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| 90402780 | Catholic or Counter-Reformation | The movement in the 16th century within the Catholic church to reform itself as a result of the Protestant Reformation. | |
| 90402781 | Christopher Columbus | Italian explorer who claimed the island of San Salvador in the Bahamas for the king and queen of Spain. | |
| 90402782 | Church of England | Also known as the Anglican Church. | |
| 90402783 | Columbian exchange | The widespread exchange of animals, plants, germs, and peoples from Europe, Africa, and the Americas | |
| 90402784 | encomiendas | Grants awarding Indian labor to wealthy colonists. | |
| 90402785 | indentured servants | Young men and women, usually unemployed and poor, who were given free passage to America, plus basic needs such as food, shelter, and clothing, in exchange for labor, usually for four to seven years. | |
| 90402786 | joint-stock company | A business corporation that amassed the capital through sales of stock to investors. | |
| 90402787 | Kongo | The most powerful and highly centralized kingdom along the African coast in the 15th century. | |
| 90402788 | Mali | A leading power in the West African savanna during the 14th and 15th centuries | |
| 90402789 | New France | Areas in North America under French colonial rule. | |
| 90402790 | New Mexico | The Spanish colony in the upper Rio Grande Valley. | |
| 90402791 | New Netherland | Dutch colony in America. | |
| 90402792 | new slavery | Form of slavery initiated by Portugal where African slaves were forced to work on sugar plantations and were subjected to new extremes of dehumanization. | |
| 90402793 | Plymouth | Colony established by English emigrants, half of which were Puritans. They sailed across the Atlantic on the Mayflower and signed the Mayflower Compact. | |
| 90402794 | pre-destination | The belief that God predestined most sinful humans to hell, saving only a few in order to demonstrate his power and grace. | |
| 90402795 | Protestant Reformation | A movement led by Martin Luther in the 16th century in which people split from the Catholic church. | |
| 90402796 | Puritans | Militant Calvinists who insisted that membership in a congregation be limited to those who had had a conversion experience and that each congregation be independent of other congregations and of the Anglican hierarchy | |
| 90402797 | Renaissance | An era of intense artistic creativity in Europe after the Middle Ages. | |
| 90402798 | St. Augustine, Florida | City in Florida where Spain established the first lasting European post in North America in 1565. | |
| 90402799 | Virginia | North American colony established by the British. | |
| 90404957 | Act for Religious Toleration | Passed in 1649, it affirmed religious toleration in Maryland. It was also know as the Toleration Act. | |
| 90404958 | Anne Hutchinson | A member of the Boston congregation who publicly criticized the clergy for judging prospective church members on the basis of "good works" - the Catholic standard for salvation that Protestants had criticized since Reformation. | |
| 90404959 | beaver wars | Series of conflicts among the members of the Iroquois nation in a quest for pelts and captives who could be adopted into Iroquois families to replace the dead. | |
| 90404960 | John Winthrop | Governor of Massachusetts Bay colony who wrote "A Model of Christian Charity". | |
| 90404961 | King Philip's War | War in 1675 between the Wampanoags and the Plymouth colonists, which was ignited by the hanging of three Wampanoags for killing a Christian Indian. | |
| 90404962 | Lord Baltimore | Catholic nobleman who received a proprietary grant from Charles I for a large tract of land north of the Potomac River and east of the Chesapeake Bay. | |
| 90404963 | A Model of Christian Charity | This spelled out the Massachusetts Bay colony's social and political ideals. It declared that Massachusetts "shall be as a city upon a hill, the eyes of all people are upon us." The settlers would build a harmonious, godly community in which individuals would subordinate their personal interests to a higher purpose. The result would be an example for all the world and would particularly inspire England to live up to its role as God's "elect nation". | |
| 90404964 | New England Way | A set of official policies set by Puritan ministers to maintain order in the colony. | |
| 90404965 | patrons | The Dutch name for manor lords. | |
| 90404966 | Pequot War | War in 1637 between the colonists of Connecticut and the Pequot Indians. The colonists won, and they took over the Pequots' land. | |
