Goes in order of: Presidents, Political Parties, Expansion & Compromise, Inciters & Agitators, and Art/Literature/Religion/Reform. Edit and add to this if you think I missed something, which I probably did. Let's destroy "The Vortex"!
262346867 | Martin Van Buren | Democrat (1837-1841) Independent Treasury System (Divorce Bill), Economic Panic of 1837. | |
262346868 | William Henry Harrison | Whig (1841) Died a month into his presidency. A Major General that fought in the Battle of Tippecanoe. | |
262346869 | John Tyler | Dem./Whig (1841-1845) Took over after Harrison's death. Opposed nationalism and state's rights, disliked by both parties leading to demise. | |
262346870 | James K. Polk | Dem. (1845-1849) "Young Hickory" pressed to annex Texas. Rise of Manifest Destiny, Mexican War. Gained CA. | |
262346871 | Zachary Taylor | Whig (1849-1850) Gen. in Mexican War, neutral to slavery issue, dies of cholera in 1850 making Fillmore president. | |
262346872 | Millard Fillmore | Whig (1850-1853) Signed Comp. of 1850. | |
262346873 | Franklin Pierce | Dem. (1853-1857) Election marked end of Whig party, presidency filled with depression and alcohol, Gadsden Purchase. | |
262346874 | James Buchanan | Dem. (1857-1861) Fear of disunion led to Buchanan's election, Panic of 1857, did nothing after SC's secession, soon followed by 6 more states. | |
262346875 | Abraham Lincoln | Repub. (1861-1865) Firest Repub. elected, didn't win pop. vote, only wanted to limit slavery to states where it already existed. | |
262346876 | Liberty Party | All about emancipation, broke away from AASS, believed Constitution was an anti-slavery document. | |
262346877 | Free-Soil Party | Coalition of Whis, Dems., and Liberty party in North. Believed new states should enter as free states. Supports WIlmot Proviso. | |
262346878 | Know-Nothing (American) Party | (1854-1856) Created by nativists who feared being overrun by Irish & German immigrants, Protestant males with Brit. lineage that were over 21. | |
262346879 | Republican Party | Platform: Nonextension of slavery, protective tariff, rights for immigrants, Pacific railroad, West improvements, free homesteads. | |
262346880 | Democratic Party | Supported Jeffersonian principals, split over 1860 election candidates. | |
262346881 | Whig Party | Created by Henry clay to oppose Jackson, faded out over slavery issue. | |
262346882 | Compromise of 1850 | CA admitted as free state, slave trade abolished in D.C., pop. sovereignty in Mexican Cession, Stricter Fugitive Slave Law, Texas got $10 mil for surrender of NM. | |
262346883 | Louisiana Purchase | Doubled size of U.S., ignited westward expansion. | |
262346884 | Mason Dixon Line | Solution to border dispute dealing with PA, MD, DE, and WV. Symbolizes cultural line between North and South. | |
262346885 | Rush-Bagot Agreement | (1817) Treaty between U.S. and Britain that took British military forces off of Great lakes and defined U.S. border with British North America. | |
262346886 | Treaty of 1818 | Settled boundary arguments between Britain and U.S. and allowed joint settlement of the Oregon Country. | |
262346887 | Adams-Onis Treaty | Spain ceded Florida to the United States and gave up its claims to the Oregon Territory. | |
262346888 | Tallmadge Amendment | This was an attempt to have no more slaves to be brought to Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of the children of slaves. In the mind of the South, this was a threat to the sectional balance between North and South. | |
262346889 | Missouri Compromise | an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories. 36-30 Parallel divided slave and free states. | |
262346890 | Tariff Compromise | A tax on imports. Northerners wanted taxes on both and Southerners wanted taxes on neither. The compromise was that Congress would have the authority to impose taxes on imports, but not exports. | |
262346891 | Texas | area for which the US paid $10 million, it strengthened the South's bid for a transcontinental railroad. | |
262346892 | Webster Ashburton Treaty | 1842 between the US and Britain, settled boundry disputes in the North West, fixed most borders between US and Canada, talked about slavery and excredition. | |
262346893 | Slidell Mission | This was a last ditch attempt to gain California for America. Polk sent Slidell to offer a maximum of $25 million for it, but it was rejected by the Mexicans. This prompted Polk to provoke war with the Mexicans. | |
262346894 | Wilmot Proviso | Dispute over whether any Mexican territory that America won during the Mexican War should be free or a slave territory. A representative named David Wilmot introduced an amendment stating that any territory acquired from Mexico would be free. It became a symbol of how intense dispute over slavery was in the U.S. | |
