Terms : Hide Images
| 9949617395 | Appeal to False Authority | This fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as an authority. A TV star, for instance, is not a medical expert, through pharmaceutical advertisements often use celebrity endorsements. | 0 | |
| 9949617396 | Circular Reasoning | A fallacy in which the argument repeats the claim as a way to prove evidence. | 1 | |
| 9949617397 | Archaic diction | Old-fashioned or outdated choice of words. | 2 | |
| 9949617398 | Syntax | The arrangement of words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. This includes word order (subject-verb-object, for instance, or an inverted structure); the length and structure of sentences (simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex); and such schemes as parallelism, juxtaposition, antithesis, and antimetabole. | 3 | |
| 9949617399 | Claim of Fact | asserts that something is true or not true | 4 | |
| 9949617400 | Text | While this term generally means the written word, in the humanities it has come to mean any cultural product that can be "read" - meaning not just consumed and understood, but investigated. This includes fiction, nonfiction, poetry, political cartoons, fine art, photography, performances, fashion, cultural trends, and much more. | 5 | |
| 9949617401 | Tone | A speaker's attitude toward the subject conveyed by the speaker's stylistic and rhetorical choices. | 6 | |
| 9949617402 | Claim of Value | argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong | 7 | |
| 9949617403 | Claim of Policy | proposes a change | 8 | |
| 9949617404 | Hortative Sentence | sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action | 9 | |
| 9949617405 | Hyperbole | deliberate exaggeration used for emphasis or to produce a comic or ironic effect; an overstatement to make a point | 10 | |
| 9949617406 | Zeugma | The use of two different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different meanings | 11 | |
| 9949617407 | Polysyndeton | The deliberate use of multiple conjunctions between between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words | 12 | |
| 9949617408 | Wit | The use of humor, irony, and satire in the confirmation or refutation of an argument | 13 | |
| 9949617409 | Synthesize | Combining two or more ideas in order to create something more complex in support of a new idea. | 14 | |
| 9949617410 | Warrant | Expresses the assumption necessarily shared by speaker and audience | 15 | |
| 9949617411 | Figurative Language | Non literal language, sometimes referred to as tropes or metaphorical language, often evoking strong imagery. | 16 | |
| 9949617412 | Claim | Also called an assertion or proposition, a claim states the argument's main idea or position. A claim differs from a topic or subject in that a claim has to be arguable. | 17 | |
| 9949617413 | Understatement | A figure of speech in which something is presented as lesser than it actually is, often for satiric or comical effect. Also called litotes, it is the opposite of hyperbole | 18 | |
| 9949617414 | Backing | in the Toulmin model, consists of further assurances or data without which the assumption lacks authority. | 19 | |
| 9949617415 | faulty analogy | A fallacy that occurs when an analogy compares two things that are not comparable. | 20 | |
| 9949617416 | juxtaposition | Placement of two things closely together to emphasize similarities or differences. | 21 | |
| 9949617417 | Assertion | A statement that presents a claim or thesis | 22 | |
| 9949617418 | analogy | A comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things. Often uses something simple or familiar to explain something unfamiliar or complex. | 23 | |
| 9949617419 | audience | the listener, reader, or viewer of the text: most texts have multiple, primary and secondary, and do not overtly express at least one. | 24 | |
| 9949617420 | irony | A figure of speech that occurs when a speaker says one thing but means something else, or when it is said it is the opposite of what is expected. | 25 | |
| 9949617502 | Aristotelian triangle |  | 26 | |
| 9949617421 | Argument | A process of reasoned inquiry. A persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion. | 27 | |
| 9949617422 | assumption | the idea shared by the speaker and the audience that makes the argument possible, necessary in Toulminesque argumentation. | 28 | |
| 9949617423 | first-hand evidence | evidence based on something the writer knows, whether it's from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events. | 29 | |
| 9949617424 | Chiasmus | Taking parallelism and deliberately turning it inside out, creating a "crisscross" pattern: "By day the frolic, and the dance by night." "Naked I rose from the earth; to the grave I fall clothed." | 30 | |
| 9949617425 | Climax | Arrangement in order of increasing importance: "Let a man acknowledge his obligations to himself, his family, his country, and his God." | 31 | |
| 9949617426 | hasty gerneralization | a fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence. | 32 | |
| 9949617427 | polemic | Greek for "hostile." An aggressive argument that tries to establish the superiority of one opinion of all others. Polemics generally do not concede that opposing opinions have any merit. | 33 | |
| 9949617428 | induction | a logical process wherein you reason from particulars to universals, using specific cases in order to draw conclusion, which is also called generalization. | 34 | |
| 9949617429 | Quantitative Evidence | includes things that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers - for instance, statistics, surveys, polls, census information. | 35 | |
| 9949617430 | allusion | Brief reference to a person, event, or place(real or fictitious) or to a work of art. | 36 | |
| 9949617431 | Qualitative Evidence | Evidence supported by reason, tradition, or precedent. | 37 | |
| 9949617432 | Meiosis | Understatement (opposite of exaggeration) | 38 | |