| 90404967 | proprietary colony | A type of colony that is administered by proprietors, usually one or two English elites. | |
| 90404968 | Pueblo Revolt | The most successful Indian uprising in American history. Taos and Apache Indians attacked the homes of 70 Spanish colonists and killed all but two. | |
| 90404969 | Quakers | A religious sect that appealed strongly to men and women at the bottom of the economic ladder. They believed that the Holy Spirit or the "Inner Light" could inspire every soul. Mainstream Christians, by contrast, found any such claim of direct, personal communication to God highly dangerous. | |
| 90404970 | Restoration | Period when the English monarchy was restored after Oliver Cromwell's death and Charles II was crowned. | |
| 90404971 | Robert Cavelier de la Salle | An ambitious upper-class adventurer who descended the entire Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. When he reached the delta, La Salle formally claimed the entire Mississippi basin for Louis XIV, in whose honor he named the territory of Louisiana. | |
| 90404972 | Roger Williams | A minister who advocated complete separation of church and state and religious toleration. | |
| 90404973 | royal colony | A type of colony that is administered by a crown-appointed governor, who would appoint and dismiss leading gentlemen in the colony to an advisory council. | |
| 90404974 | William Penn | The proprietor of the last unallocated tract of American territory at the king's disposal. | |
| 90821379 | Benjamin Franklin | A skilled printer who had a zest for learning and new ideas. He later on devoted his life to science and public service. | |
| 90821380 | Covenant Chain | A series of treaties between the Iroquois and the colonists. Under these treaties, the Iroquois helped the colonies subjugate Indians whose lands the English wanted. | |
| 90821381 | Dominion of New England | Made up of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Plymouth | |
| 90821382 | English Bill of Rights | Under its terms, the crown was required to summon Parliament annually, sign all its bills, and respect traditional civil liberties. | |
| 90821383 | George Whitefield | A significant preacher during the Great Awakening. | |
| 90821384 | Glorious Revolution | Revolution of 1688 which resulted in the overthrow of James II by William of Orange | |
| 90821385 | Grand Settlement of 1701 | Treaty in which the Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy made peace with France and its Indian allies in exchange for access to western furs, and redefined their alliance with Britain to exclude military cooperation. | |
| 90821386 | James Oglethorpe | One of the trustees of the Georgia colony. He purchased land for the colony from Creek Indians, with whom he cultivated close ties. He founded the port of Savannah in 1733, and by 1740 twenty-eight hundred colonists had arrived. He was determined to keep slavery out of Georgia because slaves, he thought, degraded blacks, made whites lazy, and presented a terrible risk | |
| 90821387 | King George's War | Also known as the War of Austrian Succession. It started out as a conflict between Britain and Spain, but then escalated when France sided with Spain. | |
| 90821388 | King William's War | First in a series of European wars fought in part on North American soil. | |
| 90821389 | Leisler's Rebellion | Led by Captain Jacob Leisler, it was an uprising in New York in 1689 against the British. | |
| 90821390 | mercantilism | The theory that holds that each nation's power was measured by its wealth, especially in gold. To secure wealth, a country needed to maximize its sale of goods abroad in exchange for gold while minimizing foreign purchases paid for gold. | |
| 90821391 | Middle Passage | The journey from Africa to America. | |
| 90821392 | Navigation Acts | A series of laws which governed commerce between England and its colonies. | |
| 90821393 | Protestant Association | Association formed by John Coode and three others to secure Maryland for William and Mary. | |
| 90821394 | Queen Anne's War | War in 1702 between England versus France and Spain. | |
| 90821395 | Stono Rebellion | A slave uprising in 1739 in South Carolina. | |
| 90821396 | Tuscarora War | War in the Carolinas from 1711 through 1713 between the Tuscarora Indians and the colonists. | |
| 90821397 | Walking Purchase | William Penn's sons produced a patently fraudulent "deed," which alleged that the Delawares had agreed in 1686 to sell their land as far westward as a man could walk in a day and a half. After selling much of the land to settlers and speculators in a lottery and hiring two men to rehearse the walk, the Penns in 1737 sent the two men to an "official" walk. The men covered 64 miles, meaning that the Delawares had to hand over an additional twelve hundred square miles of land. | |
