Flash cards to study for APUSH (I acknowledge I did not write these answers)
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| 373204915 | Zachary Taylor | A Whig president from Louisiana, he was another common man like Jackson. He had no formal education, was a well-known general, and was a very powerful president. He died in office in 1850. | 0 | |
| 373204916 | Compromise of 1850 | This was Henry Clay's last compromise and it postponed the Civil War for 11 years. This compromise admitted California into the Union as a free state, allowed new territories to use popular sovereignty in deciding the slavery issue, passed a Fugitive Slave Law, and stopped the slave trade in Washington DC. | 1 | |
| 373204917 | Henry Clay | He came up with the Compromise of 1850, a compromise that would postpone the Civil War for 11 years. | 2 | |
| 373204918 | Webster's 3/7 Speech | It was this man's last speech in the Senate Chamber. During his speech, he called for the Senate's ratification of Henry Clay's compromise measures. | 3 | |
| 373204919 | John C. Calhoun | When he was 68, he gave his last formal speech. In this speech, he wanted slavery to be left alone, runaway slaves to be returned, and to balance the number of slave and free states. He also thought up the idea of having a separate president for the North and for the South. | 4 | |
| 373204920 | Fugitive Slave Law | This law denied fugitives a jury trial, prevented them from testifying on their own behalf, and allowed ex-slaves to be returned to the South if their master recognized them. | 5 | |
| 373204921 | Personal Liberty Laws | These laws were passed in the North and inhibited the extradition of runaway slaves. State officials were prohibited from helping anyone pursuing a runaway slave. These laws were created int exaction to the Fugitive Slave Law. | 6 | |
| 373204922 | Nashville Convention, 1850 | In ____, Tennessee, Southern extremists convened to discuss their positions on slavery. They condemned the Compromise of 1850 and considered secession. This convention adjourned without action. | 7 | |
| 373204923 | Underground Railroad | This was a secret organization that was founded by Harriet Tubman to help slaves flee to the North. | 8 | |
| 373204924 | Harriet Tubman | She was the organizer of the Underground Railroad, which was effective in helping slaves escape to Canada. During the Civil war, she served as a Union spy. After the war, she worked to bring education to freed men. | 9 | |
| 373204925 | Harriet Beecher Stowe | She wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin in 1852. This book took slavery and put in in a realistic setting, blew the top off the slavery issue, and led to the widespread resistance to the Fugitive Slave Law. | 10 | |
| 373204926 | Election of 1852 | In this election, the Democrats nominated Franklin Pierce, and the Whigs nominated Winfield Scott. Pierce won the presidency because he supported the Compromise of 1850 and the Fugitive Slave Law. | 11 | |
| 373204927 | Franklin Pierce | As president, he was very weak. He supported the Compromise of 1850 and the Fugitive Slave Law. He tried to acquire Hawaii, Japan, Nicaragua, and Cuba during his presidency. | 12 | |
| 373204928 | Commodore Matthew Perry | In 1854, he persuaded the Japanese to sign a treaty allowing commercial transactions between Japan and the US. The Japanese had at first refused, but a little friendly persuasion and the bombing of one of Japan's seaports helped change their mind. | 13 | |
| 373204929 | Ostend Manifesto | This was a policy to acquire Cuba was a slave state. It allowed the US to seize Cuba if Spain did not sell it. When the North heard of this Manifesto, they called it a Southern Conspiracy. | 14 | |
| 373204930 | Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 | This act was proposed by Stephen Douglas and used popular sovereignty in these two territories to decide the slave issue (presuming that one would be slave and one would be free). The North needed one in order to build a Northern transcontinental railroad from San Francisco to Chicago. The South would acquire a slave state and the repeal of the Missouri Compromise. | 15 | |
| 373204931 | Know-Nothings, 1849 (a.k.a. American Party) | This was a third political party in the mid-19th century that despised immigrants and was formed around nativism. It grew rapidly after the Kansas-Nebraska Act and, at its peak, it controlled a few state legislatures. It believed that only white Protestantism could hold the Union together. | 16 | |
