the Boston harbor. Britain responded with "Coercive" or "Intolerable" Acts | 37 | |
| 6977660644 | First Continental Congress, 1774 | Convention of delegates from twelve colonies (Georgia not present). It was called in to discuss their response to the passage of the Intolerable Acts (Punished Boston for the Boston Tea Party) by the British Parliament. | 38 | |
| 6977660645 | Second Continental Congress, 1775 | a convention of delegates from the 13 Colonies that started meeting in the summer of 1775, in Philadelphia, PA, soon after first shots of the Revolution. The SCC managed the colonial war effort, sent The Olive Branch Petition was sent to King George III (who rejected it) and moved incrementally towards independence, adopting the Declaration of Independence. | 39 | |
| 6977660646 | Thomas Paine published Common Sense, 1776 | Pamphlet that inspired people in the 13 Colonies to declare and fight for independence from England in the summer of 1776. I | 40 | |
| 6977660647 | Declaration of Independence, 1776 | The fundamental document establishing the US as an independent nation, adopted on July 4, 1776. The declaration was ordered and approved by the Second Continental Congress and written largely by Thomas Jefferson. It declared the 13 colonies independent from Britain, offered reasons for the separation | 41 | |
| 6977660648 | Northwest Ordinance | The Ordinance created a system of surveying and selling western lands (then the area below the Great Lakes). | 42 | |
| 6977660649 | Shay's Rebellion, 1786 | This conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes. This was the final push towards constructing the Constitution because the politicians throughout the nation felt the Articles of Confederation needed to be replaced or fixed. | 43 | |
| 6977660650 | Constitution | Replaced the Articles - series of compromises (Great, 3/5, Slave Trade); provided limits on federal power (separation of powers); did not address problems of slavery | 44 | |
| 6977660651 | Alexander Hamilton appointed Secretary of the Treasury, 1789 | Treasury Secretary Hamilton helped put in place the basic economic foundations of the new government during the Washington Administration, with the overriding goal of strengthening the national government's role. Key elements include: assumption of state debts (to centralize economic life and elite interests in national government and enhance its legitimacy for international trade), creation of the First Bank of the US (under a loose construction [interpretation] of the "elastic clause"), strong support for manufacturing (proposed protective tariffs) | 45 | |
| 6977660652 | Samuel Slater established the first textile mill, 1790 | Known as the "Father of the American Factory System" because he brought British textile technology to America with a few modifications fit for America. He learned textile machinery as an apprentice to a pioneer in the British industry. He brought the knowledge to America where he designed the first textile mills. This brought work to factories instead of homes where efficiency skyrocketed. | 46 | |
| 6977660653 | Bill of Rights, 1791 | The Bill of Rights is the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. Proposed to assuage the fears of Anti-Federalists who had opposed Constitutional ratification, these amendments guarantee a number of personal freedoms, limit the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and reserve some powers to the states and the public. The Bill was influenced by George Mason's 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights, the English Bill of Rights 1689, and earlier English political documents such as Magna Carta (1215). | 47 | |
| 6977660654 | Cotton Gin, 1793 | a machine invented by Eli Whitney that revolutionized the production of cotton by greatly speeding up the process of removing seeds from cotton fiber. Offered Southern planters a justification to maintain and expand slavery even as a growing number of Americans supported its abolition. Made slavery much more economically favorable for the South. | 48 | |
| 6977660655 | Republican Motherhood | Expectation that women would instill Republican values in children and be active in families; helped increase education for women | 49 | |
| 6977660656 | Washington's Farewell Address, 1796 | President George Washington decided not to seek reelection for a third term, setting a precedent every president would follow | 50 | |
| 6977660657 | XYZ Affair, 1797-98 | Jay's Treaty angered France. As a result, Adams sent delegates to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand in the hopes of working things out. Talleyrand's 3 agents told the American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. | 51 | |
| 6977660658 | Alien & Sedition Acts, 1798 | passed by Federalists in Congress & signed by President Adams. It increased waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years, empowered president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens, & made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government | 52 | |