| 90821398 | Yamasee War | A series of attacks from 1715-1716 led by Catawbas, Creeks, and other Indian allies on English trading houses and settlements. Only by enlisting the aid of the Cherokee Indians, and allowing four hundred slaves to bear arms, did the colony crush the uprising. | |
| 90822627 | Albany Congress | When representatives of the seven colonies met to talk about relations with the Native Americans. They delegates also endorsed a proposal for a colonial federation, the Albany Plan of the Union, based on the ideas of Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Hutchinson. | |
| 90822628 | Boston Massacre | It happened on March 5, 1770 when an angry crowd of poor and working-class Bostonians protested a British soldier's abusive treatment a few hours earlier of a Boston apprentice who was trying to collect a debt from the officer. Shots rang out, and as a result, four Bostonians lay dead, and seven more were wounded, one mortally. | |
| 90822629 | committees of correspondence | Linked almost every interior community to Boston through a networks of dedicated activists. Members were responsible for exchanging information and coordinating measures to defend colonial rights. | |
| 90822630 | Common Sense | A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that advocated freedom from British rule. | |
| 90822631 | Continental Congress | Group of representatives appointed by the legislatures of a dozen North American colonies of Great Britain. | |
| 90822632 | Declaration of Independence | Proposed by the Second Continental Congress, this document proclaimed independence of the Thirteen Colonies from British rule. | |
| 90822633 | Declaratory Act | This affirmed parliamentary power to legislate for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever". | |
| 90822634 | George III | King of Great Britain from 1760-1820. | |
| 90822635 | George Washington | American military leader and the first President of the United States (1789-1797). Commander of the American forces in the Revolutionary War (1775-1783), he presided over the Second Constitutional Convention (1787) and was elected President of the fledgling country (1789). He shunned partisan politics and in his farewell address (1796) warned against foreign involvement. | |
| 90822636 | Intolerable Acts | A series of laws that was made up of the Boston Port Bill, the Massachusetts Government Act, the Administration of Justice Act, the Quartering Act, plus the unrelated Quebec Act. Intended by the British Parliament to simply punish Massachusetts, the acts instead pushed most colonies to the brink of rebellion. | |
| 90822637 | Lord Dunmore's Proclamation | In November 1775, Virginia's governor, Lord Dunmore, promised freedom to any able-bodied male slave who enlisted in the cause of restoring royal authority. | |
| 90822638 | Lord Dunmore's War | War between Virginians and the Shawnee and Mingo Indians in 1774. The two forces met at Point Pleasant on the Virginia side of the Ohio River, and the Indians were defeated. During the peace conference that followed, Virginia gained uncontested rights to lands south of the Ohio in exchange for its claims on the northern side. | |
| 90822639 | Olive Branch Petition | A "loyal message" to King George III from the Second Continental Congress that presented three demands: a cease-fire at Boston, repeal of the Coercive Acts, and negotiations to establish guarantees of American rights. | |
| 90822640 | Proclamation of 1763 | This was issued by George III to assert direct British control of land transaction, settlement, trade, and other activities of non-Indians west of the Proclamation line along the Appalachian crest. | |
| 90822641 | Revenue Act | Also known as Townshend duties, it was passed in June and July 1767, and it taxed glass, paint, lead, paper, and team imported to the colonies from England. | |
| 90822642 | Sons of Liberty | Groups that the Stamp Act and often rebelled by destroying the property of the elites. | |
| 90822643 | Stamp Act | This obliged colonists to purchase and use special stamped (watermarked) paper for newspapers, customs documents, various licenses, college diplomas, and legal forms used for recovering debts, buying land, and making wills. | |
| 90822644 | Sugar Act | This amended the Molasses Act of 1733. It reduced tax on molasses to three-pence per gallon. | |
