Terms : Hide Images
| 7463040256 | Jamestown | The first successful settlement in the Virginia colony founded in May, 1607. Harsh conditions nearly destroyed the colony but in 1610 supplies arrived with a new wave of settlers. The settlement became part of the Virginia Company of London in 1620. The population remained low due to lack of supplies until agriculture was solidly established. Jamestown grew to be a prosperous shipping port when John Rolfe introduced tobacco as a major export and cash crop. | 0 | |
| 7463042856 | Columbian Exchange | refers to a period of cultural and biological exchanges between the New and Old Worlds. Exchanges of plants, animals, diseases and technology transformed European and Native American ways of life. Disease killed millions of natives, while new foods brought from the Americas sustained larger populations in Europe. | 1 | |
| 7463042857 | Encomienda system | created by the Spanish to control and regulate American Indian labor and behavior during the colonization of the Americas. It's a dependency relation system, where the stronger people fed/protected the weakest in exchange for a labor/slavery. | 2 | |
| 7463045896 | Roanoke Colony | - First attempt by British (Sir Walter Raleigh) to settle North America in 1587 that failed. Before Jamestown and Plymouth were settled, Roanoke Island, NC played host to the first English-speaking colonists in America, but when ships returned to resupply the 100 man settlement, they were mysteriously gone. | 3 | |
| 7463050203 | Louisiana | Area that was named after Louis XIV when French explores ventured into the area from the mouth of the Mississippi River. | 4 | |
| 7463057239 | Ecomienda system | The birth of this type of "system" was initially developed by Portugal to drive their sugar trade off the coast of Africa which gave rise to institutionalized slavery, which Portugal dominated during the 15th century. The Spanish use of it, for which it is most famous, grew out of the Portuguese prototype and was implemented to control and regulate American Indian labor and behavior during the colonization of the Americas. This system of domination was gradually off set by the introduction of African slave labor, which combined with mineral wealth, lead to Spain becoming the richest European nation in the sixteenth century | 5 | |
| 7463060480 | Mestizo | is a term traditionally used in Spain and Spanish America to mean a person of combined European and Native American descent | 6 | |
| 7463060481 | The Mayflower Compact | The first governing document of Plymouth Colony written by the Pilgrims on the Mayflower prior to landing in Massachusetts establishing themselves as a political society and setting guidelines for self-government. Decisions by the will of the majority. | 7 | |
| 7463064135 | The House of Burgesses | America's Oldest Legislative Assembly. The first legislative assembly of elected representatives in North America, governed in conjunction with a colonial governor and his council. | 8 | |
| 7463067520 | Acts of Toleration | Founded Maryland partly as a refuge for English Catholics. Sought enactment of the law to protect Catholic settlers and those of other religions that did not conform to the dominant Anglicanism of Britain and her colonies | 9 | |
| 7463067521 | Roger Williams | A Puritan, English Reformed theologian, and later a Reformed Baptist who was an early proponent of religious freedom and separation of church and state. He founded Rhode Island after being banished from Massachusetts for his religious beliefs. | 10 | |
| 7463070562 | William Penn | Founder of Pennsylvania, and an early advocate of democracy, religious freedom, and Quaker idealism. Under his direction, the city of Philadelphia was planned and developed. In 1681 King Charles II handed over a large piece of his American land holdings to William Penn to satisfy a debt the king owed to Penn's father | 11 | |
| 7463070563 | Bacon's Rebellion | An armed rebellion in 1676 by Virginia settlers against the rule of Governor William Berkeley. The colony's dismissive policy as it related to the political challenges of its western frontier, along with barring common colonists from the governor's inner circle, helped to motivate a popular uprising against Berkeley who had failed to address the demands of the colonists. | 12 | |
| 7463073601 | King Philip's War | An armed conflict between Native American inhabitants of present day New England and English colonists and their Native American allies in 1676. While England was preoccupied with a civil war, colonists were forced to handle their own problems which led to a sense of self-identity. | 13 | |
| 7463073602 | Fundamental Orders of Connecticut | First written constitution in US History: representative legislature elected by popular vote, and governor chosen by legislature. Considered by some as the first written Constitution in the Western tradition, and thus earned Connecticut its nickname of The Constitution State. | 14 | |
| 7463076217 | Mercantilism | The practice of enacting policies that established colonies as the providers of raw materials for parent country. Essentially, colonies existed to enrich parent country | 15 | |
| 7463076218 | Navigation Acts | Laws that monopolized trade with the colonies which effectively forced colonists to accept low prices for products, and pay high prices for manufactured goods. | 16 | |
| 7463080540 | Middle Passage | the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of Africans were shipped to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade. Millions died- an estimated 15% of all Africans shipped | 17 | |
