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| 10193076074 | Columbian Exchange | a series of interactions and adaptations among societies across the Atlantic, including plants, animals, disease, people, etc. | 0 | |
| 10193076077 | Effects of Spanish and Portuguese exploration and conquest of the Americas | widespread deadly epidemics, the emergence of racially mixed populations, and a caste system defined by an intermixture among Spanish settlers, Africans, and Native Americans | 1 | |
| 10193076080 | encomienda system | Spanish colonists' use of forced Indian labor to support plantation-based agriculture and extract precious metals and other resources like sugar, silver | 2 | |
| 10193076085 | European justification for the subjugation of Africans and Natives | White racial superiority, Bible, view of groups as "savages" | 3 | |
| 10193076087 | Motivations for European exploration and conquest | a desire for new sources of wealth, increased power and status, and converts to Christianity. (god, glory, gold) | 4 | |
| 10193076088 | New crops from the Americas led to | European population growth (particularly from corn and potatoes) | 5 | |
| 10193076090 | Christopher Columbus | Italian explorer who "discovers America" in 1492 when searching for a sea route to the Far East . | 6 | |
| 10193076094 | Bartolomé de Las Casas | Spaniard who fought against the enslavement and colonial abuse of native Americans. | 7 | |
| 10193076098 | The Enlightenment | Philosophy focused on reason and promoting new forms of government (Locke, Montesquieu); influenced the American Revolution | 8 | |
| 10193076099 | Mercantilism | Economic policy that focuses on making $ for the mother country. It favors a positive balance of trade for the mother country and the accumulation of gold and silver | 9 | |
| 10193076103 | Spanish colonization patterns | These Europeans sought to establish tight control over the process of colonization and to religiously convert and/or exploit the native population. Mostly in Central and Latin America. | 10 | |
| 10193076104 | French and Dutch colonization patterns | These Europeans' colonial efforts involved relatively few Europeans and used trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians to acquire furs and other products for export to Europe. | 11 | |
| 10193076105 | English colonization patterns | These Europeans eventually sought to establish colonies based on agriculture, sending relatively large numbers of men and women to acquire land and populate their settlements, while having relatively hostile relationships with American Indians. | 12 | |
| 10193076108 | indentured servitude | System of labor in which a company or individual paid a person's passage to America in return for a contract of repayment through servitude (usually seven years). | 13 | |
| 10193076110 | middle passage | the brutal journey of slaves in bondage across the Atlantic to America. | 14 | |
| 10193076112 | Jamestown, 1607 | first permanent English colony in North America, founded in Virginia in 1607 - 13 years before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth in Massachusetts - Initially, the settlers spent too much time trying to find gold and neglected to prepare for the winter. The "Starving Time" of 1609-10 saw 80% of the settlers die. Only after several more shipments of immigrants and the widespread adoption of TOBACCO cultivation did the colony begin to thrive. | 15 | |
| 10193076114 | African resistance to slavery | Included rebellion, sabotage, and escape. Rebellion was the least common, usually unsuccessful, and resulted in harsher conditions for other slaves | 16 | |
| 10193076117 | New England colonies | These colonies, founded primarily by Puritans seeking to establish a community of likeminded religious believers, developed a close-knit, homogeneous society and — aided by favorable environmental conditions — a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and commerce. | 17 | |
| 10193076119 | Mayflower Compact, 1620 | An early step toward written frameworks of government in what is now the United States. The compact was drafted to prevent dissent among Puritans and non-separatist Pilgrims who had landed at Plymouth a few days earlier. | 18 | |
| 10193076120 | Puritans | English Protestants who wanted to create a "community of saints" or "city upon a hill" that would serve as a model of Christianity. Often seen as the beginning of "American Exceptionalism" - the idea that America has a unique story, or God-given destiny | 19 | |
| 10193076123 | Salem Witch Trials, 1692 | More than 200 people were accused of practicing witchcraft—the Devil's magic—and 20 were executed. Eventually, the colony admitted the trials were a mistake and compensated the families of those convicted. Since then, the story of the trials, and the term "witch hunt," has become synonymous with paranoia and injustice - for example, during the McCarthyism period of the Second Red Scare during the late 1940s and 1950s. | 20 | |
| 10193076124 | Middle Colonies | The most demographically, religiously, and ethnically diverse colonies; supported a flourishing export economy based on cereal crops (wheat, corn, barley, etc) | 21 | |
| 10193076126 | Quakers | Religious group that settled Pennsylvania. Often known as the "Society of Friends," Quakers believed in an "Inner Light" that would guide them toward religious truth and were pacifists (opposed violence) who had good relations with Native Americans | 22 | |
| 10193076127 | Chesapeake colonies (Virginia and Maryland) and North Carolina | These colonies relied on the cultivation of tobacco, a labor-intensive product based on white indentured servants and African chattel. | 23 | |
| 10193076128 | British West Indies and the Southern Colonies (South Carolina & Georgia) | These colonies took advantage of long growing seasons by using slave labor to develop economies based on staple crops; in some cases, enslaved Africans constituted the majority of the population. | 24 | |
