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AP US History Unit 1 Flashcards

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14750254733Walter RaleighFounder of England's first American colony. (Roanoke, it failed)0
14750254734Elizabeth IEnglish Queen during golden age. Reestablished Protestantism as the state religion of England and she led the defeat of the Spanish Armada.1
14750254735Treaty of Tordesillasa 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.2
14750254736Pocahontasa Powhatan woman (the daughter of Powhatan) who befriended the English at Jamestown. Marriage to John Rolfe = first interracial union in america= Peace settlement ending the Anglo-Powhatan War3
14750254737John RolfeHe was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.4
14750254738Defeat of the Spanish Armada1588 by Elizabeth 1 of England, English naval supremacy.5
14750254739john smithHelped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.6
14750254740JamestownFounded in 1607 by the Virginia Company of London.elected Captain John Smith as their leader.7
14750254741Thomas DaleMade governor of Jamestown after John Smith, stern, didn't believe in laziness, created daily schedule8
14750254742John CalvinINSTITUTES OF THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION: emphasized predestination and he rejected the medieval Church. he believed that the church and state should be united under the Calvinist faith9
14750254743John WinthropGovernor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, envisioned colony as a "city upon a hill" (covenant theology)10
14750254744Peter StuyvesantThe governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam (netherland?), hated by the colonists. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664.11
14750254745Anne HutchinsonA religious dissenter whose ideas provoked an intense religious and political crisis in the Massachusetts Bay Colony between 1636 and 1638. She challenged the principles of Massachusetts's religious and political system. Her ideas became known as the heresy of Antinomianism, a belief that Christians are not bound by moral law. She was latter expelled, with her family and followers, and went and settled at Rode Island, killed by indians12
14750254746King Phillips WarStarted over land ownership disagreements. The War Between the Puritans and the Pequot, Narragansett,Wampanog, and Nipmunk indians. armed indians in raiding NE towns, eng & allies won, survivors fled N, increase indian hate13
14750254747Roger WilliamsHe founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.14
14750254748Dominion of New england1686-The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros) Charters and self rule were revoked, and the king enforced mercantile laws. The new setup also made for more efficient administration of English Navigation Laws, as well as a better defense system.15
14750254749New England ConfederationNew England colonists (Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Haven, and Plymouth) formed this in 1643 as a defense against local Native American tribes and encroaching Dutch. The colonists formed the alliance without the English crown's authorization.16
14750254750PatroonshipsVast estates along the Hudson River established by the Dutch. They had difficulty attracting peasant labor, and most were not successful.17
14750254751William PennEnglishman and Quaker who founded the colony of Pennsylvania (1644-1718)-formally launched colony in 1681-"peace loving quaker" founder of colony focused on maintaining positive realtions with Indians18
14750254752JeremiadsPuritan preachers Taking their cue from the doom-saying Old Testament prophet Jeremiah, earnest preachers scolded parishioners for their waning piety.Scared people off, decline of puritanism19
14750254753Glorious Revolution 1688Bloodless overthrow of King James II. established William and Mary as the new leaders.20
14750254754Great Puritan MigrationMany Puritans migrated from England to North America during the 1620s to the 1640s due to belief that the Church of England was beyond reform. Eg 1630 group of puritans led by john winthrop found MA Bay Colony21
14750254755Treaty of Utrecht1713, ended Queen Ann's War, transferred large areas of French territory in North America to English including Nova Scotia and Newfoundland22
14750254756Bacon's RebellionIndentured servants in Virginia revolt against gov and landowners (origionally over lack of protection from indians on frontier).- Nathaniel Bacon former indentured servant and angered at Berkeley who was more concerned with the trade relations with the Indians- burn Jamestown. look to african slaves as less troublesome source of labor23
14750254757Middle passagethe middle portion of the triangular trade that brought African slaves to the Americas24
14750254758Salem witch trialsSeveral accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Terrible mistake, shows social tensions, decline of puritanism.25
14750254759half way covenantresponse to decline of puritanism. The puritan practice where by parents who had been baptized but had not yet experienced conversion could bring their children before the church and have them baptized.weakend distinction between "elect" and others- dramatizied the difficulty of maintainignreligious devotion26
14750254760headright systemParcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.27
14750254761Leisler's rebellionuprising in late 17th century colonial New York, in which militia capitani seized control of lower New York from 1689 to 1691. The uprising, which occurred in the midst of Britain's "Glorious Revolution," reflected colonial resentment against the policies of King James II. Royal authority was restored in 1691 by British troops sent by James' successor, William III.28