| 7463080541 | John Locke | Influential philosopher that promoted the ideal that governments are bound to natural laws, sovereignty lies with the governed, not the governor, and that the governed have the responsibility to revolt if social contract is broken | 18 | |
| 7463084328 | Great Awakening | refers to several periods of religious revival in American religious history characterized by widespread revivals led by evangelical Protestant ministers, a sharp increase of interest in religion, a profound sense of conviction and redemption on the part of those affected, an increase in evangelical church membership, and the formation of new religious movements and denominations | 19 | |
| 7463086576 | Jonathan Edwards | a revivalist preacher who played a critical role in shaping the First Great Awakening. His most famous work was "Sinners in the hands of an Angry God," and he was also the grandfather of Aaron Burr, third Vice President of the United States, who shot and killed Alexander Hamilton. | 20 | |
| 7463088887 | Enlightenment | a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. | 21 | |
| 7537560991 | Stamp Act | An act of the British Parliament in 1756 that exacted revenue from a direct tax on the American colonies by imposing a stamp duty on newspapers and legal and commercial documents. Colonial opposition led to the act's repeal in 1766 and helped encourage the revolutionary movement against the British Crown. | 22 | |
| 7537569249 | Declaratory Act | was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain, which accompanied the repeal of the Stamp Act 1765. The declaration stated that the Parliament's authority was the same in America as in Britain and asserted Parliament's authority to pass laws that were binding on the American colonies | 23 | |
| 7537569250 | Boston Massacre | an incident on March 5, 1770, in which British Army soldiers killed five male civilians and injured six others. The incident was heavily propagandized by leading Patriots, such as Paul Revere and Samuel Adams, to fuel animosity toward the British authorities | 24 | |
| 7537571461 | committees of correspondence | The first formal committee was established in Boston in 1764 . They were shadow governments organized by the Patriot leaders of the Thirteen Colonies on the eve of the American Revolution. They coordinated responses to England and shared their plans; by 1773 they had emerged as shadow governments. | 25 | |
| 7537571462 | Boston tea party | On the night of December 16, 1773, Samuel Adams and the Sons of Liberty boarded three ships in the Boston harbor and threw 342 chests of tea overboard.This resulted in the passage of the punitive Coercive Acts in 1774 and pushed the two sides closer to war | 26 | |
| 7537573879 | Coercive / Intolerable Acts | were the American Patriots' term for a series of punitive laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 after the Boston Tea Party. They were meant to punish the Massachusetts colonists for their defiance in throwing a large tea shipment into Boston Harbor. | 27 | |
| 7537576688 | Pontiac's rebellion | was a war that was launched in 1763 by a loose confederation of elements of Native American tribes primarily from the Great Lakes region, the Illinois Country, and Ohio Country who were dissatisfied with British postwar policies in the Great Lakes region after the French Indian War | 28 | |
| 7537576689 | Proclamation of 1763 | was issued October 7, 1763, by King George III following Great Britain's acquisition of French territory in North America after the end of the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War, which forbade all settlement past a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains. | 29 | |
| 7537578944 | Seven Years War / French and Indian Wars | was a world war fought between 1754 and 1763, the main conflict occurring in the seven-year period from 1756 to 1763. The French and Indian War (1754-1763) comprised the North American theatre of the worldwide Seven Years' War of 1756-1763. The war pitted the colonies of British America against those of New France, with both sides supported by military units from their parent countries of Great Britain and France, as well as by Native American allies. The costly expense of the war would mark a shift in how the British ruled its colonies from a pre-war stance of relative indifference that permitted colonial autonomy, to one of direct intervention so as to alleviate their massive war debt. | 30 | |
| 7537578945 | John-Jacques Rousseau | - His political philosophy, particularly his formulation of social contract theory and ideals of popular sovereignty, influenced the Enlightenment across Europe, as well as aspects of the American and French Revolutions and the overall development of modern political and educational thought | 31 | |
| 7537585983 | Continental Congress | a meeting of delegates from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies that met on September 5 to October 26, 1774 at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, early in the American Revolution. The Congress met briefly to consider options, including an economic boycott of British trade; rights and grievances; and petitioned King George III for redress of those grievances | 32 | |
| 7537585984 | Olive Branch Petition | drafted on July 5, 1775, was a letter to King George III, from members of the Second Continental Congress, which represents the last attempt by the moderate party in North America to avoid a war of independence against Britain. | 33 | |
| 7537589403 | Declaration of Independence | defined as the formal statement written by Thomas Jefferson declaring the freedom of the thirteen American colonies from Great Britain. An example of the Declaration of Independence was the document adopted at the Second Continental Congress on July 4th, 1776. | 34 | |
