A list of 108 terms that review the most important concepts in the first unit of an AP US History class
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| 212889960 | Columbian Exchange | The global transfer of plants, animals, and diseases that occurred during the European colonization of the Americas | 0 | |
| 212889961 | Encomienda System | It gave settlers the right to tax local Native Americans or to make them work. In exchange, these settlers were supposed to protect the Native American people and convert them to Christianity | 1 | |
| 212889962 | Joint Stock Colony | A company in which investors buy stock in the company in return for a share its future profits, ex. Jamestown | 2 | |
| 212889963 | Jamestown, Virginia | First British settlement that was successful in the new world, Jamestown had one disaster after the next, including disease, starvation, and clashes with natives. Pocahontas teaches John Smith how to grow tobacco. Jamestown soon had an economy dependent on tobacco. | 3 | |
| 212889964 | The Virginia Company | The joint-stock company which sponsored and established Jamestown | 4 | |
| 212889965 | Captain John Smith | Admiral of New England, an English soldier, sailor, and author. Smith is remembered for his role in establishing the first permanent English settlement in North America at Jamestown, Virginia, and his brief association with the Native American girl Pocahontas during an altercation with the Powhatan Confederacy and her father, Chief Powhatan. He was a leader of the Virginia Colony (based at Jamestown) between September 1608 and August 1609, and led an exploration along the rivers of Virginia and the Chesapeake Bay. "He who does not work shall not eat." He also was a very strict disciplinarian. | 5 | |
| 212889966 | John Rolfe | Rolfe married Pocahontas, and they together brought tobacco to the colony of Jamestown, which became their cash crop. Rolfe died in 1622, in an Indian attack on the colony. | 6 | |
| 212889967 | Powhatan | Powerful native chief who was the father of Pocahontas, although he was generous and helpful to Jamestown at first, he grew weary of their demands for food and conflicts between the colonists and Indians occured, Powhatan was eventually defeated in 1646. | 7 | |
| 212889968 | Headright System | The Virginia Company's system in which settlers and the family members who came with them each received 50 acres of land, including indentured servants | 8 | |
| 212889969 | House of Burgesses | The town council of Jamestown that helped decide how to run the colony. England however, did not approve of the "mini-parliament" and revoked the Virginia Company's charter. | 9 | |
| 212889970 | Royal Colony | colony under the direct control of the English Crown and the appointed governors of the Crown | 10 | |
| 212889971 | Proprietary Colony | colony run by individuals or groups to whom land was granted | 11 | |
| 212889972 | Maryland Toleration Act (1649) | Act that was passed in Maryland that guaranteed toleration to all Christians, regardless of sect but not to those who did not believe in the divinity of Jesus. Though it did not sanction much tolerance, it was still the first sign of religious toleration. | 12 | |
| 212889973 | Indentured Servant | A servant who worked in exchange for his or her passage to America. Average servitude was 3 to 7 years in length. | 13 | |
| 212889974 | Bacon's Rebellion | A rebellion lead of frustrated freedman and backcountry farmers by Nathaniel Bacon against the corrupt governor of Virginia, Berkeley. Bacon wanted the back country farmers to be able to own a sufficient amount of land to earn a living, and be able to attack the Indians to get that land. | 14 | |
| 212889975 | English Reformation | Result of the disagreement between Henry VIII and the Pope, created the Church of England or Anglican Church which was separate from the Catholic Church, still left little room for religious freedom. Anglican Church will very similar to Catholic Church, just with a different leader. | 15 | |
| 212889976 | The Great Migration | The movement of more than 20,00 Puritan/Separatist people from England to Massachusetts between 1629 and 1640. | 16 | |
| 212889977 | Church of England/Anglican Church | The national church of England, founded by King Henry VIII. It included both Roman Catholic and Protestant ideas. | 17 | |
| 212889978 | Congregationalists | Puritans that wanted to reform the Anglican Church from the inside, were later called this | 18 | |
| 212889979 | Separatists | Those who wanted to break all connections with the Church of England as opposed to most Puritans who believed it was possible to reform the Church | 19 | |
| 212889980 | The "Elect" | Also known as full members of the Church, these people had to have religious experiences to be considered saved, or part of a special group know, as this. | 20 | |
| 212889981 | Mayflower Compact | a document written by the Pilgrims establishing themselves as a political society and setting guidelines for self-government, first constitution-like document in the colonies. | 21 | |