| 373204932 | Republican Party, 1854 | Formerly the Free-Soilers, this party was the first sectional party. It was created as a result of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and attempted to keep slavery out of the territories. | 17 | |
| 373204933 | Stephan Douglas | He was a senator from Illinois who ran for president against Abraham Lincoln. He wrote the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Freeport Doctrine. | 18 | |
| 373204934 | Popular sovereignty | It was designed to pacify both the North and the South. It allowed the people of the territory to decide if they were going to legalize slavery or not. | 19 | |
| 373204935 | Election of 1856 | During this election, the Democrats nominated James Buchanan, the Republicans chose John C. Fremont, and the Know-Nothings picked MIllard Fillmore. Buchanan won the election on his support of popular sovereignty. | 20 | |
| 373204936 | James Buchanan | He was the last president before the Civil War began. He supported slavery and was the only bachelor president. During his term, the panic of 1857 occurred. | 21 | |
| 373204937 | Bleeding (Bloody) Kansas | This incident occurred because of a dispute between the North and the South over whether Kansas would be a free state or a slave state. When the elections deciding the slavery issue took place, the South swamped Kansas with Missourians who voted for slavery. What resulted was a northern and southern government in Kansas and bloodshed over which government controlled the state. | 22 | |
| 373204938 | Beecher's Bibles | A new Haven abolitionist minister called Sharp's rifles a greater moral force than the Bible in keeping slavery out of Kansas. This help increase the tension as Kansas became an armed camp. | 23 | |
| 373204939 | Sumner-Brooks Affair, 1855 | While in the Senate, he blamed the South for the Bleeding Kansas incident and began degrading congressmen. Another man from the House of Representatives (South Carolina) felt that he was being insulted so he beat the first man with a cane to the floor of the Senate. | 24 | |
| 373204940 | Pottowatomie Massacre, 1856; John Brown | This man and his followers killed give proslavery men and started a four-month massacre in Kansas in which 200 people were killed. | 25 | |
| 373204941 | Lecompton Constitution, 1857 | This was the constitution of the government of Kansas that supported slavery. It stated that whether the constitution was ratified or not, slavery would be allowed in Kansas. | 26 | |
| 373204942 | John Brown | Hailed in the North as a martyr, and considered a lunatic in the South, he was a radical abolitionist. It recruited Northerners and asked them to settle Kansas so they could vote for a free state. | 27 | |
| 373204943 | New England Emigrant Aid Society | This society was headed by Eli Thayer and was composed of rich abolitionists. It recruited Northerners and asked them to settle Kansas so they could vote for a free state. | 28 | |
| 373204944 | Roger Taney | He was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court just before the Civil War. His decision on Dred Scott vs. Sandford made slavery legal in all of the US. | 29 | |
| 373204945 | Panic, 1857 | This depression was caused by the reduction of agricultural prices, speculative buying, and unsound currency issued by state banks. THis was mainly a Northern depression because the South remained unscathed after the depression. This made Southerners overconfident that they could fed eat the North during the Civil War. | 30 | |
| 373204946 | Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 1858 | Lincoln and Douglas ran against each other for the Senate seat in Illinois. Lincoln challenged Douglas to seven debates and, during these debates, Lincoln made Douglas unpopular with both Republicans and southern Democrats. | 31 | |
| 373204947 | Freeport Doctrine (Heresy), 1858 | During the Lincoln-Douglas debate here. Douglas said that popular sovereignty should be used in the new territories, and that the Dred Scott case was legal. This made him unipolar with the Republicans. | 32 | |
| 373204948 | George Fitzhugh | He wrote Sociology for the South, a book that supported slavery. | 33 | |