| 10193076130 | Headright System | The grant of 50 acres of land for each settler brought to Virginia by a colonist. Established a pattern of small wealthy planter elite and a large, landless, powerless majority that would characterize politics/society in the South until the Civil War and beyond. | 25 | |
| 10193076137 | King Phillip's War | The last significant effort by the Indians of southern New England to drive away English settlers. The Indians were led by Metacom, the Pokunoket chief whom English setters called "King Philip." | 26 | |
| 10193076138 | Pueblo Revolt, 1680 | An uprising of Indians in Santa Fe against Spanish colonization. The Pueblo killed 400 Spanish and drove the remaining 2,000 settlers out of the province. Twelve years later the Spanish returned and were able to reoccupy New Mexico with little opposition. However, the Spanish were more accommodating of Indian culture afterwards | 27 | |
| 10193076143 | triangular trade | A system of trade between Africa, Europe, and American colonies that involved slaves, cash crops, and manufactured goods. | 28 | |
| 10193076144 | Factors that promoted Anglicization in the British colonies | the growth of autonomous political communities based on English models, the development of commercial ties and legal structures, the emergence of a trans-Atlantic print culture, Protestant evangelism, religious toleration, and the spread of European Enlightenment ideas. | 29 | |
| 10193076145 | House of Burgesses, 1619 | The first elected lawmaking body in North America, established by the Virginia Company to allow representative government in Virginia. | 30 | |
| 10193076146 | Navigation Acts | Attempt by England to assert its control over American trade by passing a series of laws that regulated colonial trade to England's benefit. | 31 | |
| 10193076147 | salutary neglect | Unofficial British policy of non-enforcement of trade laws. Salutary neglect lasted throughout most of the 1600s and 1700s. Considered good because the colonies grew economically and learned to govern themselves | 32 | |
| 10193076148 | Bacon's Rebellion, 1676 | Armed rebellion in Virginia against Governor William Berkeley, who had the support of the British government. Forces from England came to Virginia to suppress the resistance and reform the colonial government to one that was more directly under royal control. | 33 | |
| 10193076149 | First Great Awakening, 1730s-1760s | Evangelical religious revival that swept through Britain's North American colonies. The Great Awakening strengthened beliefs in religious freedom and challenged the status of established churches. | 34 | |
| 10193076153 | French and Indian War, 1754-63 | Part of the 7 Years' War, Great Britain & France fought for control of the Ohio Valley & Canada. The colonies fought under British commanders and won; resulted in France being pushed out of N. America and massive British war debt + new taxes | 35 | |
| 10193076155 | Common Sense | Pamphlet written by T-Paine, and Enlightenment thinker. Urged that it was "Common Sense" that colonies should break away from Great Britain | 36 | |
| 10193076156 | Reasons for Patriot Victory in Revolutionary War | Colonists' familiarity with the land; political and military leadership (Washington); ideological commitment (Natural Rights); Support from European Allies (France after Saratoga) | 37 | |
| 10193076157 | Northwest Land Ordinance, 1787 | Passed under Articles - banned slavery in NW territory (OH, MI, IN, etc.); created a process for admitting new states (60,000 inhabitants) | 38 | |
| 10193076159 | Proclamation of 1763 | Created to alleviate relations with natives after the French and Indian War and stated that Americans were not permitted to pass the Appalachian Mountains. Angered struggling colonists who had no other option but to find fortune and life on the frontier. | 39 | |
| 10193076160 | Stamp Act, 1765-66 | It imposed tax on newspapers, almanacs, pamphlets, deeds, wills, licenses;.many colonial groups formed such as Sons of Liberty and tarred or feathered tax collectors, organized non-important movements (boycotts) | 40 | |
| 10193076161 | Boston Tea Party, 1773 | American colonists calling themselves the Sons of Liberty, disguised as Mohawk Native Americans, boarded three British ships and dumped British tea into the Boston harbor. | 41 | |
| 10193076163 | Lexington and Concord, 1775 | First battle in the Revolutionary War, (AKA "shot heard round the world") fought in Massachusetts on April 19, 1775. | 42 | |
| 10193076166 | Declaration of Independence, 1776 | The fundamental document establishing the US as an independent nation, adopted on July 4, 1776. It declared the 13 colonies independent from Britain, offered reasons for the separation laid out the principles for which the Revolution was fought | 43 | |
| 10193076169 | Articles of Confederation, 1781 | First constitution of the US. Based on equality of states, with each getting one vote. National government was very weak, with no power to tax. Laws required 9/13 vote to pass, changes to AOC required unanimous vote. 3 major accomplishments: winning Revolution, Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance of 1787. | 44 | |
| 10193076170 | Treaty of Paris, 1783 | Treaty that ended American Revolution, granting US independence. Negotiated by John Adams, John Jay, Benjamin Franklin. Secured American fishing rights, territorial boundaries end American persecution of loyalists, and agreement to honor debts | 45 | |
| 10193076172 | Shay's Rebellion, 1786 | This MA conflict caused criticism of the Articles of Confederation; weak govt; increased calls for a Constitutional Convention to revise the Articles | 46 | |
| 10193076175 | Constitution | Replaced the Articles - series of compromises (Great, 3/5, Slave Trade); provided limits on federal power (separation of powers); did not address problems of slavery | 47 | |
| 10193076176 | Alexander Hamilton | Washington's Treasury Secretary; helped put in place the basic economic foundations of the new government with the overriding goal of strengthening the national government's role. Key elements include: assumption of state debts (to centralize economic life and elite interests in national government and enhance its legitimacy for international trade), creation of the First Bank of the US (under a loose construction [interpretation] of the "elastic clause"), strong support for manufacturing (proposed protective tariffs) | 48 | |