| 90822645 | Tea Act | Eliminated all remaining import duties on tea entering England and thus lowered the selling price to customers. | |
| 97320148 | Abigail Adams | John Adams' wife. She made clear that, besides participating in boycotts and spinning bees, women recognized that colonists' arguments against arbitrary British rule also applied to gender relations. | |
| 97320149 | Alexander McGillivray | Creek Indian leader who secretly negotiated a treaty in which Spain promised weapons so that the Creeks could protect themselves "from the Bears and other fierce Animals." | |
| 97320150 | Articles of Confederation | Government that focused more on states' rights. It reserved to each state "its sovereignty, freedom and independence." | |
| 97320151 | Battle of Saratoga | A turning point in the American Revolution. The American victory in this battle convinced France that Americans could win the war, and it allied itself with the Americans. | |
| 97320152 | Battle of Yorktown | The battle in Virginia when Lord Cornwallis surrendered to George Washington. | |
| 97320153 | checks and balances | designed to prevent one branch of government from dominating the other two | |
| 97320154 | Constitution of the United States | Reconciled the conflicting interests of large and small states, and stated the laws of the United States | |
| 97320155 | federalism | shared power and dual lawmaking by the national and state governments | |
| 97320156 | The Federalist | A series of 85 newspaper essays penned by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. It defended the rights of political minorities against majority tyranny, and it prevented a stubborn minority from blocking well-considered measures that the majority believed necessary for the national interest. | |
| 97320157 | James Madison | One of the delegates of the Articles of Federation, he introduced the Virginia Plan and played a central role in the Constitution's adoption. | |
| 97320158 | Joseph Brant | Mohawk chief who supported the British. | |
| 97320159 | loyalists | Colonists who retained a profound reverence for the British crown and believed that if they failed to defend their king, they would sacrifice their personal honor. | |
| 97320160 | New Jersey Plan | A counterproposal to the Virginia Plan, it recommended a single-chamber congress in which each state had an equal vote, just as the Articles. | |
| 97320161 | Northwest Ordinance | Defined the steps for the creation and admission of new states. It designated the area north of the Ohio River as the Northwest Territory and provided for its later division into states. It forbade slavery while the region remained a territory, although citizens could legalize the institution after statehood. | |
| 97320162 | Ordinance of 1785 | Established uniform procedures for surveying land north of the Ohio River. The law established a township six miles square as the basic unit of settlement. Every township would be subdivided into 36 sections of 640 acres each, one of which would be reserved as a source of income for schools. It imposed an arbitrary grid of straight lines and right angles across the landscape that conformed to European-American notions of private property while utterly ignoring the land's natural features. | |
| 97320163 | Prince Hall | One of the most prominent free blacks to emerge during the Revolutionary period. Born a slave, Hall received his freedom in 1770 and immediately took a leading role among Boston blacks protesting slavery. | |
| 97320164 | separation of powers | Each branch of government has separate powers from one another. | |
| 97320165 | three-fifths clause | Allowed three-fifths of all slaves to be counted for congressional representation and, thereby, in the Electoral College that selected the president. | |
| 97320166 | Treaty of Paris | A treaty signed in 1783 when the British recognized American independence and agreed to withdraw all royal troops from the colonies. | |
| 97320167 | Virginia Plan | Called for the establishment of a strong central government rather than a federation of states. It gave Congress virtually unrestricted rights of legislation and taxation and power to veto any state law, and authority to use military force against the states. It specified a bicameral legislature and fixed representation in both houses of Congress proportionally to each state's population. | |
| 97320168 | Alexander Hamilton | Secretary of Treasury under President George Washington | |
| 97320169 | Alien and Sedition Acts | A series of laws passed in 1798 designed to protect national security. | |