| 373204949 | Hinton Helper | A non-aristocratic North Carolinian, this man wrote The Impending Crisis, a book against slavery. He said the non-slave holding whites were the ones who suffered the most from slavery. He was captured by Southerners and killed. | 34 | |
| 373204950 | Harper's Ferry | This was a storage site for southern military supplies. John Brown, a radical abolitionist, attempted to capture this arsenal and provide slaves with weapons for an insurrection. | 35 | |
| 373204951 | Election of 1860 | This crucial election decided whether Southerners would remain in the Union or whether they would secede. Four candidates ran on distinct platforms that provided answers to the slave problem. Stephen Douglas from the Northern Democrats supported popular sovereignty, while John Breckenridge from the SOuthern Democrats supported the Dred Scott decision. John Bell from the Constitutional Union Party supported the preservation of the Union by compromise. However, Abraham Lincoln from the Republicans won the election on his position to restrict slavery to where it already was. | 36 | |
| 373204952 | John Bell, Constitutional Union Party | He was the candidate for the Constitutional Union Party. This was a fourth political party that wanted to keep the Union together. To do so, the party attempted to divert enough votes so that no candidate could receive a majority. | 37 | |
| 373204953 | John Breckenridge | He was the candidate for the Southern Democrats. He agreed to follow the Alabama Platform. It stated that the Southern Democratic candidate must make slavery legal everywhere and must advocate states' rights over federal authority. | 38 | |
| 373204954 | Crittenden Compromise, 1861 | This was a last-ditch effort to preserve the Union. A Kentucky Senator suggested that the 36'30' line be extended to the Pacific. Territories north of the line would be free states, while territories to the south would be slave states. | 39 | |
| 373204955 | Advantages of the South | 1. Fighting a defensive war 2. Outstanding generals and brave soldiers 3. A draw would mean victory | 40 | |
| 373204956 | Advantages of the North | 1. Superior industrial infrastructure that supported its large industries and manufacturing plants 2. Had a superior navy and a larger fighting army. | 41 | |
| 373204957 | Border states | These were states that allowed slavery but did not secede with the other 11 slave states. These states were Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and the newly formed state of West Virginia. | 42 | |
| 373204958 | Anaconda Plan | This was the tactic the North used to strangle the South's economy and to end the Civil War. The plan was to block Southern shipping, cut off Louisiana, and Texas from the rest of the South at the MIssissippi River, and divide the remaining southern states in half. | 43 | |
| 373204959 | Continuous Voyage (a.k.a. Ultimate Destination) | This doctrine allowed the seizure of war supplies on British ships because these supplies were "ultimately" destined for the Confederacy. | 44 | |
| 373204960 | Fort Sumter, 1861 | This was a US fort in Charleston, South Carolina. After South Carolina seceded the North laid siege to this and began the Civil War. | 45 | |
| 373204961 | 1st Battle of Bull Run, 1861 | This was the first battle of the Civil War. The Union soldiers commanded by Irwin McDowell were decisively defeated by the Confederate soldiers under P.G.T. Beauregard. | 46 | |
| 373204962 | Clara Barton | She greatly aided the Union medical effort by efficient methods of sending medical supplies to sick and wounded soldiers. Later, she established the American National Red Cross in 1881. | 47 | |
| 373204963 | Charles Francis Adams | He was the son of John Q. Adams and the grandson of John Adams. As ambassador to England, Adams was instrumental in keeping England out of the US Civil War. | 48 | |
| 373204964 | Irent, 1861 | It was a British ship carrying two Confederate ambassadors to England. These ambassadors were captured by the US in neutral waters but later released on a British threat of war. | 49 | |
| 373204965 | Alabama | It was an English-made warship that the Confederacy purchased. After the war, the Union demanded compensation from the British for their sale of warships to the Confederates because it had resulted in the destruction of hundreds of Union ships. | 50 | |
| 373204966 | Laird rams | These were two iron-clad ships being constructed in Great Britain for the Confederacy. These ships contained iron rams, large-caliber guns, and were very dangerous to the Union blockade. After the war, the British government bought the two ships to ease tensions between the US and England. | 51 | |