| 7537589404 | Lexington and Concord | The first battle of the Revolutionary War, fought in Massachusetts on April 19, 1775, when British troops had moved from Boston toward Lexington and Concord to seize the colonists' military supplies and arrest revolutionaries. | 35 | |
| 7537591836 | Battle of Saratoga | A major battle of the Revolutionary War, fought in 1777 in northern New York state. Benedict Arnold, who had not yet turned traitor, was a leader of the American offensive, which forced the surrender of British troops under General John Burgoyne. As a result France, Spain, and Holland aided the Americans. | 36 | |
| 7537591837 | Battle of Yorktown | The last major battle of the Revolutionary War, fought in 1781 near the seacoast of Virginia. There the British general Lord Cornwallis surrendered his army to your boy, General George Washingtone. | 37 | |
| 7537591838 | Edward Thompson | a self-proclaimed prophet that ordered SDI satellites orbiting the earth to strike down the Continental Army. When mortally wounded in the Battle of Yorktown he ordered his troops to find his cell phone and call 911. Of course he didn't have a cell phone in 1781, so he died moments later. | 38 | |
| 7537594704 | Articles of Confederation | An agreement among the thirteen original states, approved in 1781, that provided a loose federal government before the present Constitution went into effect in 1789. | 39 | |
| 7537594705 | Thomas Paine's Common Sense | - a very influential pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1775-76 advocating independence from Great Britain to people in the Thirteen Colonies | 40 | |
| 7537599383 | Shay's Rebellion | An uprising led by a former militia officer, Daniel Shays, which broke out in western Massachusetts in 1786. Shays's followers protested the foreclosures of farms for debt and briefly succeeded in shutting down the court system. It influenced the elite to seek a more powerful central government, as the one in place proved impotent to address the unrest in Massachusetts. | 41 | |
| 7690419821 | James Madison | A leader in the drafting of the Constitution,(known as the "Father of the Constitution" he worked tirelessly for its adoption by the states, contributing several essays to The Federalist Papers. He served as president from 1809 to 1817, after Thomas Jefferson. | 42 | |
| 7690419822 | The Federalist papers | a collection of 85 articles and essays written (under the pseudonym Publius) by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution. | 43 | |
| 7690422529 | Alien and Sedition Acts | were four bills passed by the Federalist-dominated 5th United States Congress and signed into law by President John Adams in 1798. Although they were aimed at making the Federalists more powerful, their blatant disregard for the 1st Amendment led to a public uproar that brought about the demise of the party. | 44 | |
| 7690422602 | Constitutional Convention (Philadelphia) | The gathering that drafted the Constitution of the United States in 1787; all states were invited to send delegates. The convention, meeting in Philadelphia, designed a government with separate legislative, executive, and judicial branches. | 45 | |
| 7690425650 | Checks and balances | counterbalancing influences by which an organization or system is regulated, typically those ensuring that political power is not concentrated in the hands of individuals or groups. | 46 | |
| 7690425651 | Virginia Plan | a plan, unsuccessfully proposed at the Constitutional Convention, providing for a legislature with proportional representation i and executive and judicial branches to be chosen by the legislature. | 47 | |
| 7690425652 | New Jersey Plan | a plan, unsuccessfully proposed at the Constitutional Convention, providing for a single legislative house with equal representation for each state. Compare Connecticut Compromise, Virginia plan. | 48 | |
| 7690429092 | Connecticut Plan; Great Compromise | Great Compromise- a compromise adopted at the Constitutional Convention, providing the states with equal representation in the Senate and proportional representation in the House of Representatives. | 49 | |
| 7690429093 | 3/5 Compromise | The Three-Fifths Compromise outlined the process for states to count slaves as part of the population in order to determine representation and taxation for the federal government. Slaves would be counted as 3/5 of a person. | 50 | |
| 7690431958 | Whiskey Rebellion | also known as the Whiskey Insurrection, was a tax protest in the United States beginning in 1791, during the presidency of George Washington. The so-called "whiskey tax" was the first tax imposed on a domestic product by the newly formed federal government. | 51 | |
| 7690431959 | Revolution of 1800 | referred to as the "Revolution of 1800," Vice President Thomas Jefferson defeated President John Adams. The election was a realigning election that ushered in a generation of Democratic-Republican Party rule and the eventual demise of the Federalist Party in the First Party System | 52 | |
| 7690434406 | XYZ Affair | a political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, early in the administration of John Adams, involving a confrontation between the United States and Republican France over allegations of bribery that led to an undeclared war called the Quasi-War. | 53 | |
| 7690434407 | Bill of Rights | first 10 amendments of the Constitution | 54 | |
| 7690437023 | Republican motherhood | a historical term for an attitude toward women's domestic roles present in the emerging United States before, during, and after the American Revolution. If the new republic were to succeed, women must be schooled in virtue so they could teach their children. | 55 | |
