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| 9893699854 | Columbian Exchange | a series of interactions and adaptations among societies across the Atlantic, including plants, animals, disease, people, etc. | 0 | |
| 9893699859 | mestizo | is a term traditionally used in Spain and Spanish-speaking America to mean a person of combined European and Native American descent | 1 | |
| 9893699860 | encomienda system | In the economies of the Spanish colonies, Indian labor, used in the _______________ to support plantation-based agriculture and extract precious metals and other resources. EX: sugar, silver | 2 | |
| 9893699865 | How did Europeans justify the subjugation of Africans and Natives? | White racial superiority, Bible, view of groups as "savages" | 3 | |
| 9893699867 | European exploration and conquest were fueled by...(Three G's | a desire for new sources of wealth, increased power and status, and converts to Christianity. (god, glory, gold) | 4 | |
| 9893699868 | New crops from the Americas stimulated... | European population growth (particularly from corn and potatoes) | 5 | |
| 9893699869 | New sources of mineral wealth from the Americas facilitated the European shift from... | feudalism to capitalism. | 6 | |
| 9893699870 | Christopher Columbus | Italian explorer who "discovers America" in 1492 when searching for a sea route to the Far East . | 7 | |
| 9893699871 | capitalism | an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state or hereditary noble class | 8 | |
| 9893699876 | African American religion in the colonial period | African slaves mixed African beliefs and practices with Catholic rituals and theology, in Haiti (referred to as "voodoo"), Santeria in Cuba, | 9 | |
| 9893699877 | Why 1607 - 1754 was chosen as the dates for period 2 | 1607 = 1st English permanent settlement in Jamestown; 1754 = start of the 7 Years War (AKA "French and Indian War") | 10 | |
| 9893699878 | The Enlightenment | Philosophy focused on reason and promoting new forms of government (Locke, Montesquieu); influenced the American Revolution | 11 | |
| 9893699879 | Mercantilism | Economic policy that focuses on making $ for the mother country. It favors a positive balance of trade for the mother country and the accumulation of gold and silver | 12 | |
| 9893699888 | indentured servitude | System of labor in which a company or individual paid a person's passage to America in return for a contract of repayment through servitude (usually seven years). | 13 | |
| 9893699890 | middle passage | the brutal journey of slaves in bondage across the Atlantic to America. | 14 | |
| 9893699896 | New York Conspiracy, 1741 | A plot by slaves and poor whites to burn New York. Over 170 people were arrested for participating in the plot. Most were hanged, burnt, or deported. | 15 | |
| 9893699898 | New England colonies | Plymouth (later absorbed into Massachussetts), Massachussetts Bay Colony, New Hamphire, Connecticut, Rhode Island | 16 | |
| 9893699900 | Puritans | English Protestants who wanted to create a "community of saints" or "city upon a hill" that would serve as a model of Christianity. Often seen as the beginning of "American Exceptionalism" - the idea that America has a unique story, or God-given destiny | 17 | |
| 9893699905 | William Penn | Penn established Pennsylvania as a haven for Quakers, guaranteeing liberty of conscience and granting freemen the right to alter the government. Founded by William Penn, 1681 who received a colonial charter from King Charles II in payment of a debt owed to Penn's father. | 18 | |
| 9893699906 | Quakers | Religious group that settled Pennsylvania. Often known as the "Society of Friends," Quakers believed in an "Inner Light" that would guide them toward religious truth and were pacifists (opposed violence) who had good relations with Native Americans | 19 | |
| 9893699909 | Barbados | British West Indies colony whose plantation system and harsh slave codes became the model for Southern colonies in North America | 20 | |
| 9893699915 | smuggling | As a way of ignoring British restrictions on colonial trade, colonists engaged in widespread smuggling. Smugglers who got caught were often often freed by sympathetic American juries. | 21 | |
| 9893699917 | King Phillip's War | The last significant effort by the Indians of southern New England to drive away English settlers. The Indians were led by Metacom, the Pokunoket chief whom English setters called "King Philip." | 22 | |
| 9893699919 | How did the Spanish and English differ in their views of Native American culture? | Spanish colonizing efforts in North American, particularly after the Pueblo Revolt, saw an accommodation with some aspects of American Indian culture; by contrast, conflict with American Indians tended to reinforce English colonists' worldview on land and gender roles. | 23 | |
