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AP US History: Unit 6 Study Guide Themes and Skills Flashcards

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3678898027Walter RauschebuschA Protestant clergy man who sought to apply the lessons of Christianity to the slums and factories; pastor of a German Baptist Church in New York0
3678898028Salvation ArmyOne of 150 religious denominations; came over from England to America; established a base on American street corners; appealed to down-and-outers; did much practical good; soup kitchens1
3678898846George Washington CarverA student of Booker T. Washington; discovered hundreds of new uses for peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans2
3678899787GeronimoFierce warrior; resented white migration; raided settlements; evaded capture for decades; turns himself in when he gets older cause more whites keep coming and he gives up; respected by many people3
3678899788Sitting Bull; Crazy Horse; George CusterTwo Sioux Indians (fierce warriors with arrows, horses, and guns); decided to gather Indians and leave reservation; A racist general who hates Native Americans is sent to find them; they meet at Little Big Horn and every man in the white regiment dies4
3679409152Sand CreekSilver discovered --> white people move there, causing Indians to raid settlements; the army warms the Indians that they are going to kill the raiders and tells them to move all of their innocent women, elders, and children to this fort; a drunk officer orders the massacre and kills all5
3678901009Jane AddamsFounded Hull House in 1889 to teach children and adults the skills and knowledge that they would need to survive and succeed in America; eventually won the Nobel Peace Prize; looked down upon by the Daughters of the American Revolution6
3678901010Settlement HousesCommunity centers in poor neighborhoods that provided schooling, childcare, and cultural activities for the people7
3678902132W.E.B. Du BoisThe first black to get a Ph.D. from Harvard University; demanded complete equality for blacks and immediate action; founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in 19108
3678902133Booker T. WashingtonAn ex-slave who stated by heading a black normal and industrial school in Tuskegee, Alabama, and taught the students useful skills and trades; avoided the issue of social equality; believed in blacks helping themselves first before gaining more rights9
3678902134Ida B. Wells10
3678903662Scott Joplin11
3678903663Ragtime12
3678903664Buffalo Bill Cody and Annie Oakley"Wild West" shows that were a very popular form of entertainment during this era13
3678904427Chief Joseph14
3678904428Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph HearstTwo new journalistic tycoons that promoted "yellow journalism" in which newspapers reported on wild and fantastic stories that often were false and quite exaggerated: sex, scandal, and other human-interest stories15
3678905321James A. Bailey16
3678905322William McKinleyThe leading Republican candidate in 1896; a respectable and friendly former Civil War major who had served many years in Congress; a conservative in business and preferred to leave things alone17
3678906601Marcus Alonzo HannaA supporter of William McKinley who financially and politically supported the candidate through his political years18
3678908440P.T. Barnu19
3678908441Cornelius Vanderbilt20
3678911507William Jennings BryanA Democratic nominee for president in 1896 who advocated "free silver"; "Cross of Gold" Speech; called for unlimited coinage of silver with the ratio of 16 ounces worth as much as one ounce of gold21
3678911508J.P. MorganA banking tycoon who made a fortune in the banking industry and in Wall Street who bought Carnegie's entire business and converted it into the United States Steel Corporation - the world's first billion-dollar corporation22
3678911509Interlocking DirectoratesWhen a business giants places his own men on the boards of directors of other rival competitors to gain influence there and reduce competition23
3678912909John RockefellerA ruthless business tycoon who organized the Standard Oil Company in Ohio; controlled 95% of all oil refineries in the country; crushed weaker competitors by producing superior oil at a cheaper price24
3678912911Horizontal IntegrationWhen a business giant allied with or bought out competitors to monopolize a given market25
3678914147Vertical IntegrationWhen a business giant bought out and controlled all aspects of an industry to avoid paying other companies for transportation and supplies than necessary to increase profits26
3678914148Social DarwinismA theory that took natural selection and applied it to humans; physical characteristics but mental characteristics; excludes situations, birthright, finances, opportunity, etc.; people are rich because they earned it and are better, not because they are greedy, malicious, or born into wealth; poor people are poor because they are stupid and lazy; leads to racism and discrimination27
3678914149Herbert Spencer28
3678914880Horatio Alger29