| 215976794 | MA Bay Colony | Pilgrims arrive w/ charter from James I, company members vote to transfer here for self-gov.; 1,000 settlers plant settlements, mainly Puritans, governed by John Winthrop, SEPARATISTS | 22 | |
| 215976795 | John Winthrop | As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "CITY ON A HILL" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world, and help the Anglicans see the error of their way. | 23 | |
| 215976796 | Covenant | An agreement popular among the Puritans between God and his people in which God makes certain promises and requires certain behavior from them in return, creates strict way of living | 24 | |
| 215976797 | Thomas Hooker | A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government. | 25 | |
| 215976798 | Roger Williams | He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs. Believed to be weird and Rhode Island became the "sewer" of the MA Bay Colonies. | 26 | |
| 215976799 | Anne Hutchinson | Religious dissenter whose ideas provoked an intense religious and political crisis in the Massachusetts Bay Colony between 1636 and 1638. She challenged the principles of Massachusetts's religious and political system. Her ideas became known as the heresy of Antinomianism, a belief that Christians are not bound by moral law because they are elect and believe in God anyway. She was later expelled, with her family and followers, and went and settled at Pocasset ( now Portsmouth, R.I.) | 27 | |
| 215976800 | Antinomianism | An interpretation of Puritan beliefs that stressed God's gift of salvation and minimized what an individual had to do to gain salvation; identified with Anne Hutchinson. | 28 | |
| 215976801 | Pequot War | 1637 conflict in which the Pequot nation battled Connecticut colonists and their Narragansett allies, the tribe was wiped out by the brutal destruction the colonists inflicted on the tribe, such cruelties of war shocked the colonist's Indian allies, who had an altogether completely different style of warfare. | 29 | |
| 215976802 | Wampanoags | Tribe whose chief, Metacom, known to the colonies as King Phillip, united many tribes in southern New England against the English settlers, also were the first Indians to encounter the PILGRIMS | 30 | |
| 215976803 | King Philip's War | A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wampanoags, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion. | 31 | |
| 215976804 | New Amsterdam | a settlement established by the Dutch near the mouth of Hudson River and the southern end of Manhattan Island, annexed later by the English in 1664 and named New York | 32 | |
| 215976805 | Peter Stuyvesant | Dutch governor who surrendered New Netherlands to English (Sept 8 1664) who renamed it New York. | 33 | |
| 215976806 | Dutch Reformed Church | Denomination of Christian Protestantism based on the teachings of John Calvin. It is the oldest Reformed church in the Netherlands and formerly enjoyed status as the state church. It was founded in 1618 and became the state religion in 1651. | 34 | |
| 215976807 | Quakers | English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania, and are also called the "Society of Friends" and were against slavery. | 35 | |
| 215976808 | "Inner Light" | A divine presence believed by Quakers to enlighten and guide the soul, an idea that God is within all people | 36 | |
| 215976809 | William Penn | English Quaker, founded Pennsylvania in 1682, after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance, where every religion could be free of persecutions. | 37 | |
| 215976810 | James Oglethorpe | Founder and governor of the Georgia colony, which is a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. His colony was supposed to be a fresh start for debtors | 38 | |
| 215976811 | John Locke | English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property. | 39 | |
| 215976812 | The Two Treatises on Government | John Locke's major work that criticizes divine right and promotes natural liberties of men. | 40 | |
| 215976813 | Atlantic Trading System | A three triangle trading system on which Africa, Europe, North America, and the West Indies depended on. | 41 | |
| 215976814 | Crops of Southern Colonies | Indigo and Tobacco (Virginia) and Rice (South Carolina) created different political and social climates in the southern colonies. | 42 | |
| 215976815 | Mercantilism | an economic system to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests, SELL MORE THAN BUY. Britain exploited colonies to make this possible. | 43 | |
| 215976816 | Dominion of New England | 1686-The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). Ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros, after the Glorious Revolution in England in which Orange was made King | 44 | |