| 9893699920 | Casta system | A system in colonial Spain of determining a person's social importance according to different racial categories. | 24 | |
| 9893699921 | Mulatto | A person who had one parent who was white and another parent who was black. If mulattos were born into slavery in a Spanish colony (i.e., their mother was a slave), they would be slaves also, but if their mother was free, they were free. | 25 | |
| 9893699922 | mestizo (AKA Métis) | A person of mixed race who had one white parent and another parent who was American Indian. | 26 | |
| 9893699923 | triangular trade | A system of trade between Africa, Europe, and American colonies that involved slaves, cash crops, and manufactured goods. | 27 | |
| 9893699925 | House of Burgesses, 1619 | The first elected lawmaking body in North America, established by the Virginia Company to allow representative government in Virginia. | 28 | |
| 9893699926 | Navigation Acts | Attempt by England to assert its control over American trade by passing a series of laws that regulated colonial trade to England's benefit. | 29 | |
| 9893699929 | First Great Awakening, 1730s-1760s | Evangelical religious revival that swept through Britain's North American colonies. The Great Awakening strengthened beliefs in religious freedom and challenged the status of established churches. | 30 | |
| 9893699930 | George Whitefield | Christian preacher whose tour of the English colonies attracted big crowds and sparked the First Great Awakening. | 31 | |
| 9893699933 | French and Indian War, 1754-63 | Part of the 7 Years' War, Great Britain & France fought for control of the Ohio Valley & Canada. The colonies fought under British commanders and won; resulted in France being pushed out of N. America and massive British war debt | 32 | |
| 9893699934 | Impact of 7 Years' War | France removed from North America; Great Britain in massive debt, began to consolidate control over colonies - taxes; many colonists resisted | 33 | |
| 9893699935 | Common Sense | Pamphlet written by T-Paine, and Enlightenment thinker. Urged that it was "Common Sense" that colonies should break away from Great Britain | 34 | |
| 9893699937 | Northwest Land Ordinance | Passed under Articles - banned slavery in NW territory (OH, MI, IN, etc.); created a process for admitting new states (60,000 inhabitants) | 35 | |
| 9893699938 | White-Indian Conflicts after 7 Years' War | Due to encroachment on Native lands; Pontiac's Rebellion led to the Proclamation Line of 1763 | 36 | |
| 9893699941 | Boston Tea Party, 1773 | American colonists calling themselves the Sons of Liberty, disguised as Mohawk Native Americans, boarded three British ships and dumped British tea into the Boston harbor. | 37 | |
| 9893699942 | First Continental Congress, 1774 | Convention of delegates from the colonies called in to discuss their response to the passage of the Intolerable Acts ( | 38 | |
| 9893699943 | Lexington and Concord, 1775 | First battle in the Revolutionary War, (AKA "shot heard round the world") fought in Massachusetts on April 19, 1775. | 39 | |
| 9893699944 | Second Continental Congress, 1775 | a convention of delegates from the 13 Colonies, managed the colonial war effort, sent The Olive Branch Petition,moved incrementally towards independence, adopted the Declaration of Independence, acted as the de facto national government. | 40 | |
| 9893699945 | John Locke | English Enlightenment philosopher and political thinker who believed in government based upon natural rights of the people (life, liberty, and property) the will of the governed. | 41 | |
| 9893699948 | Battle of Yorktown, 1781 | last major battle of Revolution. French navy and ground troops were crucial to victory. | 42 | |
| 9893699951 | Northwest Ordinances of 1787 | 1787, the NW Ordinance dissolved the Ordinances of 1784-85; created a process for statehood with freedom of religion, trial by jury, and no slavery., raised money for gov't via the sale of public land | 43 | |
| 9893699952 | Shay's Rebellion, 1786 | This MA conflict caused criticism of the Articles of Confederation; weak govt; increased calls for a Constitutional Convention to revise the Articles | 44 | |
| 9893699953 | Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, 1787 | 1787 Philadelphia convention that produced the present Constitution of the United States, drafted largely by James Madison. | 45 | |
| 9893699955 | Constitution | Replaced the Articles - series of compromises (Great, 3/5, Slave Trade); provided limits on federal power (separation of powers); did not address problems of slavery | 46 | |
| 9893699958 | Bill of Rights, 1791 | The Bill of Rights is the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. Proposed to assuage the fears of Anti-Federalists | 47 | |