| 10193076178 | Bill of Rights, 1791 | First ten amendments to the United States Constitution. Proposed to gain support of Anti-Federalists | 49 | |
| 10193076179 | Cotton Gin, 1793 | a machine invented by Eli Whitney; revolutionized cotton production by greatly speeding up the process of removing seeds from cotton fiber. | 50 | |
| 10193076181 | Whiskey Rebellion, 1794 | Rebellion put down by Washington and his troops. Small farmers of the back country distilled (and consumed) whiskey, which was easier to transport and sell than the grain that was its source. | 51 | |
| 10193076182 | Republican Motherhood | Expectation that women would instill Republican values in children and be active in families; helped increase education for women | 52 | |
| 10193076183 | Washington's Farewell Address, 1796 | Urged Americans to avoid excessive political party spirit and geographical distinctions. In foreign affairs, warned against long-term alliances with other nations - | 53 | |
| 10193076184 | Alien & Sedition Acts, 1798 | Passed by Federalists, signed by President Adams;; increased waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years, empowered president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens, & made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. | 54 | |
| 10193076185 | Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, 1798-99 | Written by Jefferson and Madison, in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts; argued states had the power to declare federal acts unconstitutional. | 55 | |
| 10193076187 | Federalists | Political Party led by Hamilton; pro-British; supported by the wealthy; pro-merchants and trade; Favored the National Bank (BUS); loose interpretation | 56 | |
| 10193076188 | Democratic-Republicans | Political Party led by Jefferson - pro-French; supported by middle-class and farmers; pro-agriculture; against the BUS; strict interpretation | 57 | |
| 10193076189 | Election of 1800 | Jefferson elected; defeats Adams, first peaceful, orderly transfer of power via competitive elections Called "Revolution of 1800" | 58 | |
| 10193076191 | Marbury v. Madison, 1803 | SCOTUS decision; established the right of the courts to determine the constitutionality of the actions of the other two branches of government (Marshall Court) | 59 | |
| 10193076192 | Louisiana Purchase, 1803 | Jefferson sent Monroe to Paris to purchase New Orleans; Monroe ended up spending $15 million, because he was able to get all of Louisiana, Jefferson conflicted about the purchase, since he didn't feel he had the authority to do so under the Constitution, but the deal was too good to pass up and provided more than enough land to fulfill his dream of an America populated with small farmers. | 60 | |
| 10193076194 | The Embargo Act, 1807 | Attempt by President Thomas Jefferson and the U.S. Congress to punish Britain and France for interfering with American trade while the two major European powers were at war | 61 | |
| 10193076195 | War of 1812, 1812-1815 | US v Britain:fought over trade restrictions caused by British-French war; the impressment of American sailors, British support of American Indian tribes against American expansion, | 62 | |
| 10193076196 | Hartford Convention, 1814 | A meeting of Federalist delegates from New England inspired by Federalist opposition to the War of 1812;contributed to the death of the Federalist Party during the "Era of Good Feelings" | 63 | |
| 10193076199 | Era of Good Feelings, 1815-24 | Period of strong nationalism, economic growth, territorial expansion under the presidency of James Monroe. Only one major political party at the time (Republican) | 64 | |
| 10193076201 | Missouri Compromise, 1820 | Compromise - Maine enters as free state, Missouri as slave state, prohibited slavery in Louisiana Territory north of 36°30′ , preserved balance in US Senate - first LA Purchase territory to apply for statehood | 65 | |
| 10193076204 | Marshall Court | Under this chief justice, the SCOTUS asserted federal power over states (McCulloch v. Maryland, Gibbons v. Ogden, Cohens v Virginia); judicial branch determined the meaning of Constitution (Marbury v. Madison) | 66 | |
| 10193076205 | Second Great Awakening | Inspired many to achieve perfection on earth; helped influence reform movements (abolitionism, women's rights, temperance, etc.) | 67 | |
| 10193076207 | American System, 1815 | Henry Clay's idea to unify the economy through: BUS, internal improvements, and tariffs. More successful in unifying the North and Midwest than South | 68 | |
| 10193076208 | Market Revolution | Drastic changes in transportation (canals, RRs), communication (telegraph), and the production of goods (more in factories as opposed to houses) | 69 | |
| 10193076210 | Monroe Doctrine, 1823 | US foreign policy regarding Latin American countries stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention. | 70 | |
| 10193076212 | Indian Removal Act, 1830 | Passed by Congress on May 28, 1830, during the presidency of Andrew Jackson. The act paved the way for the reluctant migration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West, an event widely known as the "Trail of Tears". | 71 | |
| 10193076213 | Nat Turner's revolt, 1831 | slave rebellion that took place in Virginia, led by Nat Turner. Rebel slaves killed anywhere from 55-65 people, the highest number by any slave uprising in the South. | 72 | |
| 10193076214 | Nullification Crisis, 1832-33 | Attempt by South Carolina to overturn the Tariff of Abominations (1828). Jackson responded with the Force Act. | 73 | |
| 10193076215 | Second Bank of the United States, 1833-36 | Bank whose renewal was vetoed by Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson because he saw it as a tool of eastern financial elites against the interests of democracy and the common man. | 74 | |