3678914881Andrew CarnegieStarted out as a poor boy in a bad job; by working hard, assuming responsibility, and charming influential people, he worked his way to wealth; perfected the Bessemer process for producing steel and allowed for its cheap mass production, supplying the materials necessary to build America's cities; donated millions to charities and the building of public libraries30
3678915991Eugene V. DebsRailroad company owns the whole town; railroad workers get a 20% wage cut that is not accompanied by a rent cut and go on strike; the national guard comes and breaks up strike; people get shot; the man who started this strike31
3678917172"Old" ImmigrantsUntil the 1880's, most immigrants came from the British Isles and western Europe (Germany and Ireland) and were quite literate and accustomed to some type of representative government32
3678917173"New" ImmigrantsBy the 1880's and 1890's, most immigrants were the Baltic and Slavic people of southeaster Europe, who were illiterate, poor, and not accustomed to representative govnernment33
3678917174Urbanization34
3678918460Chinese Exclusion Act(1882) An act which barred any Chinese from entering the US; the first law limiting immigration35
3678918461Ellis Island36
3678918462Ethnic Neighborhoods37
3678918463TenementsA type of apartment in the slums of cities which gave a bit of fresh air down their airshaft; the worst kind of apartment because they were dark, cramped, and had little sanitation or ventilation38
3678919841Political MachineThe organizations of political bosses39
3678919842Political BossA group of corrupt meant who offered jobs and shelter in return for political support at the polls40
3678919844TrustInstead of owning all of the businesses in the market area, you buy and own more than 50% of all the stock in the smaller businesses so you have the majority and can control the business41
3678920699Social Gospel Movement42
3678920700Ghost Dance Movement and Wounded KneeWavoka began this movement; believed white people were evil and god would eventually punish them; this dance was a celebration of that; eventually movement turned violent and the reservation police met them at Wounded Knee; big fight and horrible death on the Indian side: last stand for the Native Americans43
3678922636National American Woman Suffrage Association(1890) A femanist organization led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony that called for national women suffrage44
3678922637Woman's Christian Temperance Union LawsAn organization of Christian women who rallied against alcohol, calling for a national prohibition of the beverage45
3678923815Antisaloon League(1893) A pro-prohibition union that called for the banning of alcohol in the US and the end to all saloons, as they were thought to be the reason for a family's poorness46
3678923816Plessy v. FergusonA case in which the Supreme Court ruled that "separate but equal" facilities were constitutional under the "equal protection" clause of the 14the amendment, legalizing "Jim Crow" segregation47
3678923817Jim Crow LawsSystematic state level codes of segregation that developed from the informal separation of whites from blacks; designed to enforce racial segregation to public places; backed up by lynchings and other forms of intimidation48
3678925153Tuskegee InstituteA school created by Booker T. Washington that educated blacks in useful trades and skills so that they could secure themselves economically49
3678925154Segregation Laws50
3678925155Grandfather ClauseA clause which exempted people whose forebear had voted in 1860 from literacy tests, pol taxes, and other such voting restrictions51
3678925156Poll Tax and Literacy TestsWays in which the South tried to ensure full-scale disenfranchisement of freed blacks52
3678926288Spectator Sports53
3678927452Pendleton Act(1883) The so-called Magna Charta of civil-service reform; awarded government jobs based on ability, not just because a friend awarded the job; prohibited financial assessments on jobholders and established a merit system of making appointments to office on the basis of aptitude rather than "pull"; set up a Civil Service Commission; divided politics from patronage54
3678997418Civil Service CommissionCreated by the Pendleton Act; charged with administering open competitive service; offices not classified by the president remained the fought-over footballs of politics55
3678929253Gilded AgeA term for this era coined by Mark Twain hinting that the times looked good, yet if one scratched a bit below the surface, there were problems; times were filled with corruption and presidential election squeakers56
3678929254Coxey's Army57
3678929255Populist PartyEmerged in 1892; created by a large group of upset farmers; called for inflation from free coinage of silver; called for a graduated income tax, government regulation of railroads and telegraphs/telephones, direct elections of US senators, a one term limit, initiative, and referendum, a shorter workday, and immigration restriction58
3678931096Crop-price DeflationThe price of farmers' crops was determined in a world market by the world output --> deflation59