| 373204967 | Merrimac | This was a Confederate ship that destroyed two Union ships before it was taken out of action by the Monitor, a Union ship. This was the first battle between ironclad ships and marked the beginning of a new era in naval battles. | 52 | |
| 373204968 | 2nd Battle of Bull Run | In this battle, Union General John Pope, who replaced General McClellan, planned a frontal attack on Richmond, but was soundly defeated here. | 53 | |
| 373204969 | Robert E. Lee | He was a Confederate general and was the nation's most skilled strategist. He was a Virginian, a West Point graduate, and led the Confederates to many victories during the Civil War. | 54 | |
| 373204970 | Thomas Jackson | He was a Confederate commander who helped the South win Bull Run. His nickname "Stonewall" came from his unwillingness to yield an inch against the enemy. Soldiers under his command were called "foot cavalry" because Jackson moved them with great speed and deception. | 55 | |
| 373204971 | Ulysses S. Grant | At the beginning of the war, he was in command of the western theater until he was defeated at Shiloh. He was later assigned by President Lincoln to the eastern theater. He was an improvisor who would not follow traditional war tactics. | 56 | |
| 373204972 | George McClellan | He commanded the eastern theater of the war for the North. He also commanded the Peninsula Campaign but was fired after being too cautious in battle and allowing Lee's troops to escape after the Battle of Antietam. | 57 | |
| 373204973 | William T. Sherman | He commanded the western theater after Grant was reassigned. His famous campaign was the March to the Sea. This campaign left a trail of destruction and ruin in the South. | 58 | |
| 373204974 | George Meade | He was a general of he Union army that forced General Robert E. Lee to retreat at the Battle of Gettysburg. | 59 | |
| 373204975 | Antietam, 1862 | The Battle at ___ was the bloodiest day during the Civil War (22,000 casualties in one day), and was the first Union victory in the eastern theater. When Lee and his troops left the battlefield, McClellan did not pursue because he was overly cautious. | 60 | |
| 373204976 | Emancipation Proclamation, 1863 | After the Battle of Antietam, President Lincoln proposed this in rebellious states while allowing slavery in the Border States. It was an attempt to curry British support for the Union. | 61 | |
| 373204977 | Vicksburg, 1863 | Grant and his armies laid siege here for 7 weeks. This Union victory here and the victory at Gettysburg were turn points of the war. | 62 | |
| 373204978 | Gettysburg | A little town in Pennsylvania, this was the site of the greatest battle in North America (casualties totaled 55,000). The Union forces were commanded by George Meade and the Confederate forces by Robert E. Lee. Meade forced Lee to retreat after 3 days of heavy fighting. This was the turning point for the Union army. | 63 | |
| 373204979 | Appomattox | It was the site of the Confederate surrender. This was the first time Generals Lee and Grant sat down to discuss peace arrangements. | 64 | |
| 373204980 | Jefferson Davis | He was the president of the Confederacy during the Civil War. He was also an able military man who graduated from West Point. | 65 | |
| 373204981 | Copperheads | They were extreme Northern Democrats who believed the Union could be united if slavery were not attacked. They also opposed conscription and were arrested on charges of hindering the Union cause with slanderous talk about Lincoln and his supporters. | 66 | |
| 373204982 | Clement L. Vallandigham | He was a prominent Copperhead who was an ex-congressman from Ohio and had a great ability to stir up trouble. He demanded the end of the Civil War and was banished to the Confederacy. | 67 | |
| 373204983 | Suspension of the writ of habeas corpus | Abraham Lincoln suspended a court order that forced the detainer of a prisoner to show cause for the prisoner's detention. By suspending the order, the president had the right to arrest anti-Unionists or pro-Southerners. | 68 | |
