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AP US History Unit 8 Flashcards

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7908300785Yalta ConferenceFDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War0
7908300786Postdam ConferenceThis is the conference where Stalin, Truman, and Churchill came together to decide how Germany would be administered. Their goals were to establish order, settle peace treaty issues, and deal with the effects of WWII1
7908300787Cold WarA conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years2
7908300788United NationsAn international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation3
7908300789Berlin AirliftAirlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin4
7908300790ContainmentAmerican policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world5
7908300791Truman Doctrine1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey6
7908300792Marshall PlanA United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)7
7908300793NATONorth Atlantic Treaty Organization8
7908300794Warsaw PactAn alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO9
7908300795Korean WarA conflict between UN forces (primarily US and S Korea) against North Korea, and later China; Gen. Douglas Macarthur led UN forces and was later replaced by Gen. Ridgeway; Resulted in Korea remaining divided at the 38th parallel10
7908300796Douglas MacArthurAmerican general, who commanded allied troops in the Pacific during World War II11
7908300797HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee12
7908300798Joseph McCarthyWisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communists13
7908300799Executive Order 9981Establishes equality of treatment and opportunity in the Armed Services for people of all race, religions, or national origins14
7908300800Taft-Hartley ActAct that provides balance of power between union and management by designating certain union activities as unfair labor practices; also known as Labor-Management Relations Act (LMRA)15
7908300801GI BillLaw passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher educations16
7908300802Truman's Fair DealRecommended that all Americans have health insurance that the minimum wage be increased and that by law all Americans be guaranteed equal rights17
7908300803SunbeltA region of the United States generally considered to stretch across the South and Southwest that has seen substantial population growth in recent decades, partly fueled by a surge in retiring baby boomers who migrate domestically, as well as the influx of immigrants, both legal and illegal18
7908300804SuburbsResidential areas surrounding a city19
7908300805LevittownIn 1947, William Levitt used mass production techniques to build inexpensive homes in suburban New York to help relieve the postwar housing shortage. Became a symbol of the movement to the suburbs in the years after WWII20
7908300806Baby BoomA cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility21
7908300807The Feminine MystiqueWritten by Betty Friedan, journalist and mother of three children; described the problems of middle-class American women and the fact that women were being denied equality with men; said that women were kept from reaching their full human capacities22
7908300808McDonald'sFirst fast food franchise in the US. It was started by two brothers and purchased by Ray Kroc23
7908300809Elvis PresleyUnited States rock singer whose many hit records and flamboyant style greatly influenced American popular music24
7908300810Dwight D. EisenhowerAmerican President and General who began in North Africa and became the Commander of Allied forces in Europe25
7908300811Checkers SpeechGiven by Richard Nixon on September 23, 1952, when he was the Republican candidate for the Vice Presidency. Said to have saved his career from a campaign contributions scandal26
7908300812Montgomery Bus BoycottIn 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal27
7908300813Brown v. Board of EducationThe Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated28
7908300814Earl WarrenChief Justice during the 1950's and 1960's who used a loose interpretation to expand rights for both African-Americans and those accused of crimes29
7908300815Student Nonviolent Coordinating CommitteeStudents whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism30
7908300816Little Rock NineGovernor Faubus sent the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine Black students from entering Little Rock Central High School. Eisenhower sent in U.S. paratroopers to ensure the students could attend class31
7908300817Greensboro Sit-InsBlack students politely order food from restaurant, not served, sat in place for days, gathering supporters32
7908300818Federal Highway Act of 1956Measure that provided federal funding to build a nationwide system of interstate and defense highways33
7908300819Suez CrisisJuly 26, 1956, Nasser (leader of Egypt) nationalized the Suez Canal, Oct. 29, British, French and Israeli forces attacked Egypt. UN forced British to withdraw; made it clear Britain was no longer a world power34
7908300820SputnikFirst artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space35
7908300821John F Kennedy35th President of the United States; only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize36
7908300822Election of 1960Brought about the era of political television. Between Kennedy and Nixon. Issues centered around the Cold War and economy. Kennedy argued that the nation faces serious threats from the soviets. Nixon countered that the US was on the right track under the current administration. Kennedy won by a narrow margin.37
7908300823Military-Industrial ComplexEisenhower first coined this phrase when he warned American against it in his last State of the Union Address. He feared that the combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending38
7908300824Beat GenerationGroup highlighted by writers and artist who stressed spontaneity and spirituality instead of apathy and conformity39
7908300825"New Frontier"Kennedy's plan, supports civil rights, pushes for a space program, wans to cut taxes, and increase spending for defense and military40
7908300826Peace CorpsFederal program established to send volunteers to help developing nations41
7908300827NASANational Aeronautics and Space Administration42
7908300828Apollo MissionsDesigned to land humans on the Moon and bring them safely back to earth43
7908300829Berlin WallA wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West44
7908300830Bay of PigsIn April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure45
7908300831Cuban Missile Crisis1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba46
7908300832Freedom RidersGroup of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation47
7908300833Freedom Summer (1964)Effort by civil rights groups in Mississippi to register black voters during the summer of 196448
7908300834March on WashingtonMarch in 1963, led by MLK, I have a dream49
7908300835James MeredithCivil rights advocate who spurred a riot at the University of Mississippi. The riot was caused by angry whites who did not want Meredith to register at the university. The result was forced government action, showing that segregation was no longer government policy.50
7908300836Assassination of JFKOn November 22, 1963, Kennedy arrived in Dallas with his wife, Jacqueline. As the president and the First Lady rode through the streets in an open car, several shots rang out. Kennedy slumped against his wife. The car sped to a hospital, but the president was dead51