262346895 | "Spot Resolutions" | Proposed by Abraham Lincoln in the spring of 1846. After news from president James K. Polk that 16 American service men had been killed or wounded on the Mexican border in American territory, Abraham Lincoln, then a congressman from Illinois, proposed these resolutions to find out exactly on what spot the American soldier's blood had been shed. In Polk's report to congress the President stated that the American soldiers fell on American soil, but they actually fell on disputed territory that Mexico had historical claims to. To find out were the soldiers fell was important because congress was near to declaring war on Mexico. | |
262346896 | Treaty of 1846 | Treaty between the United States and Great Britain that set the boundary of the Oregon Territory. | |
262346897 | Mexican Cession | historical name for the region of the present day southwestern United States that was ceded to the U.S. by Mexico in 1848 under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo following the Mexican-American War. this massive land grab was significant because the question of extending slavery into newly acquired territories had become the leading national political issue. | |
262346898 | Gold Rush | a movement of many people to a region in which gold has been discovered. The Gold Rush in California started in 1848. Around 34,000 people moved to San Francisco. Many different ethnic groups including Asians, moved to California. | |
262346899 | Fugitive Slave Act | Made stronger by the Compromise of 1850, most important frictional issue between North and South. | |
262346900 | Washington D.C. | Slave trade in D.C. was still going on until the North had it abolished in the Compromise of 1850. | |
262346901 | Personal Liberty Laws | A form of denying the Fugitive Slave Law, denied local jails to feds. Passed by many states in the North. Prigg v. Pennsylvania | |
262346902 | Henry Clay | Distinguished senator from Kentucky. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. | |
262346903 | Gadsden Purchase | The 1853 treaty in which the United States bought from Mexico parts of what is now southern Arizona and southern New Mexico. Southerners wanted this land in order to build southern transcontinental railroad. The heated debate over this issue in the Senate demonstrates the prevalence of sectional disagreement. | |
262346904 | Stephen A. Douglas | A moderate, who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty. Known for the Free Port Doctrine in his debates with Lincoln. | |
262346905 | Ostend Manifesto | A declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S. | |
262346906 | Kansas-Nebraska Act | 1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty. | |
262346907 | Popular Sovereignty | The concept that political power rests with the people who can create, alter, and abolish government. People express themselves through voting and free participation in government. | |
262346908 | Lecompton | This constitution for statehood, approved by Kansas in the first constitutional election and the one Buchanan felt valid, was approved by the senate but the forced another revote, which fairly condemned this constitution ending the controversy with Kansas in the hands of the free-soilers. Later burned to the ground. | |
262346909 | Topeka | Presented an anti-slavery admission for statehood into the Senate. | |
262346910 | Lawrence | May 1856 a pro-slavery mob entered the free state town of Lawrence, Kansas and destroyed newspaper presses, set fire to the free-state governor's home, stole property and demolished the free state hotel, it aroused the fanatic Free Soiler John Brown. | |
262346911 | John Brown | A Radical abolitionist known for Bleeding Kansas, and his raid on Harper's Ferry. | |
262346912 | Lincoln-Douglas Debates | During the race to become Senator Lincoln asked to have multiple debates with Douglas. Certain topics of these debates were slavery, how to deal with slavery, and where slavery should be allowed. Although Lincoln lost the election to Douglas, he was known throughout the country because of the debates. Also resulted in Douglas's Free Port Doctrine that showed Lincoln and Douglas were quite similar. | |
262346913 | Election of 1860 | Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union. | |
262346914 | Nat Turner | Slave in Virginia who started a slave rebellion in 1831 believing he was receiving signs from God his rebellion was the largest sign of black resistance to slavery in America and led the state legislature of Virginia to a policy that said no one could question slavery. | |
262346915 | David Walker | He was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt. | |
262346916 | Gag Rule | 1835 law passed by Southern congress which made it illegal to talk of abolition or anti-slavery arguments in Congress. | |
262346917 | Amistad Case | Africans destined for slavery in Cuba seized a ship and tried to sail it to Africa but the U.S. navy seized it and held the Africans as pirates; court declared them free because of the international slave trade had been illegal. | |