| 7690437024 | Louisiana Purchase | With the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the United States purchased approximately 828,000,000 square miles of territory from France, thereby doubling the size of the young republic | 56 | |
| 7690438626 | Tecumseh | American Indian chief of the Shawnee tribe. He attempted to unite western Indian tribes against the White people, but was defeated at Tippecanoe (1811). He was killed while fighting for the British in the War of 1812. | 57 | |
| 7690461968 | Battle of Tippecanoe | a conflict between the confederacy of native warriors led by Tecumseh, a Shawnee tribe member, and United States armed forces under the leadership of General William Henry Harrison. | 58 | |
| 7690465131 | John Marshall | The 4th, and longest-serving Chief Justice in U.S. Supreme Court history, Marshall dominated the Court for over three decades (34 years) and played a significant role in the development of the American legal system. Most notably, he reinforced the principle that federal courts are obligated to exercise judicial review, and worked to ensure a stronger federal government. | 59 | |
| 7690465132 | The "Marshall Court" | refers to the Supreme Court of the United States from 1801 to 1835, when John Marshall served as the fourth Chief Justice of the United States.The Marshall Court played a major role in increasing the power of the judicial branch, as well as the power of the national government. | 60 | |
| 7690468370 | Judicial review | review by the US Supreme Court of the constitutional validity of a legislative act. | 61 | |
| 7690471169 | Marbury v Madison | a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution. | 62 | |
| 7690471170 | Battle of New Orleans | American victory in a battle that never had to happen. American forces under General Andrew Jackson defeated British forces on January 8, 1815, several weeks after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent, which had officially ended the War of 1812. | 63 | |
| 7690475206 | Hartford Convention | a series of meetings from December 15, 1814 - January 5, 1815 in Hartford, Connecticut, in which the New England Federalist Party met to discuss their grievances concerning the ongoing War of 1812 and the political problems arising from the federal government's increasing power. There were even radical outcries among Federalists for New England secession and a separate peace with Great Britain. | 64 | |
| 7690477715 | Lewis and Clark Expedition | A journey made by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson, to explore the American Northwest, newly purchased from France, and some territories beyond. | 65 | |
| 7872235718 | Era of Good Feelings | the name applied to the period in the United States corresponding with the term of President James Monroe, from 1817 to 1825 when there was one political party and a sense of national purpose. | 66 | |
| 7872233212 | Henry Clay's American System | consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: a tariff to protect and promote American industry; a national bank to foster commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements" to develop profitable markets for agriculture. | 67 | |
| 7872233213 | Panic of 1819 | he first major peacetime financial crisis in the United States caused by the 2nd Bank of the US, followed by a general collapse of the American economy persisting through 1821. | 68 | |
| 7872230187 | Eli Whitney's interchangeable parts | parts (components) that are, for practical purposes, identical. They are made to specifications that ensure that they are so nearly identical that they will fit into any assembly of the same type | 69 | |
| 7872230188 | Cotton gin | an invention of Eli Whitney that greatly increased the profitability of growing cotton. | 70 | |
| 7872228461 | Market revolution | a term used by historians to describe the expansion of the marketplace that occurred in early nineteenth-century America, prompted mainly by the construction of new roads and canals to connect distant communities together for the first time, and the growing dominance of factories. | 71 | |
| 7872228462 | McCulloch v Maryland | A U.S. Supreme Court case in which Chief Justice John Marshall established that the federal government has "implied powers" to carry out, without state interference, any and all rights given by the Constitution. | 72 | |
| 7872225816 | Missouri Compromise | an effort by Congress to defuse the sectional and political rivalries triggered by the request of Missouri late in 1819 for admission as a state in which slavery would be permitted. Maine was admitted to balance the addition of a slave state, and slavery was prohibited in new territories above the 36th parallel | 73 | |
| 7872225817 | Monroe Doctrine | a principle of US policy, originated by President James Monroe in 1823, that any intervention by external powers in the politics of the Americas (Western Hemisphere) is a potentially hostile act against the US. | 74 | |
| 7872223332 | Nativists | the political position of supporting a favored status for certain established inhabitants of a nation- particularly Protestants- as compared to claims of newcomers or immigrants. In times past they were adamantly anti-Catholic, while today they are critical of non-Western faiths, i.e., Donald Trump. | 75 | |
| 7872223333 | Tammany Hall | a Democratic political organization in New York City that drew heavily upon the patronage of Irish immigrants. Founded in 1789 as a fraternal benevolent society (Tammany Society), and associated especially in the late 1800s and early 1900s with corruption and abuse of power | 76 | |
| 7872221415 | King Cotton | The phrase King Cotton came to mean the reliance the American South had one its largest crop, and how that influenced major issues in American history. | 77 | |