| 6977660659 | Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, 1798-99 | Written by Jefferson and Madison, in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, these resolutions gave states the power to decide when the government has abused its powers | 53 | |
| 6977660660 | Federalists | Political Party led by Hamilton - pro-British; supported by the wealthy; pro-merchants and trade; Favored the National Bank (BUS); loose interpretation | 54 | |
| 6977660661 | Democratic-Republicans | Political Party led by Jefferson - pro-French; supported by middle-class and farmers; pro-agriculture; against the BUS; strict interpretation | 55 | |
| 6977660662 | Election of 1800 | Thomas Jefferson became president. First peaceful transfer of power in world history | 56 | |
| 6977660663 | Marbury v. Madison, 1803 | It was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution. Why it was important? The decision in this Supreme Court Case established the right of the courts to determine the constitutionality of the actions of the other two branches of government. | 57 | |
| 6977660664 | Louisiana Purchase, 1803 | Jefferson sent Monroe to Paris in 1803 to purchase New Orleans and as much land east of it at a maximum price of $10 million. Monroe ended up spending $15 million, because he was able to get all of Louisiana, doubling the size of the United Sates | 58 | |
| 6977660665 | Jefferson's embargo, 1807 | The Embargo Act of 1807 was an attempt by President Thomas Jefferson and the U.S. Congress to punish Britain and France for interfering with American trade while the two major European powers were at war with each other. | 59 | |
| 6977660666 | The American System, 1815 | Policies devised by the Whig Party and leading politician Henry Clay to stimulate the growth of the economic and particularly manufacturing: national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements | 60 | |
| 6977660667 | Era of Good Feelings, 1815-24 | Period of strong nationalism, economic growth, territorial expansion under the presidency of James Monroe. Only one major political party at the time (Republican), because the Federalist Party had died in the wake of its opposition to the War of 1812. | 61 | |
| 6977660668 | McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 | Maryland had attempted to impede operation of a branch of the Second Bank of the US by imposing a tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland. The court ruled that "within the power to tax is the power to destroy" and since federal government institutions should be supreme (under the Supremacy Clause), no state had the authority to destroy the 2nd BUS. Important for increasing power of federal government over states | 62 | |
| 6977660669 | Missouri Compromise, 1820 | Involved expansion of slavery in the western territories. Missouri was the 1st part of the Louisiana Purchase to seek statehood. Senate had 11 free vs. 11 slave states. Missouri as a slave state would upset balance. Compromise split Maine (as a free state) from Massachusetts to maintain balance in Senate (now 12 to 12). It prohibited slavery in Louisiana Territory north of 36°30′ (except for MO). Compromise settled slavery expansion issue for a generation until issue came up again after Mexican War brought enormous new lands into the US. | 63 | |
| 6977660670 | Democrats | Party led by Jackson - "Common Man"; pro states' rights; against the BUS | 64 | |
| 6977660671 | Whigs | Political Party led by Henry Clay! Favored the BUS and the American System; strong legislative branch; against "King Andrew I" | 65 | |
| 6977660672 | Second Great Awakening | Inspired many to achieve perfection on earth; helped influence reform movements (abolitionism, women's rights, temperance, etc.) | 66 | |
| 6977660673 | American System | Henry Clay's idea to unify the economy through: BUS, internal improvements, and tariffs. More successful in unifying the North and Midwest than South | 67 | |
| 6977660674 | Market Revolution | Drastic changes in transportation (canals, RRs), communication (telegraph), and the production of goods (more in factories as opposed to houses) | 68 | |
| 6977660675 | Monroe Doctrine, 1823 | US foreign policy regarding Latin American countries in the early 19th century during Monroe's presidency. It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention. Written by John Q. Adams, its objective was to free the newly independent colonies of Latin America from European intervention, so that the U.S. could exert its own influence. | 69 | |
| 6977660676 | Election of 1824 | John Quincy Adams was elected President on February 9, 1825, after the election was decided by the House of Representatives in what was termed the Corrupt Bargain. Notable for being the only election to have been decided by the House of Representatives, where no candidate secured a majority of the electoral vote. I | 70 | |
| 6977660677 | Nullification Crisis, 1832-33 | A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the state of South Carolina to nullify a federal law - the tariff of 1828 (AKA the "Tariff of Abominations"). Jackson got Congress to pass the Force Act, empowering him to use federal troops to collect tariffs and prepared to invade South Carolina. Henry Clay guided the Compromise Tariff of 1833 that reduced rates and ended the crisis. | 71 | |