| 10193076216 | Panic of 1837 | US financial crisis touching off a major recession thru the mid-1840s. caused by speculative lending practices in western states, a sharp decline in cotton prices, a collapsing land speculation bubble, international specie (gold) flows | 75 | |
| 10193076217 | Trail of Tears, 1838 | Andrew Jackson favored pushing all Amerindians west of the MS River. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 provided for federal enforcement of this policy, Jackson defied the Supreme Court in the case of Worcester v. Georgia in 1832, which would allow Indians to stay. | 76 | |
| 10193076220 | Nativist Movement | Discrimination against immigrants (notably Irish and Germans), heavily anti-Catholic, sought to limit power of immigrants (Know-Nothing Party) | 77 | |
| 10193076221 | Manifest Destiny | Belief that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean and spread the American way of life, by force if necessary (conquering Indians and half of Mexico). This rationale drove the acquisition of territory. Example of "American Exceptionalism" - that God and US uniqueness justify actions | 78 | |
| 10193076222 | Annexation of Texas, 1845 | Cause of the Mexican-American War; Texas became a slave state. | 79 | |
| 10193076223 | Mexican-American War, 1846-48 | War fought between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848. The United States won the war, encouraged by the feelings of many Americans that the country was accomplishing its manifest destiny of expansion. US gained approximately half of Mexico's territory. This Mexican Cession would revive the controversy over the expansion of slavery and help lead to the Civil War | 80 | |
| 10193076225 | Mormons + migration to Utah, 1847-48 | This group (founded by their prophet Joseph Smith) was persecuted so they migrated west along the Oregon Trail. | 81 | |
| 10193076226 | Seneca Falls convention, 1848 | First modern women's rights convention, and the start of the organized fight for women's rights in US history. At the gathering, Elizabeth Cady Stanton read a Declaration of Sentiments modeled on the Declaration of Independence listing the many injustices against women, and adopted eleven resolutions, one of which called for women's suffrage. | 82 | |
| 10193076227 | Mexican Cession, 1848 | Land that Mexico ceded to the United States in the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo in 1848. Led to more conflict over the expansion of slavery. | 83 | |
| 10193076228 | Gold rush, 1849 | Hundreds of thousands of people from around the world, came to California in 1849 after gold was discovered in search of instant riches. Led to quick population of California, and new conflicts over slavery as California petitioned for admission as a free state. Led to Compromise of 1850 | 84 | |
| 10193076229 | Compromise of 1850 | California admitted as free state, slave trade in DC was banned (but slavery still legal), popular sovereignty in Mexican Cession lands, stricter fugitive slave law. | 85 | |
| 10193076230 | Abolitionists | Minority in the north; used fierce arguments (Garrison's Liberator), helping slaves escape (Underground RR), and violence (Nat Turner, John Brown at Harpers Ferry) | 86 | |
| 10193076231 | Slavery as a Positive Good | Argument used by John C. Calhoun and many in the South to justify slavery | 87 | |
| 10193076232 | Republican Party | Emerged as a sectional party in the North and Midwest; sought to keep slavery from expanding (free-soil) - as seen in Lincoln's election in 1860 | 88 | |
| 10193076235 | Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 | Advocated popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska territories (vote by people of territory whether they would be slave or free state). Led to "Bleeding Kansas" as violence erupted between pro/anti-slavery groups. | 89 | |
| 10193076237 | Dred Scot v. Sandford, 1857 | Ruling: blacks have "no rights a white man is bound to respect," & Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in a territory. Overturned the Missouri Compromise and seemed to imply that no state could ban slavery at all. | 90 | |
| 10193076239 | John Brown's raid, 1859 | Attempt by a white abolitionist to start an armed slave revolt in 1859 by seizing a United States arsenal. | 91 | |
| 10193076243 | Homestead Act, 1862 | Act that allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee of about $30. Land was given away to encourage a rapid filling of empty spaces and to provide a stimulus to the family farm. | 92 | |
| 10193076245 | Emancipation Proclamation, 1863 | Freed slaves in territories still in rebellion. Changed the purpose of the Civil War; allowed African Americans to fight in the Union Army; Kept Europe from aiding the South | 93 | |
| 10193076249 | Freedman's Bureau, 1865 | Provided food, clothing, medical care, and education for freedmen and poor whites after the Civil War. | 94 | |
| 10193076250 | 13th Amendment | Amendment that Abolished slavery; led to the rise of sharecropping in the south | 95 | |
| 10193076255 | 14th Amendment, 1868 | Grants citizenship to "all persons born or naturalized in the US"; it forbids any state to deny any person "life, liberty or property, without due process of law" or to "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of its laws." Led to expansion of Civil Rights in the 1960s. | 96 | |
| 10193076256 | 15th Amendment | Provided suffrage for all adult males, regardless of race; divided the Women's Rights Movement | 97 | |
| 10193076262 | Compromise of 1877 | Followed the disputed presidential election between Hayes and Tilden. Hayes ultimately won, on the condition that he would remove remaining federal troops from the South, marking the end of Reconstruction and the beginning of Jim Crow segregation. | 98 | |
| 10193076264 | Gilded Age | Coin termed by Mark Twain; period from 1870s - 1890s, businesses grew at a rapid rate and many problems lied below perceived prosperity | 99 | |
| 10193076265 | Social Darwinism | "Survival of the fittest," used by wealthy to justify their position in life | 100 | |
| 10193076271 | Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882 | law that suspended Chinese immigration into America; first significant law that restricted immigration into the United States of an ethnic working group | 101 | |