| 97320170 | Alta California | present-day American state of California | |
| 97320171 | Bill of Rights | the first ten amendments of the Constitution | |
| 97320172 | Citizen Genet | French minister to the United States. He was ordered to mobilize republican sentiment in support of France, enlist American mercenaries to conquer Spanish territories and attack British shipping, and strengthen the French-American alliance. | |
| 97320173 | Election of 1796 | Federalist John Adams won by three votes, and as the second-highest vote-getter in the electoral college, Thomas Jefferson became vice president. | |
| 97320174 | election of 1800 | Presidential election where Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams. | |
| 97320175 | Fugitive Slave Law | Required judges to award possession of an escaped slave upon any formal request by a master or his representative | |
| 97320176 | Gabriel's Rebellion | A planned slave rebellion in Richmond led by Gabriel, a slave. The plan leaked out just before the march, and authorities rounded up the participants and executed thirty-five of them, including Gabriel. | |
| 97320177 | Indian Trade and Intercourse Acts | These laws prohibited transfers of tribal lands to outsiders except as authorized in formal treaties or by Congress. Other provisions regulated the conduct of non-Indians on lands still under tribal control. To regulate intercultural trade and reduce abuses, the acts required that traders be licensed by the federal government. The law also defined murder and other abuses committed by non-Indians as federal offenses. Finally, the legislation authorized the federal government to establish programs that would "promote civilization" among Native Americans as a replacement for traditional culture. | |
| 97320178 | Jay's Treaty | This treaty gave the Americans access to West Indian markets for small American ships, but only by bargaining away other American complaints as well as US rights to load cargoes of sugar, molasses, and coffee from French colonies during wartime. | |
| 97320179 | Judiciary Act | This act established in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures. | |
| 97320180 | Kentucky Resolution | Written by Jefferson, it declared that ultimate sovereignty rested with the states, which empowered them to "nullify" federal laws to which they objected. | |
| 97320181 | Quasi-War | Franco-American naval conflict in the Caribbean from 1798-1800 where the US forces seized 93 French privateers while losing just one vessel. | |
| 97320182 | Report on a National Bank | Hamilton's report that proposed for a Bank of the United States | |
| 97320183 | Reports on the Public Credit | Hamilton's report that contained recommendations that would at once strengthen the country's credit, enable it to defer paying its debt, and entice wealthy investors to place their capital at its service | |
| 97320184 | republican motherhood | Emphasized the importance of educating white women in the values of liberty and independence in order to strengthen virtue in the new nation. It was the republican duty of mothers to inculcate these values in their sons—the nation's future leaders—as well as their daughters. | |
| 97320185 | Treaty of Greenville | opened most of modern-day Ohio and a portion of Indiana to white settlement and ended US-Indian hostilities in the region for 16 years | |
| 97320186 | Treaty of San Lorenzo | Also called Pinckney's Treaty, it won westerners the right of unrestricted, duty-free access to world markets via the Mississippi River. | |
| 97320187 | Virginia Resolution | Written by Madison, it declared that state legislatures had never surrendered their right to judge the constitutionality of federal actions and that they retained an authority called interposition, which enabled them to protect the liberties of their citizens. | |
| 97320188 | Whiskey Rebellion | A civil insurrection in 1794 where 100 men attacked a US marshal serving 60 delinquent taxpayers with summonses to appear in court at Philadelphia. A crowd of 500 burned the chief revenue officer's house after a shootout with federal soldiers assigned to protect him | |
| 97320659 | Adams-Onís (Transcontinental) Treaty | The agreement in 1819 between Spain and the US where Spain ceded East Florida to the United States, renounced its claims to West Florida, and agreed to a southern border of the United States west of the Mississippi that ran north along the Sabine River (separating Texas from Louisiana) and then westward along the Red and Arkansas Rivers to the Rocky Mountains, finally following the forty-second parallel to the Pacific. In effect, the United States conceded that Texas was not part of the Louisiana Purchase, while Spain agreed to a northern limit to its claims to the West Coast. It thereby left the United States free to pursue its interests in Oregon. | |