| 215976817 | Sir Edmond Andros | Head of the Dominion of New England in 1686, militaristic, disliked by the colonists because of his affiliation with the Church of England, changed many colonial laws and traditions without the consent of the representatives, tried to flee America after England's Glorious Revolution, but was caught and shipped to England | 45 | |
| 215976818 | Navigation Acts | Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries, therefore forbidden from profiting other countries (England's motive) | 46 | |
| 215976819 | Enumerated goods | goods that were allowed to be exported had to stop in England for a tax before continuing on, which made trade with other countries difficult. | 47 | |
| 215976820 | Stono Rebellion | The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to Spanish Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to go. | 48 | |
| 215976821 | Salem Witch Trials | 1692-Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake. | 49 | |
| 215976822 | Primogeniture | The right of inheritance belonging only to the eldest son. | 50 | |
| 215976823 | First Great Awakening | The First Great Awakening was a time of religious fervor during the 1730s and 1740s. The movement arose in reaction to the rise of skepticism and the waning of religious faith brought about by the Enlightenment. Protestant ministers held revivals throughout the English colonies in America, stressing the need for individuals to repent and urging a personal understanding of truth. Dumbed down religion so that people could understand, Old Lights did not favor this new religious fever. | 51 | |
| 215976824 | John Wesley | Anglican minister; created religious movement, Methodism; led to become missionary to the English people; appealed especialy to lower class; his Methodism gave lower and middle classes in English society a sense of purpose and community | 52 | |
| 215976825 | Jonathan Edwards | The most outstanding preacher of the Great Awakening. He was a New England Congregationalist and preached in Northampton, MA, he attacked the new doctrines of easy salvation for all. He preached anew the traditional ideas of Puritanism related to sovereignty of God, predestination, and salvation by God's grace alone. He had vivid descriptions of Hell that terrified listeners. | 53 | |
| 215976826 | George Whitefield | came into the picture in 1738 during the Great Awakening, which was a religious revival that spread through all of the colonies. Everyone in the colonies loved to hear him preach because he had a different style of preaching. This led to the lessening the importance of the old clergy, "Old Lights." | 54 | |
| 215976827 | "New Lights" | Revivalist ministers who emphasized emotive spirituality and encouraged missionary work among the natives, as well as founding many long-standing educational institutes, such as Princeton, Brown, and Dartmouth. | 55 | |
| 215976828 | "Old Lights" | Orthodox clergymen who were deeply skeptical of the emotionalism and the antics of the Great Awakening. | 56 | |
| 215976829 | Halfway Covenant | In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations. | 57 | |
| 215976830 | The Enlightenment | A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God. | 58 | |
| 215976831 | John Peter Zenger | Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty. | 59 | |
| 215976832 | Era of Salutary Neglect | During the first six decades of the eighteenth century, British imperial officials were not overbearing, and home countryleaders did not tamper with the mercantilist system, which worked quite well. Colonists gladly accepted this approach to colonial affairs, which is called the era of salutary neglect. | 60 | |
| 215976833 | Benjamin Franklin | American public official, writer, scientist, and printer. After the success of his Poor Richard's Almanac (1732-1757), he entered politics and played a major part in the American Revolution. Franklin negotiated French support for the colonists, signed the Treaty of Paris (1783), and helped draft the Constitution (1787-1789). | 61 | |
| 215976834 | Albany Plan of Union | colonies proposed colonial confederation under lighter British rule (crown-appointed president, "Grand Council"); never took effect, plan was proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 and aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes | 62 | |
| 215976835 | Iroquois Confederacy | An alliance of five northeastern native peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English | 63 | |
| 215976836 | Treaty of Utrecht | 1713, ended Queen Ann's War, transferred large areas of French territory in North America to English including Nova Scotia and Newfoundland | 64 | |
| 215976837 | Fort Duquesne | French fort that was site of first major battle of French and Indian War; General Washington led unsuccessful attack on French troops and was then defeated at Fort Necessity, marking beginning of conflict. | 65 | |
| 215976838 | William Pitt | William Pitt was a British leader from 1757-1758. He was a leader in the London government, and earned himself the name, "Organizer of Victory". He led and won a war against Quebec. Pittsburgh was named after him. | 66 | |