| 9893699959 | Cotton Gin, 1793 | a machine invented by Eli Whitney; revolutionized cotton production by greatly speeding up the process of removing seeds from cotton fiber. | 48 | |
| 9893699960 | Washington's Proclamation of Neutrality | Washington declares United States neutrality in the face of emerging European conflicts leading to a strong sense of isolationism kept the US from being drawn into constant European wars that might threaten the existence of the young fragile nation | 49 | |
| 9893699961 | Whiskey Rebellion, 1794 | Small farmers of the back country distilled (and consumed) whiskey, which was easier to transport and sell than the grain that was its source. | 50 | |
| 9893699962 | Republican Motherhood | Expectation that women would instill Republican values in children and be active in families; helped increase education for women | 51 | |
| 9893699963 | Washington's Farewell Address, 1796 | Urged Americans to avoid excessive political party spirit and geographical distinctions. In foreign affairs, warned against long-term alliances with other nations - | 52 | |
| 9893699965 | Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, 1798-99 | Written by Jefferson and Madison, in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts; argued states had the power to declare federal acts unconstitutional. | 53 | |
| 9893699966 | Why 1800 - 1848 was chosen as the dates for period 4 | Beginning with Jefferson's presidency (Revolution of 1800), ending with the Seneca Falls Convention and Mexican American War | 54 | |
| 9893699967 | Federalists | Political Party led by Hamilton - pro-British; supported by the wealthy; pro-merchants and trade; Favored the National Bank (BUS); loose interpretation | 55 | |
| 9893699968 | Democratic-Republicans | Political Party led by Jefferson - pro-French; supported by middle-class and farmers; pro-agriculture; against the BUS; strict interpretation | 56 | |
| 9893699970 | Midnight judges, 1801 | The Judiciary Act of 1801 created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices. Federalists attempt to secure the Federalists a position of power in the new government after losing the congressional and presidential election of 1800 | 57 | |
| 9893699971 | Marbury v. Madison, 1803 | SCOTUS decision; established the right of the courts to determine the constitutionality of the actions of the other two branches of government (Marshall Court) | 58 | |
| 9893699974 | The Embargo Act, 1807 | Attempt by President Thomas Jefferson and the U.S. Congress to punish Britain and France for interfering with American trade while the two major European powers were at war | 59 | |
| 9893699975 | War of 1812, 1812-1815 | US v Britain:fought over trade restrictions caused by British-French war; the impressment of American sailors, British support of American Indian tribes against American expansion, | 60 | |
| 9893699978 | The American System, 1815 | Policies devised by the Whig Party and leading politician Henry Clay: national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements | 61 | |
| 9893699979 | Era of Good Feelings, 1815-24 | Period of strong nationalism, economic growth, territorial expansion under the presidency of James Monroe. Only one major political party at the time (Republican) | 62 | |
| 9893699980 | McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 | SCOTUS ruling based on Supremacy Clause; no state can tax institutions created by Congress - MD attempted to tax 2nd BUS | 63 | |
| 9893699982 | Democrats | Party led by Jackson - "Common Man"; pro states' rights; against the BUS | 64 | |
| 9893699983 | Whigs | Political Party led by Henry Clay! Favored the BUS and the American System; strong legislative branch; against "King Andrew I" | 65 | |
| 9893699984 | Marshall Court | Asserted federal power over states (McCulloch v. Maryland, Gibbons v. Ogden, Cohens v Virginia); judicial branch determined the meaning of Constitution (Marbury v. Madison) | 66 | |
| 9893699985 | Second Great Awakening | Inspired many to achieve perfection on earth; helped influence reform movements (abolitionism, women's rights, temperance, etc.) | 67 | |
| 9893699989 | Lowell factories | Utopian society for young women; hired girls from 15-25; expected to work 1-3 years, earned their own wages, encouraged by education. Criticisms included: long hrs , poor working conditions | 68 | |
| 9893699990 | Monroe Doctrine, 1823 | US foreign policy regarding Latin American countries stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention. | 69 | |
| 9893699991 | Election of 1824 | John Quincy Adams elected President on February 9, 1825, after the election was decided by the House of Representatives in what was termed the Corrupt Bargain. | 70 | |