| 10193076275 | Dawes Severalty Act, 1887 | Law that divided Native American tribal land into smaller family farms. The act was an attempt to destroy Indian culture and the unity of the tribe and make each Native American head of household more like the White citizen/farmers. | 102 | |
| 10193076277 | New South | Idea that the south should industrialize after the Civil War. Despite calls for industrialization, sharecropping and tenant farming persisted in the South | 103 | |
| 10193076278 | Sharecropping | Economic system that persisted in the South (especially for African Americans.) Farmers had to give a share of their crops to plantation owners. Way for southerners to get around the 13th amendment. | 104 | |
| 10193076280 | People's (Populist) Party | Created in response to the growth of corporate power; called for political reform (election of senators, secret ballot) and increased government involvement in economy | 105 | |
| 10193076281 | Political Machines | Appealed to immigrants and urban poor; provided services in exchange for support. Famous examples include Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall | 106 | |
| 10193076282 | Settlement Houses (Hull House) | Helped immigrants adjust to American life. Focused on providing education and other skills for women, immigrants, and children | 107 | |
| 10193076283 | Bison | This animal almost became extinct due to westward expansion and overhunting; destroyed Native Americans' lifestyles | 108 | |
| 10193076284 | Social Gospel | Protestant Church Movement that sought to improve the conditions of cities | 109 | |
| 10193076285 | Assimilation of Native Americans | Process of making Native Americans more "white"; included Dawes Act and Carlisle Indian School | 110 | |
| 10193076286 | "Gospel of Wealth," 1889 | The responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists and use their money to help society | 111 | |
| 10193076288 | Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 1890 | First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by President Benjamin Harrison and was later extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was first misused AGAINST labor unions | 112 | |
| 10193076294 | Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 | Supreme Court ruled that "separate but equal" facilities were constitutional under the "equal protection" clause in the Fourteenth Amendment; Later overturned by Brown v. Board in 1954 | 113 | |
| 10193076298 | Spanish-American War, 1898 | Yellow journalists like Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst influenced public opinion in newspapers ("Remember the Maine, to Hell with Spain"). Americans declare war on Spain. Led to US imperialism - U.S. gaining Guam and Puerto Rico as well as control over the Philippines. | 114 | |
| 10193076299 | Open Door policy, 1899 | U.S. foreign policy toward China issued by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay. The policy proposed to keep China open to trade with all countries on an equal basis; thus, no international power would have total control of the country. | 115 | |
| 10193076305 | Roosevelt Corollary, 1904 | Extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force. | 116 | |
| 10193076307 | Progressive Era | 1890 - 1920, movement sought to use government influence to solve societal problems. Progressives tended to be women, middle class, and live in urban areas. | 117 | |
| 10193076309 | The Jungle, 1906 | Upton Sinclair wrote this novel to portray the lives of immigrants in the United States in Chicago and similar industrialized cities. He exposed the health violations and unsanitary practice of the American meatpacking industry. Led to the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906. | 118 | |
| 10193076311 | NAACP (The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) organized, 1909 | Organized by the Niagara Movement leaders in 1909, including W.E.B. DuBois. The largest and most successful civil rights organization in US history. They used the law and law courts to campaign against racial injustices, political and civil equality, winning their greatest victory with Brown v. Board in 1954 that desegregated schools. | 119 | |
| 10193076315 | Federal Reserve System created, 1913 | After the Panic of 1907, this law reformed the banking system and created the Federal Reserve (the central bank of the US) and the Federal Reserve Board which oversaw a nationwide system of 12 regional district banks. | 120 | |
| 10193076319 | United States entered WWI, 1917 | Caused by the sinking of the Lusitania, the Zimmerman Telegram, and - most importantly - German's resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare. | 121 | |
| 10193076320 | The Fourteen Points, 1918 | A statement given on January 8, 1918 by Wilson declaring that WW I was being fought for a moral cause and calling for postwar peace in Europe. The speech laid out a policy of free trade, open agreements, democracy and self-determination. Point 14 advocated for the League of Nations to be established that would keep world peace. | 122 | |
| 10193076321 | 18th Amendment, 1919 | This Amendment (proposed by Congress on December 19, 1917) banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages in the United States and its possessions. Was repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933. | 123 | |
| 10193076324 | 19th Amendment, 1920 | Ratified on August 18, 1920 (drafted by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton), prohibits any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex. The amendment was the culmination of the women's suffrage movement in the U.S. | 124 | |
| 10193076325 | Harlem Renaissance | Celebration of African American culture through music, poetry, and writing. Key people - Langston Hughes, Claude Monet, Zora Neale Hurston | 125 | |
| 10193076328 | Great Migration | Mass movement of African Americans from the South to the North during WWI for economic opportunities | 126 | |