262346918 | Preston S. Brooks | Butler's nephew; read Sumner's speech and then went to find Sumner; struck Sumner in the head with a cane repeatedly and left Sumner brain damaged- Southerners were proud of him and North said it was against free speech. | |
262346919 | Dred Scott | A black slave, had lived with his master for 5 years in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory. Backed by interested abolitionists, he sued for freedom on the basis of his long residence on free soil. The ruling on the case was that he was private property no matter where he was. | |
262346920 | Gabriel Prosser | A literate enslaved blacksmith who planned to lead a large slave rebellion in the summer of 1800. However, information regarding the revolt was leaked prior to its execution, thus Gabriel's plans were foiled. Gabriel and twenty-five other members of the revolt were hanged. In reaction, the Virginia and other legislatures passed restrictions on free blacks, as well as the education, movement and hiring out of the enslaved. | |
262346921 | Toussaint L'Overture | Leader of the Haitian Revolution. His military genius and political acumen led to the establishment of the independent black state of Haiti, transforming an entire society of slaves into a free, self-governing people. The success of the Haitian Revolution shook the institution of slavery throughout the New World. | |
262346922 | Denmark Vessey | African slave brought to the United States from the Caribbean. After purchasing his freedom, he planned what would have been one of the largest slave rebellions in the United States. Word of the plans were leaked, and authorities arrested the plot's leaders before the uprising could begin. Vessey and others were tried, convicted and executed. Many antislavery activists came to regard Vessey as a hero. | |
262346923 | John C. Calhoun | Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class. | |
262346924 | Daniel Webster | Leader of the Whig Party, originally pro-North, supported the Compromise of 1850 and subsequently lost favor from his constituency | |
262346925 | Millennialism | Much of religious enthusiasm of the time was based on the widespread belief that the world was about to end with the second coming of Christ; preacher William Miller gained tens of thousands of followers by predicting a specific date when the second coming would occur. | |
262346926 | Deism | The religion of the Enlightenment. Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. | |
262346927 | Unitarian Church | Religion characterized by support for a "free and responsible search for truth and meaning". No creed, but are unified by their shared search for spiritual growth and by the belief that an individual's theology is a result of that search and not obedience to an authoritative requirement. | |
262346928 | Universalism | Ethical system stating that all people should uphold certain values that society needs to function. | |
262346929 | Joseph Smith | Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844; translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr. Founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints | |
262346930 | Nathaniel Hawthorne | Originally a transcendentalist; later rejected them and became a leading anti-transcendentalist. He was a descendant of Puritan settlers. The Scarlet Letter shows the hypocrisy and insensitivity of New England puritans by showing their cruelty to a woman who has committed adultery and is forced to wear a scarlet "A". | |
262346931 | Harriet Beecher Stowe | Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, a book about a slave who is treated badly, in 1852. The book persuaded more people, particularly Northerners, to become anti-slavery. | |
262346932 | William Lloyd Garrison | 1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society. | |
262346933 | Theodore Dwight Weld | a prominent abolitionist in the 1830's. He was self-educated and very outspoken. Weld put together a group called the "Land Rebels." He and his group traveled across the Old Northwest preaching antislavery gospel. Weld also put together a propaganda pamphlet called American Slavery As It Is. | |
262346934 | 7th Day Adventist | A Protestant Christian denomination distinguished by its observance of Saturday, the original seventh day of the Judeo-Christian week, as the Sabbath, and by its emphasis on the imminent second coming (Advent) of Jesus Christ. The denomination grew out of the Millerite movement in the United States during the middle part of the 19th century and was formally established in 1863. | |
262346935 | Mother Ann Lee (Stanley) | the founder of the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing, or Shakers. During the 1770s she emigrated from England to the Manor of Rensselaerswyck, Albany County, New York to avoid persecution. She and others worshiped by ecstatic dancing or "shaking", which dubbed them as the Shaking Quakers | |