| 9893699993 | Nat Turner's revolt, 1831 | slave rebellion that took place in Virginia, led by Nat Turner. Rebel slaves killed anywhere from 55-65 people, the highest number by any slave uprising in the South. | 71 | |
| 9893699995 | Second Bank of the United States, 1833-36 | Bank whose renewal was vetoed by Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson d because he saw it as a tool of eastern financial elites against the interests of democracy and the common man. | 72 | |
| 9893699996 | Panic of 1837 | US financial crisis touching off a major recession thru the mid-1840s. caused by speculative lending practices in western states, a sharp decline in cotton prices, a collapsing land speculation bubble, international specie (gold) flows | 73 | |
| 9893699997 | Trail of Tears, 1838 | Andrew Jackson favored pushing all Amerindians west of the MS River. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 provided for federal enforcement of this policy, Jackson defied the Supreme Court in the case of Worcester v. Georgia in 1832, which would allow Indians to stay. | 74 | |
| 9893699998 | Election of 1840 | Martin Van Buren vs. William Henry Harrison MVB hurt by Panic of 1837. Significance: massive voter turnout & use of slogans: "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too", "Log cabin and hard cider" Created second national two-party system | 75 | |
| 9893700000 | Nativist Movement | Discrimination against immigrants (notably Irish and Germans), heavily anti-Catholic, sought to limit power of immigrants (Know-Nothing Party) | 76 | |
| 9893700002 | Annexation of Texas, 1845 | Texas was annexed to the U.S, in 1845, it was this action that caused the Mexican War. It was the 28th state and came in as slave state. | 77 | |
| 9893700009 | Compromise of 1850 | "North: California admitted as free state, Texas gave up claims to disputed lands in New Mexico, Slave trade in DC was banned, but slavery was legal. South: Popular sovereignty in Mexican Cession lands, Texas was paid $10 million for land lost, stricter fugitive slave law." | 78 | |
| 9893700010 | Abolitionists | Minority in the north; used fierce arguments (Garrison's Liberator), helping slaves escape (Underground RR), and violence (Nat Turner, John Brown at Harpers Ferry) | 79 | |
| 9893700012 | Republican Party | Emerged as a sectional party in the North and Midwest; sought to keep slavery from expanding (free-soil) - as seen in Lincoln's election in 1860 | 80 | |
| 9893700030 | 13th Amendment | Abolished slavery; led to the rise of sharecropping in the south | 81 | |
| 9893700031 | Radical Republicans | Most fervent abolitionists; Sought to change racial and cultural attitudes of the South; strongest advocates of African American rights in Congress | 82 | |
| 9893700036 | 15th Amendment | Provided suffrage for all adult MALES; divided the Women's Rights Movement | 83 | |
| 9893700044 | Gilded Age | Coin termed by Mark Twain; period from 1870s - 1890s, businesses grew at a rapid rate and many problems lied below perceived prosperity | 84 | |
| 9893700045 | Social Darwinism | Charles Darwin's ideas applied to humans, "survival of the fittest." Used by wealthy to justify their position in life | 85 | |
| 9893700046 | Labor Unions | Knights of Labor - skilled and unskilled; AFL - skilled labor only; sought to improve working conditions and increase pay | 86 | |
| 9893700057 | New South | Idea that the south should industrialize after the Civil War. Despite calls for industrialization, sharecropping and tenant farming persisted in the South | 87 | |
| 9893700058 | Sharecropping | Persisted in the South (especially for African Americans.) They had to give a share of their crops to plantation owners. Way for southerners to get around the 13th amendment. | 88 | |
| 9893700060 | People's (Populist) Party | Created in response to the growth of corporate power; called for political reform (election of senators, secret ballot) and increased government involvement in economy | 89 | |
| 9893700064 | Social Gospel | Protestant Church Movement that sought to improve the conditions of cities | 90 | |
| 9893700065 | Assimilation of Native Americans | Process of making Natives "America"; Dawes Act - assimilated through cutting hair, changing tribal identities, providing individual land plots | 91 | |
| 9893700068 | Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 1890 | First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by President Benjamin Harrison and was later extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was first misused AGAINST labor unions | 92 | |