| 10193076329 | Red Scare | Fear of Communism after WWI, caused by: Russian Revolution, labor strikes post WWI, nativism; led to a crackdown on immigrants and radicals (suppression of rights) | 127 | |
| 10193076330 | National Origin Act, 1924 | (Also in 1921), Acts that severely limited immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe ("New immigrants") and entirely banned Asians; overturned by 1965 Immigration Act | 128 | |
| 10193076333 | Scopes Trial, 1925 | Tennessee legal case involving the teaching of evolution in public schools. Illustrated tension between science and fundamentalism / religion. | 129 | |
| 10193076338 | Stock Market crash, 1929 | A severe downturn in stock prices that occurred in October of 1929 in the United States, and which marked the end of the "Roaring Twenties." Led to the Great Depression. Major new legislative and regulatory changes (New Deal) were enacted in an effort to prevent the same situation from happening again. | 130 | |
| 10193076341 | Great Depression | Worst financial crisis in US history, led to calls for the creation of a stronger financial regulatory system | 131 | |
| 10193076344 | New Deal | FDR's policies that sought to address causes of the Depression; faced opposition by the left and right; left a legacy of reforms that are still around today | 132 | |
| 10193076345 | Good Neighbor Policy, 1933 | Policy promised to end interventions and treat Latin America with respect. The main motivation was to prevent Latin America from joining rising tide of fascism across the world in the 1930s | 133 | |
| 10193076347 | Dust Bowl, 1935 | a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the US prairies during the 1930s; severe drought and a failure to apply dryland farming methods to prevent wind erosion caused the phenomenon. | 134 | |
| 10193076349 | Wagner Act, 1935 | National Labor Relations Act, protected the rights of most workers in the private sector | 135 | |
| 10193076350 | Social Security Act, 1935 | Provided old-age pension (retirement), and a program of unemployment insurance (temporary aid to help people who lose jobs to find a new job), and federal welfare program (aid for very poor) | 136 | |
| 10193076353 | FDR's court-packing plan, 1937 | FDR's plan to allow the president to appoint a new Supreme Court justice whenever an incumbent judge reached 70 and didn't retire. | 137 | |
| 10193076355 | Lend-Lease Act, 1940 | US supplied Great Britain, the USSR, Free France, the Republic of China, and other Allied nations with weapons and other necessary materials to fight Axis powers between 1941 and August 1945. US became the "arsenal of democracy" | 138 | |
| 10193076356 | Atlantic Charter, 1941 | Pledge signed by US president FDR and British PM Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war. Also to set up new international organization to mediate disputes between nations that would come in the form of the United Nations. Similar to Wilson's 14 Points after WWI, but this time it was much more successful. | 139 | |
| 10193076357 | Pearl Harbor, 1941 | Japanese decided to launch a surprise attack against the United States at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on Dec. 7, 1941 (a "day that will live in infamy" according to the famous words of FDR). The United States abandoned its policy of isolationism and entered WWII by declaring war on Japan the following day. | 140 | |
| 10193076358 | World War II | US remained neutral until Pearl Harbor; US and Allies won due to: political and military cooperation, industrial production, and scientific advancements; US emerged as a world power | 141 | |
| 10193076359 | Japanese-American internment, 1942 | After the attack on Pearl Harbor, many Americans feared that there were Japanese-American spies who are helping the Japanese to secretly bring the U.S. down. Due to this growing fear, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed an Executive Order 9066 in February 1942 ordering the relocation and internment of all Americans of Japanese ancestry to concentration camps in the interior of the United States. | 142 | |
| 10193076360 | Normandy invasion, 1944 | Normandy Invasion, also called Operation Overlord, during World War II, the Allied invasion of western Europe, which was launched on June 6, 1944 (the most celebrated D-Day of the war), with the simultaneous landing of U.S., British, and Canadian forces on five separate beachheads in Normandy, France. | 143 | |
| 10193076361 | G.I. Bill, 1944 | Also known as the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, provided for college or vocational education for returning World War II veterans (commonly referred to as GIs or G. I.s). It also provided loans for returning veterans to buy homes and start businesses. | 144 | |
| 10193076365 | Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1945 | The two Japanese cities on which Truman ordered the dropping of atomic bombs; August 6 and August 9, 1945, respectively. About 250,000 Japanese died, either immediately, or as a result of prolonged suffering caused by radiation poisoning as a result of the two bombs. Reasons for dropping bomb: save American soldiers lives, end war more quickly, prevent Soviet claims in Japan. Criticisms: Japan had already asked for surrender terms, nukes dropped more to show off to Soviets (first shots of Cold War) than to win WWII which was already near-certain to be won by US. | 145 | |
| 10193076367 | Containment | US foreign policy to keep communism from spreading | 146 | |
| 10193076368 | "Iron Curtain" speech, 1946 | Term coined by British PM Winston Churchill referring to a political barrier that after WWII isolated the peoples of Soviet-dominated communist Eastern Europe from the US-dominated democratic capitalist Western Europe. | 147 | |
| 10193076369 | Truman Doctrine, 1947 | Stated that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to resist communist movements | 148 | |
| 10193076370 | Marshall Plan, 1947 | US plan to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe on condition they wouldn't go communist. Helped contain communism in Europe and helped our economy as Europe bought from US businesses to rebuild. | 149 | |