262346936 | Susan B. Anthony | social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association. | |
262346937 | Lucretia Mott | Quaker activist in both the abolitionist and women's movements; with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, she was a principal organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848. | |
262346938 | Lyman Beecher | Presbyterian clergyman, temperance movement leader and a leader of the Second Great Awakening of the United States. | |
262346939 | Lyceum Movement | Developed in the 1800's in response to growing interest in higher education. Associations were formed in nearly every state to give lectures, concerts, debates, scientific demonstrations, and entertainment. This movement was directly responsible for the increase in the number of institutions of higher learning. | |
262346940 | American & Foreign Anti-Slavery Society | organization founded in 1840 and led by Tappan brothers that opposed the radical ideas of William Lloyd Garrison, especially his attacks on the churches and the Constitution; it followed a more moderate approach and supported the political activities of the Liberty Party. | |
262346941 | Free Public Libraries | Factors such as a push for education and desire to share knowledge led to broad public support for free libraries. In addition, money donations by private philanthropists provided the seed capital to get many libraries started. In some instances, collectors donated vast book collections. | |
262346942 | Sojourner Truth | United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883) | |
262346943 | American Society for the Promotion of Temperance | First national temperance organization founded in 1826, which sent agents to preach total abstinence from alcohol; the society pressed individuals to sign pledges of sobriety and states to prohibit the use of alcohol. | |
262346944 | Second Great Awakening | A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. | |
262346945 | Baptists | Dissenters of the Church of England; focused on the power of local churches; stresses following in example; each person interprets the Bible the way the Holy Spirit tells them how; emphasis on New Testament; no Church creeds. It was very simple and appealed to rural people | |
262346946 | Mormon Church | (1830) - religious denomination Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints based on the Book of Mormon started by Joseph Smith in Ohio. Taken over by Brigham Young in 1844 and moved to Utah where they started a prosperous community. Had problems with the federal govt. | |
262346947 | Burnt Over District | Term coined by Charles Grandison Finney; inspired by the notion that the western NY area had been so heavily evangelized during the Second Great Awakening that there was no more "fuel" (unconverted population) left over to "burn" (convert). | |
262346948 | Charles Grandison Finney | An evangelist who was one of the greatest preachers of all time (spoke in New York City). He also made the "anxious bench" for sinners to pray and was was against slavery and alcohol. | |
262346949 | Brigham Young | The successor to the Mormons after the death of Joseph Smith. He was responsible for the survival of the sect and its establishment in Utah, thereby populating the would-be state. | |
262346950 | Emily Dickinson | Wrote poetry with simple words of love, life, nature and death sometimes with deep meanings written during her social and her reclusive years. | |
262346951 | Herman Melville | American writer whose experiences at sea provided the factual basis of Moby-Dick (1851), considered among the greatest American novels. | |
262346952 | David Walker | He was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt. | |
262346953 | Brook Farm | A transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George Ripley at a farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, at that time nine miles from Boston. The community, in operation from 1841 to 1847, was inspired by the socialist concepts of Charles Fourier. Fourierism was the belief that there could be a utopian society where people could share together to have a better lifestyle. | |
262346954 | Shakers | A millennial group who believed in both Jesus and a mystic named Ann Lee. Since they were celibate and could only increase their numbers through recruitment and conversion, they eventually ceased to exist. | |
262346955 | Seneca Falls | The site of the women's rights convention that met in July in 1848. They met in the Wesleyan Chapel, and 300 men and women attended. At the convention, they voted on the Seneca Falls Declaration, which was signed by 32 men. | |
262346956 | Catharine Beecher | Was a noted educator, renowned for her forthright opinions on women's education as well as her vehement support of the many benefits of the incorporation of a kindergarten into children's education. | |