| 9893700069 | Wounded Knee massacre, 1890 | US army killed 200 in order to suppress the Ghost Dance movement, a religious movement that was the last effort of Indians to resist US invasion. Ended Native American resistance in the Great Plains | 93 | |
| 9893700070 | Ellis Island opened, 1892 | An immigration center in New York in the shadow of the Statue of Liberty for all incoming immigrants from the Atlantic. Opened to conduct more rigorous tests on incoming immigrants in order to restrict immigration. | 94 | |
| 9893700072 | Panic of 1893 | Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to railroad companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, some say as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s. | 95 | |
| 9893700077 | Closing of the Frontier | Frederick Jackson Turner's Frontier Thesis argued the frontier was "closed." Led many Americans to call for overseas expansion | 96 | |
| 9893700087 | Progressive Era | 1890 - 1920, Progressives tended to be women, middle class, and live in urban areas. Progressives sought to use government influence to solve societal problems. | 97 | |
| 9893700088 | Transition from Rural to Urban Society | US society adjusted as more people moved to cities - 1920 census - more people live in cities than rural areas | 98 | |
| 9893700094 | 17th Amendment, 1913 | Established that senators were to be elected directly by voters (instead of by state legislatures as under the Constitution originally). This law was part of the Progressive Era effort to curb the power of political parties and open up the government with more democracy to the people. | 99 | |
| 9893700099 | WWI, 1917 | British-owned ocean liner Lusitania was torpedoed by German U-boats, killing 1,201 passengers, including 128 Americans. Foreign Minister Alfred Zimmerman sent a message to Mexico and Japan to provoke them into attacking the U.S., but it was decoded by the British. Germany resumes UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE to sink US ships bringing supplies to British/French, hoping to take out Britain/France before the US can enter war. This gamble failed as US entry into the war in 1917 helped secure victory. | 100 | |
| 9893700105 | Harlem Renaissance | Celebration of African American culture through music, poetry, and writing. Key people - Langston Hughes, Claude Monet, Zora Neale Hurston | 101 | |
| 9893700106 | World War I | US entrance in 1917. US played a relatively minor role in the war, but large role in postwar negotiations. | 102 | |
| 9893700107 | Treaty of Versailles and League of Nations | Treaty that ended WWI; League led to debates over the role of the US in the world; ultimately, the US did NOT join the League | 103 | |
| 9893700108 | Great Migration | Mass movement of African Americans from the South to the North during WWI for economic opportunities | 104 | |
| 9893700109 | Red Scare | Fear of Communism after WWI, caused by: Russian Revolution, labor strikes post WWI, nativism; led to a crackdown on immigrants and radicals (suppression of rights) | 105 | |
| 9893700110 | Restrictive Immigration Quotas | 1921 and 1924 acts that severely limited immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe ("New immigrants") | 106 | |
| 9893700112 | Teapot Dome Scandal, 1923-24 | Scandal surrounding the illegal leasing of federal oil reserves by the secretary of the interior, Albert Fall to private businesses in return cash and no interest loans. Harding died before the full extent of the crimes had been determined. Scandal revealed the corruption of his cabinet, which was involved in other crimes as well. | 107 | |
| 9893700121 | Great Depression | Worst financial crisis in US history, led to calls for the creation of a stronger financial regulatory system | 108 | |
| 9893700123 | First New Deal, 1933 | FDR's policies to help ease the Great Depression during the 1st two years of his presidency. Much of it passed in the 1st 100 Days, in an unprecedented flurry of laws. It aimed for the three R's: relief, recovery, reform. Included Bank Holiday, Glass-Steagal (SEC), CCC, AAA, TVA, NIRA, FDIC, FERA | 109 | |
| 9893700124 | New Deal | Drew on ideas from the Progressive Era, sought to address causes of the Depression; faced opposition by the left and right; left a legacy of reforms that are still around today | 110 | |
| 9893700127 | Dust Bowl, 1935 | a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the US prairies during the 1930s; severe drought and a failure to apply dryland farming methods to prevent wind erosion caused the phenomenon. | 111 | |
| 9893700130 | Social Security Act, 1935 | Provided old-age pension (retirement), and a program of unemployment insurance (temporary aid to help people who lose jobs to find a new job), and federal welfare program (aid for very poor). Most famous and important legacy of New Deal. Has resulted (along with Medicare) with drastic reduction in poverty among elderly in the US | 112 | |