14750254762Triangular TradeIllegal trade created to generate money to buy english goods.The backbone of New England's economy during the colonial period. Ships from New England sailed first to Africa, exchanging New England rum for slaves. The slaves were shipped from Africa to the Caribbean (this was known as the Middle Passage, when many slaves died on the ships). In the Caribbean, the slaves were traded for sugar and molasses. Then the ships returned to New England, where the molasses were used to make rum.29
14750254763First Great Awakening1st grassroots american social movement.series of revivals making church more emotional. Old lights (against) new lights (for). results: democratic, new denominations (meth and bapt), more choice, colleges, old clergy looses prestige30
14750254764George WhitefieldMost influentian new light speaker during first great awakening31
14750254765Jonathon edwardsNew light preatcher who started the first Great awakening32
14750254766John Peter Zenger"Zenger case", Newspaperman thrown in jail for accusing his colony's governor of wrongdoing, Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found innocent-positive step in favor of the freedom of the press as well as the well being of democracy-enabled more printers to express themselves and aided in establishing the doctrine that the true statements could not be prosecuted as libel.33
14750254767Paxton RevoltThey were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.34
14750254768Phyllis Wheatley1st important African american writer. Abolitionists later point to her as proof that they are intellectually equal35
14750254769William PittThe Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies, and this is why England won the war.36
14750254770Treaty of Paris 1763Ended the French and Indian (7yrs) war. Britian dominated, French kicked out of N america37
14750254771Pontiac's RebellionAfter French and Indian War, Indian chief gathered tribes in Ohio river valley to attack british forts. Squashed. Led to brit issuing proclamation of 176338
14750254772Proclamation of 1763After 7yrs war and Pontiac's rebellion.A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east. Purpose was to control social tension between colonists and Indians- save money by separating them39
14750254773Samuel de ChamplainCartographer, explorer, governor of New France, founder of Quebec. The major role Champlain played in the St Lawrence River area earned him the title of "father of New France."40
14750254774Albany Congress1754 Organized by Ben. Franklin, congress between Iriquois and 7 colonies. Ensure continued Iriquoi loyalty to colonies (immediate) colonial unity (long termish)-Was meant to unite colonies and fight against the French-purpose failed-Iroquois broke off relations with Britain and threatened to trade with France41
14750254775Battle of Quebec(1759) British victory over French forces on the outskirts of Quebec. The surrender of Quebec marked the beginning of the end of French rule in North America.42
14750254776Mercantilismeconomic theory, colonies exist for benefit of mother country, collect gold and silver, buy more goods that you sell43
14750254777George GrenvilleBecame prime minister of Britain in 1763 he persuaded the Parliament to pass a law allowing smugglers to be sent to vice-admiralty courts which were run by British officers and had no jury. He did this to end smuggling. also tried to tax them44
14750254778Sugar Act1764. England needed more money because it went into debt from the Fr&Ind. war. taxed colonists. Justification was that it was them paying for protection. replaced the molasses act which placed 3 pence tax on each gallon of molasses45
14750254779Quartering Act 1765Revenge on Mass. for Boston Tea Party. Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.46
14750254780Stamp Actan act passed by the British parliment in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents47
14750254781Declaratory ActAct passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act. Stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases.48
14750254782Townshend ActsA tax that the British Parliament placed on leads, glass, paint and tea49
14750254783Boston MassacreThe first bloodshed of the Amercan Revolution, as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five americans50
14750254784Committees of CorrespondenceOrganization founded by Samuel Adams consisting of a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies51
14750254785Intolerable Actsin response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses52
14750254786Quebec Act1774 Same time as intolerable acts., designed to facilitate the incorporation of French Canadians into British America; Colonists feared a precedent had been established in the nonrepresentative government in Quebec; they resented the expansion of Quebec's territory, which they had been denied access by the Proclamation of 1763; they were offended by the Crown's recognition of Catholicism, since most Americans were Protestants53
14750254787Samuel AdamsFounder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence54
14750254788The AssociationA document produced by the 1st Continental Congress in 1775 that called for a complete boycott of British goods. This included non-importation, non-exportation and non-consumption. It was the closest approach to a written constitution yet from the colonies. It was hoped to bring back the days before Parliamentary taxation. Those who violated The Association in America were tarred and feathered55