| 373204984 | Republican wartime legislation | During the Civil War, Congress passed the Morrill Tariff Act, an act that put a protective tariff on imports. Congress also collected income taxes and excise taxes and sold war bonds to raise even more revenue. Congress passed the Homestead Act, which gave out free land to settlers, and authorized the construction of a transcontinental railroad to carry troops and supplies. All of these acts helped the war effort by utilizing the North's economic resources. | 69 | |
| 373204985 | Financing the war | The North passed the Morrill Tariff Act, an excise tax, and used war bond to finance the war. The South financed the war by issuing unsound currency. | 70 | |
| 373204986 | National conscription acts | Both the North and the South had these kinds of acts. These acts drafted people into the military to fight in the war. In 1863, New York City immigrants started a draft riot because rich people were able to dodge the draft. In the South, few people were drafted because they considered it dishonorable. | 71 | |
| 373204987 | Election of 1864 | In this election, five political parties supported candidates for the presidency. They included the War Democrats, Peace Democrats, Copperheads, Radical Republicans, and the National Union Party. Each political party offered a different point of view on how the war should be run and what should be done to the Confederate sates after the war. The National Union Party joined with the War Democrats in supported President Lincoln for the presidency. Lincoln won the election on the recent northern victories against the South. | 72 | |
| 373204988 | National Union Party, 1864 | This party was made up of President Lincoln's Republicans and Stephan Douglas' War Democrats. They joined forces in order to prevent a Radical Republican victory. | 73 | |
| 373204989 | Lincoln's 10% Plan | President Lincoln's plan allowed the Southern secession states to restore their old government after __% of the voters had given an oath of loyalty to the Union. | 74 | |
| 373204990 | Radical Republicans | This political party wanted the Reconstruction to be a radical change. They favored the political subservience of the South and were led by Thaddeus Stevens. They nominated George McClellan to run for president against Lincoln in 1864. McClellan ran on a platform that demanded the end of the Civil War by peace negotiations. | 75 | |
| 373204991 | Lincoln's assassination, 1865 | He was assassinated by John W. Booth on April 14 while at Ford's Theater. Andrew Johnson, his vice president, succeeded him. | 76 | |
| 373204992 | Andrew Johnson | He became President after Lincoln's assassination and was disliked very much. He was the first and only president to be impeached by the House of Representatives; however, the Senate acquitted him. His Reconstruction policy was similar to Lincoln's and provided for a general amnesty to all Southerners, except Confederate leaders and wealthy planters. It also provided easy terms for the Reconstruction of the South. | 77 | |
| 373204993 | Joint Committee of Reconstruction | This was appointed by Congress to devise a way of reconstructing the South. It created the 14th Amendment, which guaranteed citizenship to all (especially blacks). | 78 | |
| 373204994 | Wade-Davis Bill, 1864; Wade-Davis Manifesto | It was the first attempt at Reconstruction by Congress. It provided for congressional administration of the Reconstruction program, abolished slavery, disenfranchised high Confederate leaders, and required a majority of the population to take an oath of allegiance. Lincoln used his pocket veto to defeat this but Congress answered by issuing this. | 79 | |
| 373204995 | Civil Rights Act, 1866 | This act protected the newly freed black population by invalidating the Black Codes. It guaranteed equal protection of the law, declared blacks citizens of the US and forbade discrimination. Congress overrode President Johnson's veto to pass this law. | 80 | |
| 373204996 | Charles Sumner | He was a Radical Republican who petitioned for a bill that would desegregate public facilities and schools. His program finally was passed in Congress after his death, but it did not contain the section that desegregated schools. | 81 | |
| 373204997 | Tenure of Office Act, 1864 | This act prohibited the president from dismissing a federal official without congressional consent. | 82 | |
| 373204998 | Military Reconstruction Acts, 1867 | This was the reconstruction plan that Congress used for 10 years. It divided the South into 5 military districts that would be run by the army. It also ordered a Constitutional Convention with black and white delegates. It attempted to guarantee black suffrage and ratified the 14th Amendment. | 83 | |