| 10193076373 | Berlin Airlift, 1948 | Following the USSR blockade of Berlin, the US and its allies decided to supply their sectors of the city from the air.Lasted for more than a year and carried more than 2.3 million tons of cargo in 277,000 flights into West Berlin. | 150 | |
| 10193076374 | NATO formed, 1949 | North Atlantic Treaty Organization was an alliance to stand against the Soviet Union (USSR). The organization constitutes a system of collective defense whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party. In response, the USSR would form the Warsaw Pact - an alliance of communist countries against the capitalist world. | 151 | |
| 10193076375 | McCarthyism, 1950 | Part of the Second Red Scare's anti-communist hysteria. Senator McCarthy claimed he had a list of 205 communists in the US State Department. Destroyed the reputations of hundreds of innocent citizens and officials. | 152 | |
| 10193076376 | Korean War, 1950-1953 | began as a civil war between North and South Korea (which had been established by the USSR and US respectively). United Nations joined to support South Korea and China entered to aid North Korea. The war left Korea divided along the 38th parallel. | 153 | |
| 10193076378 | Military-Industrial Complex | Eisenhower warned of a drastic military buildup in his farewell address | 154 | |
| 10193076379 | Baby Boom | Post WWII drastic increase in births in the US (1946 - 1964); led to future issues with Social Security | 155 | |
| 10193076380 | Suburbanization | More and more Americans moved to suburbs after WWII (cars, Interstate Highway System, Levittown) | 156 | |
| 10193076382 | Brown v. Board of Education, 1954 | Unanimously held that the racial segregation of children in public schools violated the 14th Amendment. Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson's "separate but equal" doctrine and would eventually led to the desegregation of schools across the South | 157 | |
| 10193076385 | Montgomery bus boycott, 1955-56 | A political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama. The campaign began in 1955 when Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to surrender her seat to a white person. MLK Jr. led boycott protests and became a national figure as a result. | 158 | |
| 10193076386 | Interstate Highway Act, 1956 | Under Eisenhower, this act created the interstate system. Justified in part by the necessity for internal transportation in case of communist attack. Stimulated growth of suburbs and economy | 159 | |
| 10193076390 | Sunbelt | VA to FL, extending to CA; saw a large population increase after WWII and rise of key industries | 160 | |
| 10193076391 | Sputnik, 1957 | First man-made satellite put into orbit by the USSR. Caused fear in the US that the Soviets had passed them by in science & technology and the arms race. Led to the Nation Defense Education Act and Space Race. | 161 | |
| 10193076395 | Bay of Pigs, 1961 | Failed invasion of Cuba, planned under Eisenhower, implemented under JFK. Led directly to the Cuban Missile Crisis | 162 | |
| 10193076399 | Betty Friedan published The Feminine Mystique, 1963 | This book challenged women to move beyond the drudgery of suburban housewifery to demand a larger role in society on the basis of equality. Helped launch what would become second-wave feminist movement that would go beyond issues of suffrage to focus on economic, political, and social equality issues like equal pay for equal work and the ERA (Equal Rights Amendment) | 163 | |
| 10193076400 | March on Washington, 1963 | a large political rally that took place in Washington, D.C. on August 28, 1963. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his historic "I Have a Dream" speech advocating racial harmony at the Lincoln Memorial during the march. | 164 | |
| 10193076402 | The Great Society, 1964-65 | LBJ & Democratic social reforms that sought the elimination of poverty and racial injustice. New major spending programs that addressed education, medical care, urban problems, and transportation were launched during this period. The Great Society in scope and sweep resembled the New Deal domestic agenda of FDR. Most important: Medicare (health care for those over 65), Medicaid (health care for poor, disabled) | 165 | |
| 10193076403 | Civil Rights Act of 1964 | a landmark piece of civil rights legislation in the United States that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public (known as "public accommodations"). | 166 | |
| 10193076404 | Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, 1964 | A joint resolution of the U.S. in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. Gave President Lyndon B. Johnson a "blank check" to use military force in Southeast Asia, even without a formal declaration of war. | 167 | |
| 10193076406 | Immigration Laws of 1965 | Reversed discriminatory quotas acts from the 1920s; favored immigrants from Latin America and Asia | 168 | |
| 10193076407 | Vietnam War | In this war, US aided the South of this country(non-communist); this war led to sizeable, passionate, and sometimes violent protests | 169 | |
| 10193076408 | Counterculture | Movement most represented by the Hippies - protested Vietnam War; rejected many ideas of their parents' generation (war, materialism, etc.); used marijuana; helped start a sexual revolution | 170 | |
| 10193076409 | Détente | Easing of Cold War tensions between the US and Soviet Union (Examples include: SALT I and Salt II) | 171 | |
| 10193076410 | Environmental Problems | Brought to the attention of the public by Rachel Carson and Silent Spring; helped lead to the creation of the EPA and Clean Air Act | 172 | |
| 10193076413 | Voting Rights Act, 1965 | Signed by LBJ, this act was designed to enforce the voting rights guaranteed by the 14th & 15th Amendments, the Act allowed for a mass enfranchisement of racial minorities throughout the country, especially in the South. | 173 | |