14750254789Battles of Lexington and ConcordInitiated the Revolutionary War between the American colonists and the British. British governor Thomas Gage sent troops to Concord to stop the colonists who were loading arms. The next day, on April 19, 1775, the first shots were fired in Lexington, starting the war. The battles resulted in a British retreat to Boston56
14750254790Olive Branch Petition2nd contenential congress. Still pledge loyalty to King George III but are still asking Britain to respect the rights and liberties of the colonies, repeal oppressive legislation, and British troops out of the colonies; George 3 didn't want anything to do with them and declared all colonies in a state of rebellion57
14750254791Navigation ActsLaws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.58
14750254792John HancockPatriot leader and president of the Second Continental Congress; first person to sign the Declaration of Independence.59
14750254793Bunker Hillstrategic place overlooking Boston; on June 13, 1775 the Britians attacked, eventually winning with more supplies; Americans hold their ground and kill lots of british. After this Geroge III declares colonies in rebellion.60
14750254794Benedict ArnoldSuccessful American general during the Revolution who turned traitor in 1780 and joined the British cause.61
14750254795Thomas PaineRevolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. "no smaller heavenly body controls a larger one" "our duty to set up republican democracy" etc. Later wrote "the crisis"62
14750254796King George IIIKing of England during the American Revolution. Good man but bad king. wanted arbitrary power over colonies63
14750254797Battle of SaratogaAmerican victory over British troops in 1777 that was a turning point in the American Revolution.64
14750254798Chief Joseph BrantPro-British Mohawk leader that devastated New York and Pennsylvania frontiers in 1778. Led Inidian resistance against white settlement. Organized the northwestern Indians in an alliance.65
14750254799Battle of TrentonOn Christmas, Washingtons soilders cross the Deleware at night and surprise Hessians. Americans win66
14750254800Ben FranklinA delegate from Pennsylvania and proposed the "Albany Plan of the Union" as a way to strengthen colonies.sent to france to get alliance (LOVED by people there), negotiated treaty of paris, part of constitutional convention etc., revolutionary inventor67
14750254801Battle of YorktownSept 1781. British (general Cornwallis) surrendered, ending the war68
14750254802Treaty of Paris 17831783 Februrary 3; American delegates Franklin, Adams, John Jays; they were instructed to follow the lead of France; John Jay makes side treaty with England; Independence of the US End of Loyalist persecution; colonies still had to repay its debt to England. America very lucky69
14750254803Molasses Acts1733- Colonists wanted to trade with foreign markets in order to generate money to buy British finished products...by 1720s Americans mostly trading with French for sugar and molasses (for rum)...Molasses Act was a tax designed to make British molasses cheaper than French-would hurt American economy and standard of living-led to smuggling, bribery, and breaking the law70
14750254804Mayflower Compactalthough setting an invaluable precedent for later written constitutions, this document was not a constitution at all. It was a simple agreement to form a crude government and to submit to the will of the majority under the regulations agreed upon. A promising first step for self-government71
14750254805Virginia House of BurgessesOrganization allowing people to vote on certain matters-increased political power-a council appointed a royal governor- reflected democracy72
14750254806Continental Congress1774-response to "Intolerable Acts"-meetings in Philadelphia to consider ways of readdressing colonial grievances-12-13 colonies present, not a legislative but a consultative body-convention rather than a congress73
14750254807Lord BaltimoreFounder of Maryland Colony (2nd plantation colony, 4th English colony)-of a prominent English catholic family-ventured to reap financial profits and to create refuge for fellow catholics-permitted unusual freedom of worship at the outset...Maryland would enable Act of Toleration74
14750254808Indentured servitudeIndentured servants were the most prominent source of labor between the early 1600s to late 1600s- constituted more than 75% of the European immigrants during the 17th century-cheapest form of labor75
14750254809staple Cropcrop such as tobacco, cotton, sugar that are planted in large quantities in order to increase revenue and benefit colonies in trade76
14750254810Iroquois Confederacylate 1550s great military power in Mohawk Valley (NY State)-bounded together 5 Indian nations, Mohawks, Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas-building block of society was longhouse77
14750254811William BradfordGovernor of Plymouth78
14750254812James OglethorpeOne of founders of Georgia79
14750254813Patrick HenryRadical, ousted British rule, was one of members at First Continental Congress80
14750254814Samuel AdamsBrewer Patriot- one of founding fathers of America81
14750254815William BerkeleyVirginia Governor-had to deal with Bacon's Rebellion82
14750254816Paxton Boys Rebellionarmed march on Philadelphia in 1764, protesting the Quaker oligarchy's lenient policy toward the Indians, and a few years later spearheaded the Regulator Movement in North Carolina, a small but nasty insurrection against eastern domination of the colony's affairs83

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