262346957 | Temperance | Restraint or moderation, especially in regards to alcohol or food. | |
262346958 | The Grimke Sisters | Angelina and Sarah Grimke wrote and lectured vigorously on reform causes such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and the abolitionist movement. | |
262346959 | Hudson River School | Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River. | |
262346960 | Enlightenment | a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions. | |
262346961 | Oberlin College | Founded by pious New Englanders in Ohio's Western Reserve, from the start Oberlin radiated a spirit of reform predicated on faith; it was the first college in America to admit either women or blacks, and it was a hotbed of antislavery doctrine. | |
262346962 | Transcendentalist | any of a group of New England writers who stressed the relationship between human beings and nature, spiritual things over material thins, and the importance of the individual con-science. | |
262346963 | Ralph Waldo Emerson | American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement. | |
262346964 | Henry David Thoreau | American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support the Mexican War. | |
262346965 | Margaret Fuller | Social reformer, leader in women's movement and a transcendentalist. Edited "The Dial" which was the publication of the transcendentalists. It appealed to people who wanted "perfect freedom" "progress in philosophy and theology and hope that the future will not always be as the past". | |
262346966 | James Fenimore Cooper | American novelist who is best remembered for his novels of frontier life, such as The Last of the Mohicans (1826). | |
262346967 | Walt Whitman | American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass. He was therefore an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry. | |
262346968 | Edgar Allen Poe | (1809-1849). Orphaned at young age. Was an American poet, short-story writer, editor and literary critic, and is considered part of the American Romantic Movement. Best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre. Failing at suicide, began drinking. | |
262346969 | Fourierism | A utopian socialist movement started by Charles Fourier. He wanted to counter the current industrial system to replace boredom of factory life. He advocated different forms of work each day as well as relatively free sexual activity. | |
262346970 | Oneida | Was a perfect untopian communtiy established in 1848 in New York by John Humphrey Noyes. The people in this community rejected notation of family and marrige. All residents were "married" to all other residents. | |
262346971 | Female Moral Reform Society | It was organized by middle-class women in New York in 1834. They wanted to liberate prostitutes from lives of sin. Also they sought to protect the morality of single women. To this end they published lists of men who frequented prostitutes or abused women. This was a direct attack on the double standard of the time. The society was replicated in hundreds of American communities by 1840. | |
262346972 | Elizabeth Cady Stanton | A member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal." | |
262346973 | Dorothea Dix | A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War. | |
262346974 | Neal Dow | Supported and sponsored the legal banning of alcohol in the Maine Law of 1851; other states adopted this law. | |
262346975 | Elijah P. Lovejoy | American Presbyterian minister, journalist, and news paper editor who was murdered by a mob for his abolitionist views. | |
262346976 | Abolitionist Societies | Began to form as abolitionists pushed for an end to slavery. | |
262346977 | Harriet Tubman | United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North. | |
262346978 | Jebediah Smith | American mountain man, hunter and fur trapper who was the first person to travel from New York to California through the Rocky Mountains and the Mohave Desert. He was also the first person to cross the Great Basin Desert via the Sierra Nevada Mountains and the Great Salt Lake. | |
262346979 | Henry Highland Garnet | an African American abolitionist and orator. An advocate of militant abolitionism, Garnet was a prominent member of the abolition movement that led against moral suasion toward more political action. He joined the American Anti-Slavery Society and frequently spoke at abolitionist conferences. One of his most famous speeches, "Call to Rebellion," was delivered in 1843 to the National Negro Convention in Buffalo, New York. Disheartened by the hostile treatment of blacks in America, Garnet took a stance unpopular among black activists by supporting African colonization. He spent the last months of his life as minister to Liberia, a country in west Africa colonized by American ex-slaves and black freemen. | |
262346980 | Wendell Phillips | An associate of William Lloyd Garrison, he founded the American Anti-slavery Society in 1833. |