3678931097Corporate ConsolidationWhen businesses such as railroad companies followed the path that led to greater economies of scale, which meant larger and larger businesses60
3678931098Granger LawsA group of laws that the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry (the Grange) managed to get Congress to pass to improve the lives of farmers61
3678932498Interstate Commerce Act(1887) An act which banned rebates and pools, required the railroads to publish their rates openly, forbade unfair discrimination against shippers, and banned charging more for a short haul than for a long one62
3678933536Farmers' Alliances(1870's) A coalition of farmers seeking to overthrow the chains from the banks and railroads that bound them; only aimed at those who owned their own land (ignored tenant farmers and blacks); agreed on the nationalization of railroads, the abolition of national banks, a graduated income tax, and a new federal sub-treasury for farmers63
3678933537Ocala Platform64
3678933538Panic of 1893(1893) Most punishing economic downturn of the 19th Century; caused by the splurge or overbuilding and speculation, labor disorders, agricultural depression, and the free silver agitation65
3678933539Free SilverThe cry to expand the money supply with unlimited coinage of silver so as to cause massive inflation66
3678934890Antitrust Movement67
3678934891StalwartsPeople in the Republican Party who believed that all government jobs should go to loyal republicans68
3678934892HalfbreedsPeople in the Republican Party who believed that qualified democrats should be able to keep their jobs even after a republican was elected69
3678935867MugwumpsRepublican reformers that were unable to stomach the nomination of James G. Blaine as their presidential candidate who switched to the Democratic Party70
3678935868Watered StockA way for companies to atain cheap moneymaking; when railroad companies grossly over-inflated the worth of their stock and sold them at huge profits71
3678935869PoolsThe predecessor of trusts; when railroad giants gathered into defensive alliances to show profits; a group of supposed competitors who agree to work together to set prices72
3678935870Rebates73
3678937410Sherman Silver Purchase Act74
3678937411Sherman Antitrust Act(1890) An act that forbade combinations in restraint of trade (i.e. trusts, pools, interlocking directorates, holding companies) without any distinction between "good" or "bad" trusts; proved ineffective because it couldn't be enforced until 191475
3678938430Laissez-Faire Capitalism76
3678938431Gospel of WealthWritten by Andrew Carnegie; said that people who are wealthy have a responsibility to give back to the community; says that this is "gospel" or the truth77
3678939186Railroad strike of 1877Railroad workers' wages cut 10%; railroads very important to the country, thus railroad workers think that the country can't function without them so they go on strike all over the country; railroad owners go to the president and tell him to do something because he control interstate commerce and this disrupts that; he sends the national guard to quell the strike; 100 people die78
3678939187Sears79
3678940296Roebuck80
3678940297Montgomery Ward81
3678941100Haymarket BombingThe Knights of Labor were striking in Haymarket square when a bomb set by a group of anarchists went of, killing or wounding dozens of people; the bombing was forever associated the Knights of Labor with anarchists and lowered their popularity and effectiveness82
3678941101Homestead StrikeSteel business owned by Carnegie, however other people run different factories; workers go on strike outside the factory to prevent scabs from entering it; scabs get the national guard to escort them; strikers throw rocks at the guard and get shot83
3678941102Pullman StrikeRailroad company owns the whole town; railroad workers get a 20% wage cut that is not accompanied by a rent cut and go on strike; the national guard comes and breaks up strike; people get shot84
3678941103ScabsPeople hired into companies to replace strikers to starve the strikers into submission85
3682553233LockoutA procedure in which employers would lock their doors against rebellious workers and then starve them into submission86
3678941885BlacklistA list of strikers that companies made so that they could deny those people privileges elsewhere87
3678941886Yellow-dog ContractContracts which workers had to sign in order to work in a specific job which banned them from joining unions88
3678941887Injunction89
3678946292Reservation SystemThis system established boundaries for the territory of each tribe and attempted to separate the Indians into two great "colonies" to the north and south of a corridor Of intended settlement90
3679112808National Labor Union(1866) A union which represented a massive number of workers; only lasting 6 years; excluded Chinese, Blacks, and women; worked for the arbitration of industrial disputes and an 8 hour workday - it won the latter one; eventually formed into the Knights of Labor that only appealed to skilled workers91

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