| 215976839 | French and Indian War | a war in North America between France and Britain (both aided by indian tribes) on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in1763. Established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse. | 67 | |
| 215976840 | Treaty of Paris 1763 | The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the Seven Years War in Europe and the parallel French and Indian War in North America. Under the treaty, Britain won all of Canada and almost all of the modern United States east of the Mississippi. | 68 | |
| 215976841 | King George III | Leader of England during the American Revolution war. He was blamed for loss of 13 colonies as grievances were addressed and blamed on him. | 69 | |
| 215976842 | George Grenville | British Prime Minister, Architect of the Sugar Act; his method of taxation and crackdown on colonial smuggling were widely disliked by Americans. He passed the Stamp Act arguing that colonists received virtual representation in Parliament | 70 | |
| 215976843 | Sugar Act | Law passed by the British Parliament setting taxes on molasses and sugar imported by the colonies in 1764 | 71 | |
| 215976844 | Stamp Act | Act passed by the British parliment in 1765 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents | 72 | |
| 215976845 | Paxton Boys | They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. | 73 | |
| 215976846 | Regulator Movement | It was a movement during the 1760's by western North Carolinians, mainly Scots-Irish, that resented the way that the Eastern part of the state dominated political affairs. They believed that the tax money was being unevenly distributed. Many of its members joined the American Revolutionists. | 74 | |
| 215976847 | Pontiac's Rebellion | 1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed. | 75 | |
| 215976848 | Proclamation of 1763 | A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east. | 76 | |
| 215976849 | Patrick Henry | a leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies (1736-1799) | 77 | |
| 215976850 | Stamp Act Congress | A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act.It adopted a Declaration of Rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance. | 78 | |
| 215976851 | Sons of Liberty | A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere. | 79 | |
| 215976852 | Daughters of Liberty | This orginization supported the boycott of British goods. They urged Americans to wear homemade fabrics and produce other goods that were previously available only from Britain. They believed that way, the American colonies would become economically independent. | 80 | |
| 215976853 | Samuel Adams | Massachusetts Revolutionary leader and propagandist who organized opposition to British policies after 1764; radical member of Sons of Liberty, worried that violence of group would discredit it; proposed united plea for repeal of Townshend Duties and another pan-colonial congress; circulated his own exaggerated version of events around colonies | 81 | |
| 215976854 | Declaratory Act | Passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act, the Declaratory Act stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases. Parliament continually legislated for the colonies in order to control the colonies. | 82 | |
| 215976855 | Quartering Act | March 24, 1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies. | 83 | |
| 215976856 | Townshend Acts | In 1767, these acts put a light import duty on such things as glass, lead, paper, and tea. The acts met slight protest from the colonists, who found ways around the taxes such as buying smuggled tea. Due to its small profits, the Townshend Acts were repealed in 1770, except for the tax on tea. The tax on tea was kept to keep alive the principle of Parliamentary taxation. | 84 | |
| 215976857 | Boston Massacre | British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them. Five colonists were killed. The colonists blamed the British and the Sons of Liberty and used this incident as an excuse to promote the Revolution. | 85 | |
| 215976858 | Massachusetts Circular Letter | The work primarily of Boston radical Samuel Adams, this was a plea to all colonial assemblies to unite in their protests against the hated Townshend Acts (1767). The British government viewed the letter as a direct challenge to Parliament's authority to rule the colonies ended the legislative session. | 86 | |
| 215976859 | John Adams | America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained." | 87 | |
| 215976860 | John Dickinson | Drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts. | 88 | |
| 215976861 | Writs of Assistance | It was part of the Townshend Acts. It said that the customs officers could inspect a ship's cargo without giving a reason. Colonists protested that the Writs violated their rights as British citizens. | 89 | |
| 215976862 | Gaspee Incident | In June, 1772, the British customs ship Gaspée ran around off the colonial coast. When the British went ashore for help, colonials boarded the ship and burned it. They were sent to Britain for trial. | 90 | |