| 6977660678 | Jackson destroyed Bank of the United States, 1833-36 | Andrew Jackson destroyed the second Bank of the United States because he saw it as a tool of eastern financial elites against the interests of democracy and the common man. The bank renewal was vetoed by Jackson on Nov. 24, 4832 and slowly declined until the expiration of its charter in 1836. He fought a "Bank War" in the media against the head of the 2nd BUS, Nicholas Biddle. After BUS2's demise in 1836, a major financial panic and depression hit in 1837 during President Van Buren's administration in part due to the chaotic nature of the US financial system. | 72 | |
| 6977660679 | Panic of 1837 | a financial crisis in the United States that touched off a major recession that lasted until the mid-1840s. Profits, prices and wages went down while unemployment went up. The panic had both domestic and foreign origins: Speculative lending practices in western states, a sharp decline in cotton prices, a collapsing land speculation bubble, international specie (gold) flows, and restrictive lending policies in Great Britain. On May 10, 1837, banks in NYC announced they would no longer redeem commercial paper in specie at full face value triggering the panic. | 73 | |
| 6977660680 | Trail of Tears, 1838 | Andrew Jackson favored pushing all Amerindians west of the MS River. The Indian removal Act of 1830 provided for federal enforcement of this policy, Jackson defied the Supreme Court in the case of Worcester v. Georgia in 1832, which would allow Indians to stay. Under his protégé and successor, President Van Buren, the Cherokee Indians for forcible moved west of Mississippi River to Oklahoma, traveled more than 800 miles More than 4,000 Cherokees died during the 116-day journey. | 74 | |
| 6977660681 | Election of 1840 | Martin Van Buren ( incumbent Democrat) vs. William Henry Harrison (Whig and victorious general in 1811 at Battle of Tippecanoe against Indians under Tecumseh). MVB hurt by Panic of 1837. Significance: massive voter turnout & use of slogans: "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too", "Log cabin and hard cider" were pro-Harrison slogans. The result was a Whig victory and a truly national two-party system | 75 | |
| 6977660682 | Term "Manifest Destiny" first used, 1845 | Coined by John L. O'Sullivan, this expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean and spread the American way of life, by force if necessary (conquering Indians and half of Mexico). This rationale drove the acquisition of territory. Example of "American Exceptionalism" - that God and US uniqueness justify actions | 76 | |
| 6977660683 | Annexation of Texas, 1845 | Texas was annexed to the U.S, in 1845, it was this action that caused the Mexican War. It was the 28th state and came in as slave state. | 77 | |
| 6977660684 | Mexican-American War, 1846-48 | A war fought between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848. The United States won the war, encouraged by the feelings of many Americans that the country was accomplishing its manifest destiny of expansion. US gained approximately half of Mexico's territory. This Mexican Cession would revive the controversy over the expansion of slavery and help lead to the Civil War | 78 | |
| 6977660685 | Wilmot Proviso, 1846 | The Wilmot Proviso was a rider to a bill proposed by Pennsylvania Congressman David Wilmot in 1846 that sought to ban slavery in any territories or new states acquired from Mexico. Essentially the argument was over whether there would be slavery in Texas, New Mexico, California, and other new western states. The debate is considered a crucial part of the lead-up to the Civil War. | 79 | |
| 6977660686 | Seneca Falls convention, 1848 | Site of the first modern women's rights convention, and the start of the organized fight for women's rights in US history. At the gathering, Elizabeth Cady Stanton read a Declaration of Sentiments modeled on the Declaration of Independence listing the many injustices against women, and adopted eleven resolutions, one of which called for women's suffrage. | 80 | |
| 6977660687 | Mexican Cession, 1848 | Land that Mexico ceded to the United States in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. This territory included CA, NM, NV, AZ, UT, TX, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming. The addition of so much land to the United States exacerbated conflict over the expansion of slavery because some Northerners feared that the extension of slavery into California and New Mexico would deter free laborers from settling there. | 81 | |
| 6977660688 | California gold rush, 1849 | Hundreds of thousands of people from around the world, mostly young men, came to California in 1849 after gold was discovered in search of instant riches. Led to quick population of California, and new conflicts over slavery as California petitioned for admission as a free state. Led to Compromise of 1850 | 82 | |
| 6977660689 | Compromise of 1850 | "North: California admitted as free state, Texas gave up claims to disputed lands in New Mexico, Slave trade in DC was banned, but slavery was legal. South: Popular sovereignty in Mexican Cession lands, Texas was paid $10 million for land lost, stricter fugitive slave law." | 83 | |