| 97320660 | Andrew Jackson | American general, and later President, who was known for his ferocity as an Indian fighter. He and his men defeated the British in the Battle of New Orleans. | |
| 97320661 | Embargo Act of 1807 | This law prohibited vessels from leaving American ports for foreign ports. Technically, it prohibited only exports, but its practical effect was to stop imports as well, for few foreign ships would venture into American ports if they had to leave without cargo. | |
| 97320662 | Era of Good Feelings | The era during President James Monroe's terms, from 1817-1825. The phrase "Era of Good Feelings" reflects not only the war's elimination of some divisive issues but also Monroe's conscious effort to avoid political controversies. | |
| 97320663 | impressments | Forcing civilians into military service. | |
| 97320664 | James Madison | He was elected President of the United States in 1808. | |
| 97320665 | John Marshall | Chief Justice who was really the first to establish and assert the powers of the Supreme Court. | |
| 97320666 | John Quincy Adams | The Secretary of State under James Monroe who helped strengthen ties with Great Britain. He was the son of President John Adams, and he became the President in 1825. | |
| 97320667 | Lewis and Clark expedition | Expedition led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the Louisiana Territory. Jefferson instructed Lewis to trace the Missouri River to its source, cross the western highlands, and follow the best water route to the Pacific. He ordered Lewis to learn about Indian languages and customs, climate, plants, birds, reptiles, and insects. | |
| 97320668 | Louisiana Purchase | When the United States bought the Louisiana Territory (the area from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains) from France in 1803 for $15 million. The purchase virtually doubled the area of the United States at a cost, omitting interest, of thirteen and one-half cents an acre. | |
| 97320669 | Marbury v.Madison | This court case ruled that, although Madison should have delivered Marbury's commission, he was under no legal obligation to do so because part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 that had granted the Court the authority to issue such a writ, was unconstitutional. | |
| 97320670 | McCulloch v. Maryland | The court case that ruled that States could not interfere with the exercise of federal powers. A tax by Maryland on the Baltimore branch of the Second Bank of the United States was plainly unconstitutional, according to this rule. | |
| 97320671 | Missouri Compromise | This stated that in order to balance the number of free and slave states, Congress in 1820 admitted Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state; to forestall a further crisis, it also prohibited slavery in the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase north of 36°30'—the southern boundary of Missouri. | |
| 97320672 | Monroe Doctrine | The doctrine which proclaimed three key principles: that unless American interests were involved, U.S. policy was to abstain from European wars; that the "American continents" were not "subjects for future colonization by any European power"; and that the United States would construe any attempt at European colonization in the New World as an "unfriendly act." | |
| 97320673 | Sacajawea | Indian girl who accompanied Lewis and Clark during their expedition | |
| 97320674 | Tecumseh | The Shawnee leader who sought to unite several tribes in Ohio and the Indiana Territory against American settlers. | |
| 97320675 | Tenskwatawa | Tekumseh's brother who was looked down on by fellow Shawnees as a drunken mischief. Later on, he gave up liquor and began tearful preaching to surrounding tribes to return to their old ways and to avoid contact with whites. He quickly became known as the Prophet. | |
| 97320676 | Treaty of Ghent | Signed on Christmas Eve 1814, it restored the status quo ante bellum (the state of things before the war); the United States neither gained nor lost territory. Several additional issues, including fixing a boundary between the United States and Canada, were referred to joint commissions for future settlement. Nothing was done about impressment, but the end of the war in Europe made neutral rights a dead issue. | |
| 97320677 | war hawks | Militant Republicans who demanded more aggressive policies. |