| 215976863 | Tea Act | Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies - undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party | 91 | |
| 215976864 | Boston Tea Party | demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor | 92 | |
| 215976865 | Coercive Acts | This series of laws were very harsh laws that intended to make Massachusetts pay for its resistance. It also closed down the Boston Harbor until the Massachusetts colonists paid for the ruined tea. Also forced Bostonians to shelter soilders in their own homes. | 93 | |
| 215976866 | Quebec Act | designed to facilitate the incorporation of French Canadians into British America; Colonists feared a precedent had been established in the nonrepresentative government in Quebec; they resented the expansion of Quebec's territory, which they had been denied access by the Proclamation of 1763; they were offended by the Crown's recognition of Catholicism, since most Americans were Protestants | 94 | |
| 215976867 | First Continental Congress | September 1774, delegates from twelve colonies sent representatives to Philadelphia to discuss a response to the Intolerable Acts | 95 | |
| 215976868 | Committees of Correspondence | Committees of Correspondence, organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams, was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. | 96 | |
| 215976869 | Battles of Lexington and Concord | The Battles of Lexington and Concord initiated the Revolutionary War between the American colonists and the British. British sent troops to Concord to stop the colonists who were loading arms. The next day, on April 19, 1775, the first shots were fired in Lexington, starting the war. The battles resulted in a British retreat to Boston where on the walk home, the majority of British casualties occured. | 97 | |
| 215976870 | Olive Branch Petition | On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances. It was rejected by Parliament | 98 | |
| 215976871 | Thomas Paine | Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. Common Sense became very popular and even had a few rebuttal writings. | 99 | |
| 215976872 | George Washington | He had led troops (rather unsuccessfully) during the French and Indian War, and had surrendered Fort Necessity to the French. He was appointed commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, and was much more successful in this second command, although he was still mediocre. He became president after the war. | 100 | |
| 215976873 | Declaration of Independence | The document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain. Most of the document was written by Tommy Jefferson | 101 | |
| 215976874 | Continental Army | The official army of the colonies, created by second continental congress and led by George Washington | 102 | |
| 215976875 | Battle of Trenton | December 25th. Washington crosses Deleware River and takes advantage of he Hessains. Becuase they were celebrating Christmas. He takes the Hessains by suprise and its a victory for the Continental Army. | 103 | |
| 215976876 | Fort Ticonderoga | Brit. gunpowder taken by Ethan Allan & Benedict Arnold, completely surprised. | 104 | |
| 215976877 | Franco-American Alliance | France agreed to fund the American effort and send troops, fearing that the Americans would sign the British agreement allowing them to have limited autonomy. French entered the war against England | 105 | |
| 215976878 | Battle of Saratoga | Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain. | 106 | |
| 215976879 | Benedict Arnold | He had been a Colonel in the Connecticut militia at the outbreak of the Revolution and soon became a General in the Continental Army. He won key victories for the colonies in the battles in upstate New York in 1777, and was instrumental in General Gates victory over the British at Saratoga. After becoming Commander of Philadelphia in 1778, he went heavily into debt, and in 1780, he was caught plotting to surrender the key Hudson River fortress of West Point to the British in exchange for a commission in the royal army. He is the most famous traitor in American history. | 107 | |
| 215976880 | General Cornwallis | 1783 - 1805, British military and political leader. Led British forces during the American Revolution. The British defeat culminated with Cornwallis's surrender at Yorktown in 1781. | 108 | |
| 215976881 | Battle of Yorktown | Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781. | 109 | |
| 215976882 | Peace of Paris 1783 | Signed on September 3, 1783, the treaty ending the Revolutionary War and recognizing American independence from Britain also established the border between Canada and the United States, fixed the western border at the Mississippi River, and ceded Florida to Spain, Congress agreed that loyalists would recommend to have their land returned and the loyalists would not be persecuted. | 110 |