| 373204999 | State suicide theory | Congress believed that if a state seceded it committed suicide and "killed" its statehood. | 84 | |
| 373205000 | Conquered province theory | It stated that if a state seceded, it must reapply for statehood like all other "conquered provinces." | 85 | |
| 373205001 | KKK | It was a secret organization that intimidated blacks from voting. Its members dressed up in a bed sheets and attacked blacks. | 86 | |
| 373205002 | Scalawags | They were the "poor white trash" of the South who sought to gain from Republican rule by taking advantage of the newly freed blacks. They wanted power and land. | 87 | |
| 373205003 | Carpetbaggers | They were Northern Republicans who went to the South to gain quick political advancement and wealth. They were befriended the blacks and, in return, the blacks voted them into office. | 88 | |
| 373205004 | Bourbon Democrats | They were members of the revived Southern Democratic Party. They were agrarians who represented the old planter elite. They intimidated blacks by a secret organization called the White League, which was similar to the KKK. | 89 | |
| 373205005 | Henry Grady | As editor of the Atlanta Constitution, advocated a New South that had a commercial and industrial economy similar to the North. | 90 | |
| 373205006 | Thaddeus Stevens | He was the leader of the Radical Republicans who promoted the legislation for the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867. He also led the impeachment of Andrew Johnson. | 91 | |
| 373205007 | Impeachment of Johnson | He was the only president that was tried for "high crimes and misdemeanors." The Senate needed 36 votes to impeach him but he was acquitted by a vote of 35 to 19. | 92 | |
| 373205008 | Black codes | These codes were very similar to "Slave Codes." They banned blacks from public office, white schools, and regulated black lives. | 93 | |
| 373205009 | Freedmen's Bureau | This was an organization that aided blacks in their adjustment from slavery to freedom. | 94 | |
| 373205010 | Jim Crow Laws | They were laws of segregation in the South that attempted to subjugate blacks by restricting their economic and social growth. | 95 | |
| 373205011 | Grandfather clause | It was a Jim Crow law that restricted blacks from voting if their grandfathers could not vote before 1867. | 96 | |
| 373205012 | Sharecrop (crop lien) | This was a system created afar slavery was abolished, which centered around blacks becoming farmers. Blacks leased land and bought tools, often using half of these as payment for the land they leased, while spending the rest of their earnings to buy tools. They annually went into debt because they were overcharged by whites, and these yielded poorly. This kept blacks in a slave-like condition. | 97 | |
| 373205013 | Hiram Revels, Blanche Bruce | They were the first two blacks to serve in the US Senate. | 98 | |
| 373205014 | Booker T. Washington, Tuskegee Institute | An ex-slave, he was called in 1881 to head a black school at Tuskegee, Alabama. It was a vocational school where blacks learned skills necessary for jobs in the South. He told blacks to become self-reliant and to work hard so they could earn the white men's respect. | 99 | |
| 373205015 | George Washington Carver | He was an internationally famous agricultural chemist who helped the economy of the South by agricultural chemist who helped the economy of the South by discovering hundreds of new uses for the peanut (shampoo, axle grease), the sweet potato (vinegar), and the soy bean (paints). | 100 | |
| 373205016 | W.E.B. DuBois | One of the prominent black leaders of his time, he was born in Massachusetts. He was of mixed descent and was the first black to earn his Ph.D. at Harvard. He advocated black equality and was one of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909. | 101 | |
| 373205017 | Niagara Movement, 1905; NAACP, 1909 | It was a movement after gaining control of the Afro-American Council, an organization that favored vigorous resistance to racism. Opponents reacted to conservative policies by meeting in Niagara, New York and later formed the NAACP. | 102 | |
| 373205018 | The Crisis; National Urban League | It was a newspaper that was printed by the NAACP. This league was led by Witney Young, Jr.and it created economic opportunities for blacks. Once blacks advanced economically, they would become accepted socially. | 103 | |
