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| 6687364657 | Scott Joplin | A young black pianist who earned cent for every copy of his composition "Maple Leaf Rag" sold. The contract signaled a new era in the popular music industry. Over the next two decades, "Maple Leaf Rag" would sell more than half a million copies a year and make Joplin the king of ragtime, the syncopated dance music that had become a national sensation. | 0 | |
| 6687367468 | New immigrants | Italians, Slavs, Greeks, and Jews from southern and eastern Europe, Armenians from the Middle East, and, in Hawaii, Japanese from Asia. | 1 | |
| 6687367486 | Ellis Island | A special facility for admitting immigrants that entered the US through New York. | 2 | |
| 6687369400 | Victorian morality | A set of social ideas embraced by the privileged classes of England and America during the long reign (1837 - 1901) of Britain's Queen Victoria. | 3 | |
| 6687374040 | Department store | These stores attracted these new customers by advertising "rock-bottom" prices and engaging in price wars. To avoid keeping their stock too long, they held giant end-of-the-season sales at drastically marked-down prices. They targeted women who, in order to provide for their families, now had to shop for soap, canned foods, and other products formerly made at home. | 4 | |
| 6687375824 | Research university | A new kind of institution, which offered courses in a wide variety of subject areas, established professional schools, and encouraged faculty members to pursue basic research. | 5 | |
| 6687377899 | Political machine | An unofficial political organization designed to keep a particular party or faction in office. | 6 | |
| 6687380119 | William Magear Tweed | New York City boss who was infamous for fraud and corruption. Convicted of fraud and extortion, Tweed was sentenced to jail in 1873, served two years, escaped to Spain, was reapprehended and reincarcerated, and died in jail in 1878. | 7 | |
| 6687382449 | Salvation Army | A church established along pseudo-military lines in England in 1865 by Methodist minister "General" William Booth, the Salvation Army sent uniformed volunteers to the United States in 1880 to provide food, shelter, and temporary employment for families. Its members ran soup kitchens and day nurseries and dispatched its "slum brigades" to carry the message of morality to the immigrant poor. | 8 | |
| 6687384486 | Josephine Shaw Lowell | Founded the New York Charity Organization Society (COS) in 1882. Trying to make aid to the poor more efficient, Lowell and the COS leaders divided New York City into districts, compiled files on all aid recipients, and sent "friendly visitors," who were trained, salaried women, into the tenements to counsel families on how to improve their lives. | 9 | |
| 6687386763 | Anthony Comstock | A pious young dry-goods clerk who founded the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice in 1872. The organization demanded that municipal authorities close down gambling and lottery operations and censor obscene publications. | 10 | |
| 6687388590 | Social Gospel | Movement launched in the 1870s by Washington Gladden, a Congregational minister in Columbus, Ohio. Gladden insisted that true Christianity commits men and women to fight social injustice wherever it exists. | 11 | |
| 6687388634 | Jane Addams | An early advocate of the Settlement-House movement (where relief workers would have to take up residence in poor neighborhoods to see firsthand what living in poverty is like). | 12 | |
| 6687390425 | Florence Kelley | Worked at the Hull House who later became the chief factory inspector for Illinois in 1893. | 13 | |
| 6687394234 | John L. Sullivan | Also known as "the Boston Strong Boy", he was the most popular sports hero of the nineteenth century. He was a boxer. | 14 | |
| 6687395926 | Mark Twain | Popular American writer in the 1800s. Attacking aristocratic literary conventions, Twain and other authors who shared his concerns explored new forms of fiction and worked to broaden its appeal to the general public. | 15 | |
| 6687397722 | Modernism | Architectural movement that looked for inspiration in the future. Modern architects had tired of copying European designs by the 1890s and believed banks should look like the financial institutions they were, not like Greek temples. | 16 | |
| 6687400096 | Frank Lloyd Wright | Chicago architect who "prairie-school" houses that represented a typical modernist break with past styles. Wright scorned the three-story Victorian house with its large attic and basement. His designs, which featured broad, sheltering roofs and horizontal silhouettes, used interconnecting rooms to create a sense of spaciousness. | 17 | |
| 6687401591 | Frances Williard | Temperance leader who believed that women were compassionate and nurturing by nature. She was also convinced that drinking encouraged thriftlessness and profoundly threatened family life. She founded the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) in 1879. | 18 | |
| 6687404790 | Kate Chopin | Famed author of the controversial 1899 novel The Awakening. In the novel, the heroine falls in love with another man; then she takes her own life when his ideas about women prove as narrow and traditional as those of her husband. | 19 |