| 7872221416 | Nat Turner | an enslaved African American who led a rebellion of slaves and free blacks in Southampton County, Virginia on August 21, 1831, that resulted in the deaths of 55 to 65 white people. | 78 | |
| 7872218350 | Denmark Vesey | He is notable as the accused and convicted ringleader of "the rising," a major potential slave revolt planned for the city in June 1822; he was executed. | 79 | |
| 7872218351 | Commonwealth v. Hunt | a case in the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court on the subject of legalizing labor unions. Prior to Hunt the legality of labor combinations in America was uncertain. | 80 | |
| 7872215987 | Cyrus McCormick | was an American inventor and founder of the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company, which became part of International Harvester Company in 1902. Contributed significantly to improving the output of agriculture with technology. | 81 | |
| 7872215988 | John Deere | American industrialist, manufacturer of agricultural implements, b. Rutland, Vt. He was one of the pioneers of the steel plow industry. A blacksmith by trade, he established (1837) a shop at Grand Detour, Ill. Contributed significantly to improving the output of agriculture with technology. | 82 | |
| 7872211544 | Irish Potato Famine | A famine in Ireland in the nineteenth century caused by the failure of successive potato crops in the 1840s. Many in Ireland starved, and many emigrated. More than a million Irish came to the United States during the famine. | 83 | |
| 7872211474 | Know-Nothing Party | - political party that was established with Protestant nativism sentiments to address the large influx of Irish and German immigrants, many who were Catholic. Because their platform was based largely upon hate, they met in private so as to shield their hater-negativity from public criticism. They planed how to vote in private, and when asked by an outsider about what their party advocated and their plans, members would shield their organization by replying that they "knew nothing." | 84 | |
| 7872211475 | Indian Removal Act | signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830, authorizing the president to grant unsettled lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders. A few tribes went peacefully, but many resisted the relocation policy. | 85 | |
| 7872180758 | Cherokee nation v. Georgia | a United States Supreme Court case. The Cherokee Nation sought a federal injunction against laws passed by the U.S. state of Georgia depriving them of rights within its boundaries, but the Supreme Court did not hear the case on its merits. It ruled that it had no original jurisdiction in the matter, as the Cherokees were a dependent nation, with a relationship to the United States like that of a "ward to its guardian," as said by Justice Marshall. | 86 | |
| 7872178713 | Trail of Tears | a series of forced removals of Native American nations from their ancestral homelands in the Southeastern United States to an area west of the Mississippi River that had been designated as Native Territory. | 87 | |
| 7872174161 | Nicholas Biddle | an American financier who served as the third and last president of the Second Bank of the United States. | 88 | |
| 7872174162 | Bank War | to the political struggle that developed over the issue of rechartering the Second Bank of the United States (BUS) during the Andrew Jackson administration (1829-1837). | 89 | |
| 7872172381 | Spoils system | in the politics of the United States, a spoils system (also known as a patronage system) is a practice in which a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its supporters, friends and relatives as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party—as opposed to a merit system, where offices are awarded on the basis of some measure of merit, independent of political activity. | 90 | |
| 7872172382 | Corrupt bargain | In the 1824 election, even though Jackson won the popular vote had had the most electoral points, without an absolute majority, the 12th Amendment dictated that the Presidential election be sent to the House of Representatives, whose Speakerand candidate in his own right, Henry Clay, gave his support to John Quincy Adams, and was then selected to be his Secretary of State. | 91 | |
| 7872169758 | Revolution of 1828 | The Election of 1828 was a transforming event from several perspectives. Andrew Jackson's victory broke the line of presidents from Virginia and Massachusetts, and to many citizens represented the triumph of the common man. | 92 | |
| 7872166658 | Peggy Eaton Affair | - Margaret O'Neale (Peggy) Eaton (1799-1879) was the wife of John Eaton, President Andrew Jackson's Secretary of War from 1829 to 1831, and the focus of a Washington sex scandal that divided the Jackson administration. The daughter of a Washington, D.C. tavern keeper, Peggy Eaton earned a reputation as a beauty. | 93 | |
| 7872166659 | Nullification crisis | ensued after South Carolina declared that the federal Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and therefore null and void within the sovereign boundaries of the state. | 94 | |
| 7872164109 | Whigs | a political party active in the middle of the 19th century in the United States that was started by henry Clay to stand up to "King Andrew" | 95 | |
| 7872164110 | "Log Cabin and Hard Cider Campaign" | he nickname given to William Henry Harrison's 1840 presidential campaign. Democrats characterized him as a man who preferred to sit in his log cabin and drink hard cider than run a country. | 96 | |
| 8345065425 | Utopian Communities | An ideally perfect place, especially in its social, political, and moral aspects. A work of fiction describing a utopia. An impractical, idealistic scheme for social and political reform. | 97 | |