| 373205019 | William Seward | He was Secretary of State under President Lincoln and Johnson. He purchased Alaska, annexed the Midway Islands, and attempted to purchase the Virgin Islands. | 104 | |
| 373205020 | Purchase of Alaska, 1867 | Seward signed a treaty with Russia, which transferred this territory to the US for $7.2 million or 2 cents an acre. | 105 | |
| 373205021 | Maximilian | He was Napoleon III's puppet in Mexico during the Civil War. America was upset at France's action because it clearly broke the Monroe Doctrine. After the Civil War ended, he left Mexico because the US threatened war. | 106 | |
| 373205022 | Hamilton Fish | He was the Secretary of State under President Grant. He negotiated the Treaty of Washington. | 107 | |
| 373205023 | Treaty of Washington, 1871; Alabama | It was the first use of international arbitration. England expressed regret for selling this to the Confederacy. An International Tribunal decided that the amount England owed the US was $15.5 million. | 108 | |
| 373205024 | Horace Greeley | He was the editor of the New York Tribune and was later the presidential candidate for the Liberal Republicans in the Election of 1872. | 109 | |
| 373205025 | Liberal Republicans. 1872 | They were reformers under Carl Schurz, a German political refugee, that had split from the Republican Party because they wanted an honest candidate for president. | 110 | |
| 373205026 | Election of 1876; Samuel Tilden | The Democratic candidate was one electoral vote from winning the presidency from Republican Rutherford B. Hayes. South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana were still under military Reconstruction and therefore, could not give electoral votes. Hayes won the election two days before the presidential inauguration because he was given 20 disputed votes. | 111 | |
| 373205027 | "Waving the bloody shirt" | This was a Republican campaign tactic for winning votes in presidential elections. Republicans claimed they had preserved the Union and defeated the Confederates in the Civil War. | 112 | |
| 373205028 | Grand Army of the Republicans (GAR) | John Logan led this group of Union veterans who used the "Bloody Shirt" to gain support for pensions and disability benefits. | 113 | |
| 373205029 | Compromise of 1877 | In this compromise the Republicans received the presidency, the three remaining Southern states returned to the Union, and military reconstruction ended. It also provided federal assistance for a southern transcontinental railroad and southern internal improvements. | 114 | |
| 373205030 | Solid South | After the Civil War, the South became political unified under the Democratic party. The blacks were restricted from voting, thus giving the Democratic white population the power of the vote. This enabled them to keep political power and allowed white congressmen to hold high positions in committees. | 115 | |
| 373205031 | Ulysses S. Grant | His Presidency witnessed some of the greatest scandals in US history. His political inexperience and his corrupt cabinet allowed industrialists to run amok. | 116 | |
| 373205032 | Credit Mobilier | This was a corrupt railroad construction company of the Union Pacific Railway. The railroad awarded them such profitable contracts that the railroad nearly went bankrupt. In an attempt to cover up their scandal, the railroad owners bribed congressmen with stock. | 117 | |
| 373205033 | Jay Gould/James Fisk; Black Friday, 1869 | After the US Treasury stopped the sale of gold, these two men cornered the market so that the price of gold would skyrocket. After the price skyrocketed, so that the price of gold at higher prices. Soon after, the US Treasury resumed the sale of US gold and with his increase in the gold supply, the price of gold and the market crashed. | 118 | |
| 373205034 | Panic of 1873 | This panic was touched off by the failure of Jay Cookie and Company. A stock market crash soon followed and caused great unemployment and business failures. The unrestrained capitalistic expansion caused an oversupply of mines, railroads, and other business, which resulted in sharply decreased profit margins. | 119 | |
| 373205035 | Whiskey Ring, 1875 | This was a group of distillers who bribed federal agents to avoid paying the Treasury millions in excise tax. Grant insisted that no one escape punishment, until his private secretary, Orville Babcock, was found guilty of taking bribes from the distillers. | 120 | |