| 6977660690 | Abolitionists | Minority in the north; used fierce arguments (Garrison's Liberator), helping slaves escape (Underground RR), and violence (Nat Turner, John Brown at Harpers Ferry) | 84 | |
| 6977660691 | Slavery as a Positive Good | Argument used by John C. Calhoun and many in the South to justify slavery | 85 | |
| 6977660692 | Republican Party | Emerged as a sectional party in the North and Midwest; sought to keep slavery from expanding (free-soil) - as seen in Lincoln's election in 1860 | 86 | |
| 6977660693 | Emancipation Proclamation | Changed the purpose of the Civil War; allowed African Americans to fight in the Union Army; Kept Europe from aiding the South | 87 | |
| 6977660694 | Harriet Beecher Stowe published Uncle Tom's Cabin, 1852 | Most important book in US history. Portrayed horrors of American slavery, especially slave auctions. Helped intensify Northern abolitionism and contempt for the South, thus contributing to likelihood of war. International bestseller that helped move public opinion in Europe against the South, thus assuring the failure of King Cotton diplomacy (hope that England would intervene for Confederacy to maintain the supply of cotton for its textile mills) as Europeans didn't want to die to save southern slavery. | 88 | |
| 6977660695 | Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 | Proposed by Senator Douglas (Illinois) and advocated popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska territories (vote by people of territory whether they would be slave or free state). Douglas wanted it to facilitate the building of the transcontinental railroad on a central route through Illinois, thus benefitting his state economically. K/A Act passed but backfired terribly as extremes of both sides of slavery debate flooded into Kansas. Votes on constitutions were plagued with fraud and "Bleeding Kansas" begins as violence erupts between pro/anti-slavery groups. | 89 | |
| 6977660696 | Dred Scot v. Sandford, 1857 | Chief Justice Taney ruled that Dred Scott was not a citizen and had no standing in court; Scott's residence in a free state had not made him free, that blacks have "no rights a white man is bound to respect," & Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in a territory (based on the 5th Amendment right of a person to be secure from seizure of property), voiding the Missouri Compromise and seemed to imply that no state could ban slavery at all. Outraged the North and helped make Civil War inevitable. Considered worst decision in Supreme Court history | 90 | |
| 6977660697 | Election of 1860 | Abraham Lincoln became president! Major "realignment" of parties as new Republican Party (formed from ashes of "Free Soil Party") adopted an anti-slavery platform that attracted former Whigs and anti-slavery Democrats. The election led to the secession, civil war, the end of slavery, and Reconstruction. Also meant the triumph of capitalism over southern semi-feudalism and lead to rapid industrialization after the Civil War. | 91 | |
| 6977660698 | Southern secession, 1860-61 | Immediately following Lincoln's victory in November 1860 election, 11 southern states seceded from the US, led by South Carolina, to form the Confederate States of America (CSA) because they feared the Republican Party under Lincoln would try to abolish slavery. Lincoln's refusal to allow the Union to dissolve and the Confederate attack on Ft. Sumter began Civil War. | 92 | |
| 6977660699 | Emancipation Proclamation, 1863 | After the Union victory at Antietam, Sep. 23, 1862, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation which declared slaves free in territories still in rebellion. Did not apply to border slave states because Lincoln feared it would push them into CSA, also felt he could only free slaves as a war measure under his power as commander-in-chief. However, hearing of this many slaves fled to Union armies, and this turned federal forces into armies of liberation (also made European intervention for South much less likely since Europe was anti-slavery) | 93 | |
| 6977660700 | 13th Amendment | Abolished slavery; led to the rise of sharecropping in the south | 94 | |
| 6977660701 | Radical Republicans | Most fervent abolitionists; Sought to change racial and cultural attitudes of the South; strongest advocates of African American rights in Congress | 95 | |
| 6977660702 | 14th Amendment, 1868 | Grants citizenship to "all persons born or naturalized in the US"; it forbids any state to deny any person "life, liberty or property, without due process of law" or to "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of its laws." Most important law ever passed besides original Constitution and Bill of Rights. It has been the vehicle for the expansion of civil rights, women's rights, gay rights among other movements. It also allowed for the "incorporation doctrine" which means the application of the national Bill of Rights to the states. | 96 | |
| 6977660703 | 15th Amendment | Provided suffrage for all adult MALES; divided the Women's Rights Movement | 97 |