| 8345063503 | Horace Mann | an American politician and educational reformer. A Whig devoted to promoting speedy modernization, he served in the Massachusetts State legislature. | 98 | |
| 8345063504 | Temperance | moderation in or abstinence from the use of alcoholic beverages | 99 | |
| 8344990655 | Cult of Domesticity | a prevailing value system among the upper and middle classes during the nineteenth century in the United States[2] and Great Britain. This value system emphasized new ideas of femininity, the woman's role within the home and the dynamics of work and family. The cult of domesticity revolved around the women being the center of the family; they were considered "The light of the home". | 100 | |
| 8344992589 | Mormons | a religious and cultural group related to Mormonism, the principal branch of the Latter Day Saint movement of Restorationist Christianity, which began with Joseph Smith in upstate New York during the 1820s who introduced the Book of Mormon which detailed the story of Jesus in America. | 101 | |
| 8345021089 | Liberia | African nation formed by Americans to serve the purpose of moving salves back to Africa | 102 | |
| 8344999789 | 2nd Great Awakening | a Protestant religious revival movement during the early 19th century in the United States. The movement began around 1790, gained momentum by 1800 and, after 1820, membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations whose preachers led the movement. | 103 | |
| 8345019414 | Frederick Douglas | an African-American social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman. After escaping from slavery in Maryland, he became a national leader of the abolitionist movement in Massachusetts and New York | 104 | |
| 8345019415 | Harriet Tubman | an American abolitionist, humanitarian, and an armed scout and spy for the United States Army during the American Civil War. Born into slavery, Tubman escaped and subsequently made some thirteen missions to rescue approximately seventy enslaved families and friends,using the network of antislavery activists and safe houses known as the Underground Railroad. | 105 | |
| 8345005988 | Henry David Thoreau | an American essayist, poet, philosopher, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, and historian. A leading transcendentalist,[2] Thoreau is best known for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay "Civil Disobedience" (originally published as "Resistance to Civil Government"), an argument for disobedience to an unjust state. | 106 | |
| 8345008736 | Ralph Waldo Emerson | an American essayist, lecturer, and poet who led the transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. | 107 | |
| 8345016603 | Antebellum | the pre-American Civil War period in the United States | 108 | |
| 8345012098 | Transcendentalism | a philosophical movement that developed in the late 1820s and 1830s in the eastern United States. It arose as a reaction to or protest against the general state of intellectualism and spirituality at the time | 109 | |
| 8345014427 | Romantic Movement | an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated towards the end of the 18th century. characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature | 110 | |
| 8344988155 | Seneca Falls Convention | the first women's rights convention. It advertised itself as "a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman". Held in Seneca Falls, New York, it spanned two days over July 19-20, 1848. They produced the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments, a document signed in 1848 by 68 women and 32 men—100 out of some 300 attendees at the first women's rights convention to be organized by women. | 111 | |
| 8345092749 | Manifest Destiny | a widely held belief in the United States that its settlers were destined to expand across North America. | 112 | |
| 8345092750 | Samuel Morse | Morse contributed to the invention of a single-wire telegraph system, and co-developer of the Morse code, and helped to develop the commercial use of telegraphy. | 113 | |
| 8345094704 | Wilmot Proviso | proposed by Congressman David Proviso as an American law to ban slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico in the Mexican War. The conflict over the proviso was one of the major events leading to the American Civil War. | 114 | |
| 8345096387 | Bear Flag Republic | short-lived, unrecognized breakaway state that, for twenty-five days in 1846, militarily controlled the area to the north of the San Francisco Bay in the present-day state of California | 115 | |
| 8345100242 | Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | the peace treaty signed on February 2, 1848, in the Villa de Guadalupe Hidalgo (now a neighborhood of Mexico City) between the United States and Mexico that ended the Mexican-American War (1846-48). It ceded large amounts of land from Mexico to the US. | 116 | |
| 8345100243 | Mexican Cession | a historical name in the United States for the region of the modern day southwestern United States that Mexico ceded to the U.S. in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. | 117 | |
| 8345102338 | Zachary Taylor | 12th President of the United States, serving from March 1849 until his death in July 1850. Before his presidency, Taylor was a career officer in the United States Army, rising to the rank of major general, and famous for his role in the Mexican-American War. | 118 | |
| 8345310031 | Free soil movement | a third party and a single-issue party that largely appealed to and drew its greatest strength from New York State. The party leadership consisted of anti-slavery former members of the Whig Party and the Democratic Party. | 119 | |