| 10193076416 | Tet Offensive, 1968 | One of the largest military campaigns of the Vietnam War, launched on January 30, 1968 by forces of the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army against the forces of South Vietnam, the United States, and their allies. It failed militarily, but had an enormous psychological impact on the US, showing that the war was far from over, and highlighting the credibility gap | 174 | |
| 10193076421 | AIM created, 1968 | Native American activist organization in the United States. In October 1973 the American Indian Movement gathered its forces from across the country onto the Trail of Broken Treaties, championing Indian unity. The national AIM agenda focused on spirituality, leadership, and sovereignty. | 175 | |
| 10193076423 | Moon Landing, 1969 | Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that landed the first humans on the Moon, Americans Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, on July 20, 1969. This won the race to the moon against the USSR, who had beaten the US with Sputnik (first artificial satellite) and Yuri Gagarin (first man to orbit earth). Armstrong famously said, "that's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind." | 176 | |
| 10193076424 | Vietnamization, 1969 | Nixon's US policy of withdrawing its troops and transferring the responsibility and direction of the war effort to the government of South Vietnam. It is important because it would bring the end of the Vietnam war in 1973. | 177 | |
| 10193076425 | My Lai massacre made public, 1969 | The Pentagon Papers revealed American troops brutally massacred innocent women and children in the village of My Lai. Led to the opposition to the war of Vietnam | 178 | |
| 10193076429 | Watergate break-in, 1972 | five men arrested for breaking into the Democratic National Committee's executive quarters in the Watergate Hotel. Nixon impeached in 1974, so he resigned | 179 | |
| 10193076431 | Roe v. Wade, 1973 | Protects the right of a woman to have an abortion | 180 | |
| 10193076432 | OPEC oil embargo, 1973 | During the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, Arab members of OPEC imposed an oil embargo against the US in retaliation for the US support for Israel. The price of oil in the US tripled causing widespread economic hardship. | 181 | |
| 10193076435 | Camp David Accords, 1979 | Peace accords signed to finally end the Israeli-Egyptian disputes. Considered Carter's great achievement while in office. | 182 | |
| 10193076437 | Iranian hostage crises, 1979-81 | 52 American citizens and diplomats were taken hostage by a group of supporters as the Iranian Revolution took control of the US Embassy in Tehran. These hostages were held captive for 444 days. Hostages were released the day Reagan took office | 183 | |
| 10193076443 | Reaganomics began, 1981 | Refers to the economic policies promoted by President Reagan in the 1980s and is supported by most conservatives today. The policies are similar to laissez-faire policies of the Gilded Age and 1920s Republican presidents. | 184 | |
| 10193076448 | Iran-Contra scandal, 1987 | The Reagan Administration illegally sold weapons in secret to Iran while it was fighting Saddam Hussein's Iraq (also supported by the US), then used the money to illegally support brutal right-wing Contras in their attempt to overthrow the left-wing government in Nicaragua even though Congress had prohibited this assistance | 185 | |
| 10193076450 | Berlin Wall torn down, 1989 | The Berlin Wall was a barrier constructed by East Germany in 1961 that completely cut off West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and East Berlin. In 1989, after hundreds of thousands of East Germans had fled westward via Hungary and Czechoslovakia, the beleaguered East German regime lifted travel restrictions on Nov. 9, and days later the dismantling of the wall began. It became a powerful metaphor for the crumbling of communism in Eastern Europe. | 186 | |
| 10193076451 | Persian Gulf War, 1991 | Saddam Hussein's Iraq invaded Kuwait over oil dispute on the border against US wishes (Saddam had formerly been US ally). US invaded Iraq to liberate Kuwait; Iraq set Kuwait's oil fields on fire so the Americans couldn't gain the oil; this conflict caused the US to set military bases in Saudi Arabia; also called Operation: Desert Storm. | 187 | |
| 10193076452 | Soviet Union dissolved, 1991 | The Revolutions of 1989 that started in Eastern Europe ended with the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the end of Cold War. Soviet empire broke up into 15 different countries. | 188 | |
| 10193076455 | September 11th terrorist attacks, 2001 | Four coordinated terrorist attacks launched by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda upon the US in NYC and the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. Four passenger airliners were hijacked by terrorists. 2 crashed into the World Trade Center in NYC. A third plane crashed into the Pentagon in DC. The fourth plane was targeted at Washington, D.C., but crashed into a field in Pennsylvania after passengers attacked terrorists on the plane. Led directly to 2002 invasion of Afghanistan (then the base of al-Qaeda operations) and the longest war in US history. | 189 | |
| 10193076458 | Free Trade Agreements | Goal is to increase trade among countries by reducing tariffs (NAFTA - no tariffs between US, Canada, and Mexico) | 190 | |
| 10193076460 | Barack Obama elected, 2008 | First African American president. First years in office witnessed many important new laws: Affordable Care Act (AKA "Obamacare") extended health care to millions but was controversial. Financial reform after the economic collapse at the end of the Bush Administration. Most pro-gay rights president who ended "Don't Ask Don't Tell" and was the first to endorse gay marriage. Oversaw the withdrawal of forces from Iraq and the reconstruction of the American economy. Faced rise of the Tea Party in 2010, an extremely conservative wing of Republican Party that turned increasingly conservative and hostile to Obama's policies as American politics became extremely partisan. | 191 | |
| 10270406197 | Cult of Domesticity | Believed that women should stay at home ("Angel of the household") and should not do any work outside of the home | 192 |