7908300837Lyndon B. JohnsonBecame president after Kennedy's assassination and reelected in 1964; Democrat; signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law, promoted his "Great Society" plan, part of which included the "war on poverty", Medicare and Medicaid established; Vietnam52
7908300838Civil Rights Act of 1964A federal law that authorized federal action against segregation in public accommodations, public facilities, and employment53
7908300839Affirmative ActionA policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities54
7908300840Great SocietyPresident Johnson's version of the Democratic reform program55
7908300841Barry GoldwaterAn American senator for Arizona who ran against Johnson for president. His extreme conservatism scared many into voting for Johnson56
7908300842LiberalismA belief that government can and should achieve justice and equality of opportunity57
7908300843ConservatismA belief that limited government insures order competitive markets and personal opportunity58
7908300844Voting Rights Act of 1965A law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African American suffrage. Under the law, hundreds of thousands of African Americans were registered and the number of African American elected officials increased dramatically59
7908300845Black PowerA slogan used to reflect solidarity and racial consciousness, used by Malcolm X. It meant that equality could not be given, but had to be seized by a powerful, organized Black community60
7908300846Black PanthersA black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. The organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest61
7908300847Malcolm XBlack Muslim who argued for separation, not integration. He changed his views, but was assassinated in 196562
7908300848Stockily CarmichaelLeader of the black power movement63
7908300849Vietnam WarA prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States64
7908300850George WallaceFour time governor of Alabama. Most famous for his pro-segregation attitude and as a symbol for states' rights65
7908300851Richard Nixon37th President; Republican; Ended Vietnam War; Recognized China/ Watergate scandal; First president to resign66
7908300852VietnamizationPresident Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces67
7908300853Silent MajorityA phrase used to describe people, whatever their economic status, who uphold traditional values, especially against the counterculture of the 1960s68
7908300854Kent State MassacreProtests to the war that lead to National Guard being called in and shot students because they burned the ROTC building69
7908300855Pentagon PapersA 7,000-page top-secret United States government report on the history of the internal planning and policy-making process within the government itself concerning the Vietnam War70
7908300856DétenteA policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon71
7908300857Gideon v. WainwrightA landmark case in United States Supreme Court history. In the case, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required under the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants unable to afford their own attorneys72
7908300858Miranda v. ArizonaSupreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police73
7908300859Environmental Protection AgencyAn independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment (EPA)74
7908300860Silent SpringA book written by Rachel Carson to voice the concerns of environmentalists. Launched the environmentalist movement by pointing out the effects of civilization development75
7908300861War Powers ActA resolution of Congress that stated the President can only send troops into action abroad by authorization of Congress or if America is already under attack or serious threat76
7908300862"Stagflation"A period of falling output and rising prices77
7908300863Watergate ScandalA scandal involving an illegal break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in 1972 by members of President Nixon's reelection campaign staff. Before Congress could vote to impeach Nixon for his participation in covering up the break-in, Nixon resigned from the presidency78
7908300864Gerald R FordNixon's vice president after Agnew resigned, he became the only president never to be elected. Taking office after Nixon resigned, he pardoned Nixon for all federal crimes that he committed or may have committed79
7908300865Equal Rights AmendmentConstitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender80
7908300866Roe v. WadeLegalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy81
7908300867University of California v. BakkeA case involving an affirmative action program at a California medical school82
7908300868Phyllis SchlaflyAnti-feminist who led the campaign to defeat the ERA claiming it would undermine the American family83
7908300869"New Right"Outspoken conservative movement of the 1980s that emphaszed such "social issues" as opposition to abortion, the Equal Rights Amendment, pornography, homosexuality, and affirmative action84
7908300870Jimmy Carter39th President, with Vice President Walter Mondale. He secured energy programs, set the framework for Egypt-Israel treaty, and sought to base foreign policy on human rights85
7908300871Malaise SpeechOn July 15, 1979, Carter gave this nationally-televised address in which he identified what he believed to be a "crisis of confidence" among the American people86
7908300872SALT AgreementsStrategic Arms Limitations Treaties; worked to reduce arms during the Cold War87
7908300873Iran Hostage CrisisBeginning November 4, 1979; anti American Muslims stormed the U.S. embassy in Tehran and took hostages, lasted two years88
7908300874Ronald Reagan40th President,"Great Communicator" Republican, conservative economic policies, replaced liberal Democrats in upper house with conservative Democrats or "boll weevils" , at reelection time, jesse jackson first black presdiential candidate, Geraldine Ferraro as VP running mate (first woman)89
7908300875Supply-side economicsAn economic theory, advocated by President Reagan, holding that too much income goes to taxes and too little money is available for purchasing. The solution is to cut taxes and return purchasing power to consumers90
7908300876SDIStrategic Defensive Initiative91
7908300877Iran-Contra AffairAmericans kidnapped in Beirut by Iranian govt, so deal, scandal including arms sales to the Middle East in order to send money to help the Contras in Nicaragua even though Congress had objected, Poindexter and North involved92
7908300878Glasnost and PerestroikaThe weakening of the Soviet Union in the late 1980s was encouraged by these policies93
7908300879"Moral Majority"A movement begun in the early 1980's among religious conservatives that supported primarily conservative Republicans opposed to abortion, communism and liberalism94
7908300880George HW BushPresident during the Gulf War, ability to quickly bring the war to a conclusion while suffering relatively few casualties resulted in the second-highest approval rating of any president, 89%95
7908300881Operation Desert StormThe United States and its allies defeated Iraq in a ground war that lasted 100 hours (1991)96
7908300882Americans With Disabilities ActPassed by Congress in 1991, this act banned discrimination against the disabled in employment and mandated easy access to all public and commerical buildings97

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