| 8345222272 | Ku Klux Klan | an extreme reaction to Reconstruction in the South that gave rise to a secret organization that use terror tactics to undue the influence of the North, the rise of opportunity for freed slaves, and to preserve the white/Protestant social structure of the South. | 120 | |
| 8345307744 | Bleeding Kansas | a series of violent political confrontations in the United States involving anti-slavery "Free-Staters" and pro-slavery "Border Ruffian", or "southern yankees" elements in Kansas between 1854 and 1861. | 121 | |
| 8345306069 | Compromise of 1850 | a package of five separate bills passed by the United States Congress in September 1850, which defused a four-year political confrontation between slave and free states regarding the status of territories acquired during the Mexican-American War(1846-1848). The compromise, drafted by Whig Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky and brokered by Clay and Democratic Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois, reduced sectional conflict. | 122 | |
| 8345303612 | Stephan A. Douglas | an American politician from Illinois and the designer of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. He was a U.S. representative, a U.S. senator, and the Democratic Party nominee for president in the 1860 election, losing to Republican Abraham Lincoln. | 123 | |
| 8345225216 | Sharecropping | a new system that replaced slavery, but kept many poor farmers (black and white alike) in poverty. | 124 | |
| 8345307706 | Popular sovereignty | the principle that the authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people. A highly controversial approach to slavery in the territories as propounded by senator Stephen A. Douglas. It meant that local residents of a territory would be the ones to decide if slavery would be permitted, and it led to bloody warfare in Bleeding Kansas as violent proponents and enemies of slavery flooded Kansas territory in order to decide the elections. | 125 | |
| 8345303613 | Kansas Nebraska Act | created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska and was drafted by Democratic Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois and President Franklin Pierce. The popular sovereignty clause of the law led pro- and anti-slavery elements to flood into Kansas with the goal of voting slavery up or down, resulting in Bleeding Kansas. | 126 | |
| 8345234199 | Freedman's Bureau | a U.S. federal government agency established in 1865 to aid freedmen (freed slaves) in the South during the Reconstruction era of the United States, which attempted to change society in the former Confederacy. | 127 | |
| 8345231107 | Radical Republicans | a wing of the Republican Party organized around an uncompromising opposition to slavery before and during the Civil War and a vigorous campaign to secure rights for freed slaves during Reconstruction. | 128 | |
| 8345301519 | Secession | the withdrawal of a group from a larger entity, especially a political entity (a country), but also any organization, union or military alliance. Threats of secession can also be a strategy for achieving more limited goals. | 129 | |
| 8345301520 | Fugitive slave law | - law passed by the United States Congress in 1793 and 1850 to force the return of slaves who escaped from one state into another state or territory. | 130 | |
| 8345234198 | Reconstruction | refers to the period following the Civil War of rebuilding the United States. It was a time of great pain and endless questions. On what terms would the Confederacy be allowed back into the Union? Who would establish the terms, Congress or the President? | 131 | |
| 8345299731 | Underground railroad | a network of secret routes and safe houses used by 19th-century enslaved people of African descent in the United States in efforts to escape to free states and Canada with the aid of abolitionists and allies who were sympathetic to their cause. | 132 | |
| 8345277068 | Jefferson Davis | president of the Confederacy during the Civil War, and just like "Robert E. Lee" and "Stonewall Jackson" a HISD school named to identify the school as a "white" school, as opposed to a "black" school like "Jack Yates" or "Booker T. Washington." | 133 | |
| 8345238148 | William (Boss) Tweed | widely known as "Boss" Tweed—was an American politician most notable for being the "boss" of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in the politics of 19th century New York City and State. Tweed was convicted for stealing an amount estimated by an aldermen's committee in 1877 at between $25 million and $45 million from New York City taxpayers through political corruption, although later estimates ranged as high as $200 million. | 134 | |
| 8345296787 | Dred Scott v. Sanford | imply as the Dred Scott case, was a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court on US labor law and constitutional law. It held that "a negro, whose ancestors were imported into [the U.S.], and sold as slaves", whether enslaved or free, could not be an American citizen and therefore had no standing to sue in federal court, and that the federal government had no power to regulate slavery in the federal territories acquired after the creation of the United States. | 135 | |
| 8345284403 | Lincoln Douglas Debates | (also known as The Great Debates of 1858) were a series of seven debates between Abraham Lincoln, the Republican candidate for the United States Senate from Illinois, and incumbent Senator Stephen Douglas, the Democratic Party candidate. | 136 | |
| 8345274038 | Gettysburg | Battle that marked the high tide of the South's advance, and after suffering a crushing defeat, Lee's Army thereafter was in a state of retreat. | 137 | |