| 9893700135 | Lend-Lease Act, 1940 | US supplied Great Britain, the USSR, Free France, the Republic of China, and other Allied nations with weapons and other necessary materials to fight Axis powers between 1941 and August 1945. US became the "arsenal of democracy" | 113 | |
| 9893700137 | Pearl Harbor, 1941 | The Japanese wanted to continue their expansion within Asia in the late 1930s and early 40s but the US had placed an extremely restrictive embargo on Japan in the hopes of curbing Japan's aggression. The Japanese decided to launch a surprise attack against the United States at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on Dec. 7, 1941 (a "day that will live in infamy" according to the famous words of FDR). The United States abandoned its policy of isolationism and entered WWII by declaring war on Japan the following day. | 114 | |
| 9893700138 | World War II | US remained neutral until Pearl Harbor; US and Allies won due to: political and military cooperation, industrial production, and scientific advancements; US emerged as a world power | 115 | |
| 9893700141 | G.I. Bill, 1944 | The G. I. Bill of Rights or Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 provided for college or vocational education for returning World War II veterans (commonly referred to as GIs or G. I.s) as well as one-year of unemployment compensation. It also provided loans for returning veterans to buy homes and start businesses. Considered an extremely successful government program to both help veterans and boost the US economy. | 116 | |
| 9893700142 | Yalta Conference, 1945 | FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War | 117 | |
| 9893700143 | Potsdam Conference, 1945 | The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdamn, outside Berlin, in July, 1945. Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War. | 118 | |
| 9893700144 | Decision to drop the atomic bombs on Japan | Many reasons - save American lives, end the war quickly, etc.; raised questions about American values | 119 | |
| 9893700147 | Containment | Coined by George Kennan; urged the US to keep communism from spreading (Contain communism) | 120 | |
| 9893700150 | Marshall Plan, 1947 | A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe on condition they wouldn't go communist. Helped contain communism in Europe and helped our economy as Europe bought from US businesses to rebuild. | 121 | |
| 9893700157 | Korean War | Example of Containment; US sided with South Korea against communist North Korea; some minor domestic opposition to the war | 122 | |
| 9893700159 | Baby Boom | Post WWII drastic increase in births in the US (1946 - 1964); led to future issues with Social Security | 123 | |
| 9893700160 | Suburbanization | More and more Americans moved to suburbs after WWII (cars, Interstate Highway System, Levittown) | 124 | |
| 9893700168 | Civil Rights Activists | Used various techniques (sit-ins, legal challenges, etc.); post-1965, debates emerged over the proper role of activists | 125 | |
| 9893700169 | Brown v. Board of Education | 1954 Supreme Court Case that ruled separate facilities based on race inherently unequal. Reversed Plessy v. Ferguson | 126 | |
| 9893700181 | John F. Kennedy assassinated, 1963 | In 1963 in Dallas, riding in a parade to drum up support for the upcoming presidential election in 1964, JFK was shot twice by ex-Marine Lee Harvey Oswald and pronounced dead at Parkland hospital. JFK's Vice President LBJ was immediately sworn into office. Oswald was later killed by Jack Ruby before he could stand trial. | 127 | |
| 9893700183 | Civil Rights Act of 1964 | a landmark piece of civil rights legislation in the United States that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public (known as "public accommodations"). | 128 | |
| 9893700184 | Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, 1964 | The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia. Led to massive escalation of Vietnam War. | 129 | |
| 9893700185 | Great Society | LBJ's platform; increased the size and involvement of the government in society. Extension of New Deal programs and Civil Rights (24th amendment, Civil Rights Act of 1964.) | 130 | |
| 9893700187 | Vietnam War | US aided the South (non-communist); led to sizeable, passionate, and sometimes violent protests, especially as the war went on | 131 | |
| 9893700189 | Détente | Easing of Cold War tensions between the US and Soviet Union (Examples include: SALT I and Salt II) | 132 | |
| 9893700190 | Environmental Problems | Brought to the attention of the public by Rachel Carson and Silent Spring; helped lead to the creation of the EPA and Clean Air Act | 133 | |