| 373205036 | Specie Redemption Act, 1875 | This act provided that all greenbacks would be redeemable in gold after 1879. | 121 | |
| 373205037 | Belknap Scandal, 1876 (a.k.a. Indian Ring) | Secretary of War William Belknap was bribed into selling Indian trading posts in Oklahoma. He was disgraced by Congress so he resigned. | 122 | |
| 373205038 | Mulligan letters, 1876 | Blaine had obtained a large land grant for Arkansas railroad and in return had received large profits when the railroad sold their road bonds. Proof of this transaction was contained in this. | 123 | |
| 373205039 | James Garfield | He was a liberal Republican from Ohio who won the Presidency in 1881. He attacked the spoils system and was killed by a job-seeking Stalwart. | 124 | |
| 373205040 | Chester Arthur | He was vice president under James Garfield and became president after Garfield's death. He was influenced a lot by Roscoe Stalwart. | 125 | |
| 373205041 | Greenbacks | It was legal tender (paper money) issued by the US government. | 126 | |
| 373205042 | Greenback-Labor Party, 1878 | They were a third political party that demanded the circulation of paper money and other reforms. Its nominee in the election of 1880, James B. Weaver, did very poorly. | 127 | |
| 373205043 | Ohio Idea | This idea was proposed by Governor Horatio Seymour of New York and promised federal repayment of war bonds in greenbacks rather than in gold. This appealed to the farmers and works who were suffering from postwar depression. | 128 | |
| 373205044 | Stalwarts, 1880 | This was the regular and conservative branch of the Republican party that included Chester A. Arthur. | 129 | |
| 373205045 | Half-Breeds, 1880 | They were the liberal faction of the Republican Party that included President James Garfield. | 130 | |
| 373205046 | Mugwumps, 1884 | They were progressive Republicans who did not like the dishonest policy of the conservative Republicans. Since the conservative Republicans were corrupt, they supported the Democratic candidate in the election of 1884. | 131 | |
| 373205047 | Pendleton Civil Service Act, 1883 | This act gave 3 civil service commissioners the power to conduct competitive examinations for prospective government workers. This was an effort to replace incompetent officials. | 132 | |
| 373205048 | Roscoe Conkling | He was a Stalwart and a powerful political boss from New York. | 133 | |
| 373205049 | James G. Blaine | He was a Stalwart and a Republican political boss from Maine. He was an influential politician. He and Roscoe Conkling were rivals. | 134 | |
| 373205050 | "Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion" | These were the words spoken by a minister introducing presidential candidate James H. Blaine in New York. The Irish Catholics listening to this were upset and voted for Cleveland. Blaine's failure to refute the minister's statement resulted in his defeat in the election of 1884. | 135 | |
| 373205051 | Grover Cleveland | During his campaign, he tried to project an image of a reformist, a platform which won him the election in 1884. He was the only president to serve two nonconsecutive terms. He passed the Dawes Act for Indian assimilation and the Interstate Commerce Act, which produced the first regulatory agency. | 136 | |
| 373205052 | 1. Benjamin Harrison 2. Cleveland | 1. He was the grandson of former President William Harrison 2. This Indiana Republican beat him in the election of 1888 because he was supported by the industrialists and the GAR. During his term in office, he supported protective tariffs for industrialists and pensions for veterans. | 137 | |
| 373205053 | McKinley Tariff, 1890 | This tariff was devised to cut surplus revenue and continue protection for American industries. The average tariff of 48.4% aroused discontent in Latin America, in Europe, and in the US. | 138 | |
| 373205054 | $1 billion Congress | This refers to the Republican Congress in 1890 because money was freely appropriated to for pensions and legislation. | 139 | |
| 373205055 | Panic of 1893 | After Cleveland was reelected, this devastating panic struck, which lasted 4 years and was the worst depression the US had experienced thus far. It was caused by over-speculation, labor disorders, fears of free silver, and an agricultural depression. | 140 |