| 8345236094 | Thomas Nast | editorial cartoonist considered to be the "Father of the American Cartoon". He was central to exposing the crimes "Boss" Tweed and the Tammany Hall Democratic party political machine through cartoons. Among his notable works were the creation of the modern version of Santa Claus and the political symbol of the elephant for the Republican Party (GOP). | 138 | |
| 8345268617 | Haebus corpus | the legal concept from Western tradition that one is innocent until proven guilty. During the Civil War Lincoln suspended this right to arrest anti-union / pro-confederate advocates in border states, so as to secure them for the Union. | 139 | |
| 8345240903 | Jim Crow | state and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States. Enacted after the Reconstruction period, these laws continued in force until 1965. | 140 | |
| 8345268618 | Emancipation Proclamation | - a presidential proclamation and executive order issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863. It purported to change the federal legal status of more than 3 million enslaved people in the designated areas of the South from "slave" to "free". | 141 | |
| 8345280942 | John Brown | an American abolitionist who believed armed insurrection was the only way to overthrow the institution of slavery in the United States. | 142 | |
| 8345245192 | Draft riots | New York City draft riots (July 13-16, 1863), were violent disturbances in New York City that were the culmination of working-class discontent with new laws passed by Congress that year to draft men to fight in the ongoing American Civil War. The riots remain the largest civil and racial insurrection in American history. | 143 | |
| 8345280943 | Harpers Ferry Raid | (also known as John Brown's raid or The raid on Harpers Ferry; in many books the town is called "Harper's Ferry") was an effort by white abolitionist John Brown to initiate an armed slave revolt in 1859 by taking over a United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. | 144 | |
| 8345238147 | Credit Mobilier | scandal which came to public attention in 1872, involving the Union Pacific Railroad and the Crédit Mobilier of America construction company in the building of the First Transcontinental Railroad. The scandal was in two parts. The construction company. $9 million in discounted stock was given as bribes to powerful Washington politicians, including the Vice-President, the Secretary of the Treasury, four senators, and the Speaker and other members of the House. | 145 | |
| 8345243276 | 14th Amendment | addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws, and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War. The amendment was bitterly contested, particularly by the states of the defeated Confederacy, which were forced to ratify it in order to regain representation in Congress. | 146 | |
| 8345279486 | Uncle Tom's Cabin | an anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe. Published in 1852, the novel "helped lay the groundwork for the Civil War" | 147 | |
| 8345240902 | 15th Amendment | prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude". It was ratified on February 3, 1870, as the third and last of the Reconstruction Amendments. | 148 | |
| 8345277069 | Greenbacks | fiat paper currency issued by the United States during the American Civil War that was green on the back. They were legal tender by law, but were not backed by gold or silver, only the credibility of the U.S. government. US money has characteristically had green backsides since. | 149 | |
| 8345243275 | Copperheads | Northern Peace Democrats who opposed the American Civil War | 150 | |
| 8345236095 | Compromise of 1877 | unwritten deal that settled the intensely disputed 1876 U.S. presidential election. It resulted in the national government pulling the last federal troops out of the South, and formally ended the Reconstruction Era, ushering in the era of "Jim Crow" all so that Republican Rutherford B. Hayes would be awarded the White House through the electoral college. | 151 | |
| 8345275740 | Homestead Act | several United States federal laws that gave an applicant ownership of land, typically called a "homestead", at little or no cost. In all, more than 270 million acres of public land, or nearly 10% of the total area of the U.S., was given away free to 1.6 million homesteaders; mostly west of the Mississippi River. | 152 | |
| 8345275741 | Anaconda Plan | planned blockade of the Southern ports, and called for an advance down the Mississippi River to cut the South in two. The blockade was likened to the coils of an anaconda suffocating its victim. The snake image caught on, giving the proposal its popular name. | 153 | |
| 8345245191 | 13th Amendment | outlawed slavery | 154 | |
| 8345231108 | Johnson Impeachment | After passing the Tenure of Office Act (1867) that denied the Johnson powers used by previous presidents, Republicans set up President Johnson to break the law, and then by tried him for impeachment. Driven by wide dislike for Johnson's sympathy for fellow Southern Democrats and ex-Confederates. He avoided conviction by just 1 vote. | 155 | |
| 8345228854 | Carpet Baggers | a Northerner who moved to the South after the American Civil War, during the Reconstruction era (1863-1877). Many white Southerners denounced them fearing they would loot and plunder the defeated South and be politically allied with the Radical Republicans. | 156 | |
| 8345271067 | Vicksburg | Battle that captured the last strong hold of the South on the Mississippi River, and effectively gave control of the river to the North, and split the Confederacy. | 157 | |
| 8345271068 | Sherman's March | led by General Sherman across the South using scorch earth warfare. The high point of the campaign was the destruction and burning of Atlanta. | 158 |