| 9893700198 | Martin Luther King, Jr. assassinated, 1968 | On April, 4th 1968 MLK was assassinated in Mephis, Tennesse. This caused an outrage in the black community and riots across the nation. | 134 | |
| 9893700204 | Vietnamization, 1969 | The US policy of withdrawing its troops and transferring the responsibility and direction of the war effort to the government of South Vietnam. It is important because it would bring the end of the Vietnam war in 1973. | 135 | |
| 9893700206 | Kent State, 1970 | Students protesting against the expansion of the Vietnam War into Cambodia by Nixon; the national guard opens fire, killing to 4 students. The impact of the shootings was dramatic. The event triggered a nationwide student strike that forced hundreds of colleges and universities to close. Added to antiwar mood that would soon force end of war. | 136 | |
| 9893700207 | Pentagon Papers, 1971 | Secret document papers, leaded by Daniel Ellsberg, published by the New York Times in 1971, showed the blunders and deceptions that led the United States that led to the Vietnam war. Revealed the government misleading the people of its involvement in Vietnam, both about the intentions and the outcomes of the conflict. | 137 | |
| 9893700208 | Nixon visited China, 1972 | Nixon, who was a leading anti-communist, was the 1st US president to visit China since its 1949 communist revolution. He took advantage of growing conflicts between China and the USSR over the "true" form communism, and drove a further wedge between them by improving US-China relations. "Only Nixon could go to China" has become a political metaphor that means the ability of a politician with an unassailable reputation among his supporters for defending their values to take actions that would draw their criticism if taken by someone without those credentials. | 138 | |
| 9893700211 | Roe v. Wade, 1973 | (Burger) Certain state criminal abortion laws violate the Due Process clause of the 14th Amendment, which protects against state action the (implied) right to privacy in the Bill of Rights (9th amendment). Abortion cannot be banned in the 1st trimester (1st 3 months), states can regulate the 2nd trimester, 3rd trimester - abortion is illegal except to save the life of the mother | 139 | |
| 9893700213 | Nixon resigned, 1974 | The Watergate scandal led to the discovery of multiple abuses of power by the Nixon administration, articles of impeachment, and the resignation of Republican Richard Nixon, the President of the United States, on August 9, 1974—the only resignation of a U.S. president to date. | 140 | |
| 9893700219 | Foreign Policy "failures" | Helped lead to public distrust in government; example is Iran Hostage Crisis | 141 | |
| 9893700222 | Reagan Administration | Elected in 1980, focused on denouncing "Big Government", decreasing taxes, increased military spending | 142 | |
| 9893700223 | Reaganomics | refers to the economic policies promoted by President Reagan in the 1980s and is supported by most conservatives today. The policies are similar to laisezz-faire policies, trickle down economics | 143 | |
| 9893700225 | Mikhail Gorbachev | Soviet leader that saw improved relations with Reagan, instituted glasnost and perestroika which helped lead to the downfall of the Soviet Union | 144 | |
| 9893700229 | INF Treaty, 1988 | The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) is a 1987 agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union. The treaty eliminated nuclear and conventional ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with intermediate ranges, defined as between 500-5,500 km (300-3,400 miles). The treaty was signed in Washington, D.C. by U.S. President Ronald Reagan and General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev on December 8, 1987, it was ratified by the United States Senate on May 27, 1988 and came into force on June 1 of that year. | 145 | |
| 9893700232 | Soviet Union dissolved, 1991 | The Revolutions of 1989 that started in Eastern Europe ended with the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the end of Cold War. 1989 saw the Soviet people making a democratic choice for the first time since 1917 when they elected the new Congress of People's Deputies, and Boris Yeltsin as president. Gorbachev, the last Soviet leader, abandoned the oppressive, expensive Brezhnev Doctrine(preservation of Soviet satellite states) and decided not to use force to maintain the Soviet empire, which broke up into 15 different countries. | 146 | |
| 9893700237 | War on terrorism | Response to 9/11, US would actively fight terrorism throughout the world | 147 | |
| 9893700238 | Free Trade Agreements | Goal is to increase trade among countries by reducing tariffs (NAFTA - no tariffs between US, Canada, and Mexico) | 148 |