| 9949617433 | Litotes | A type of meiosis in which the writer uses a statement in the negative to create the effect | 39 | |
| 9949617434 | Onomatapoeia | Words that sound like what they mean. For example, buzz; click; rattle; clatter; crackle | 40 | |
| 9949617435 | Qualifier | uses words like "usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, most likely" to temper the claim a bit, making it less absolute. | 41 | |
| 9949617436 | inversion | Inverted order of words in a sentence(variation of subject-verb-object order). | 42 | |
| 9949617437 | Propaganda | The spread of ideas and information to further a cause. In it's negative sense, the use of rumors, lies, disinformation, and scare tactics in order to damage or promote a cause. | 43 | |
| 9949617438 | Purpose | The goal the speaker wants to achieve | 44 | |
| 9949617439 | Qualified Argument | An argument that is not absolute. It acknowledges the merits of an opposing view, but develops a stronger case for its own position | 45 | |
| 9949617440 | Straw Man | One side of the argument is presented as so extreme that no one will agree with it. Often this is done by referring to the exception, rather than the rule, and inferring that the exception is the rule. | 46 | |
| 9949617441 | personification | Attribution of a lifelike quality to an inanimate object or an idea | 47 | |
| 9949617442 | Trope | Artful diction; from the Greek word for "turning," a figure of speech such as a metaphor, simile, hyperbole, metonymy, or synechdoche | 48 | |
| 9949617443 | alliteration | Repetition of the same sound beginning several words or syllables in sequence. | 49 | |
| 9949617444 | Slippery Slope | Arguing from the perspective that one change inevitably will lead to another. EX:"If we legalize gay marriage, next people will want to legalize polygamy." | 50 | |
| 9949617445 | Exordium | In classical oration, introduction to an argument, in which the speaker announces the subject and purpose. | 51 | |
| 9949617446 | Mood | The feeling or atmosphere created by a text. | 52 | |
| 9949617447 | antithesis | opposition, or contrast, of ideas or words in a parallel construction | 53 | |
| 9949617448 | peroration | in classical oration, the final part of an argument, it follows the refutation and typically appeals to pathos as it moves the audience toward the conclusion | 54 | |
| 9949617449 | antimetabole | repetition of words in reverse order | 55 | |
| 9949617450 | periodic sentence | sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end | 56 | |
| 9949617451 | Rhetorical appeals | Rhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling. The three major appeals are to ethos (character), logos (reason), and pathos (emotion). | 57 | |
| 9949617452 | Non Sequitur | Term meaning there's a logical gap between the premise or evidence and the conclusion. Being a broad, categorical term there are many different types, including post hoc, hasty generalization, slippery slope, affirming the consequent, and simply faulty assumption or warrant. Example: "If you loved me you'd buy me this car." | 58 | |
| 9949617453 | Satire | The use of irony or sarcasm to critique society or an individual. | 59 | |
| 9949617454 | Puns (paronomasia) | twists the meaning of words, often to create a humorous effect. | 60 | |
| 9949617455 | annotation | the taking of notes directly on a text. | 61 | |
| 9949617456 | ad populum (bandwagon appeal) | This fallacy occurs when evidence boils down to "everybody's doing it, so it must be a good thing to do." | 62 | |
| 9949617457 | pathos | greek for "suffering" or "experience, speakers appeal to pathos to emotionally motivate their audience, more specific appeals to pathos might play on the audience's values, desires, and hopes, on the one hand, or fears and prejudices, on the other | 63 | |
| 9949617458 | Classical Oration | The five-part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians. The five parts are introduction (introducing the reader to the ideas), the narration (provides factual information), the confirmation (major part: makes the case), the refutation (anticipate/parry) and the conclusion (closes out the essay). | 64 | |
| 9949617459 | Closed Thesis | a statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major point the writer intends to make. | 65 | |
| 9949617460 | complex sentence | a sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. | 66 | |
| 9949617461 | compound sentence | a sentence that includes at least two independent clauses. | 67 | |
| 9949617462 | Rhetorical triangle (Aristotelian triangle) | A diagram that illustrates the inter-relationship among the speaker, audience, and subject in determining a text. | 68 | |
| 9949617463 | Rhetorical question | Figure of speech in the form of a question posed for the rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer | 69 | |
| 9949617464 | Ethos | Speakers appeal to ethos to demonstrate that they are credible and trustworthy to speak on a given topic. | 70 | |
| 9949617465 | Post hoc ergo propter hoc | Translates as "after this, therefore because of this". The fallacy confuses correlation for causation, or mistakenly claiming that one thing caused another to happen since they happen in sequence. | 71 | |
| 9949617466 | False Dilemma | Fallacy which simply paints an issue as one between two extremes with no possible room for middle ground, nuance, or compromise. Example: "You're either with us or against us." | 72 | |
| 9949617467 | anecdote | a brief story used to illustrate a point or claim | 73 | |
| 9949617468 | Anastrophe | Inverted word order from what one expects: "One ad does not a survey make." | 74 | |
| 9949617469 | persona | Greek for "mask." The face or character that a speaker shows to the audience. | 75 | |
| 9949617470 | anaphora | repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines. | 76 | |
| 9949617471 | Logical Fallacies | potential vulnerabilities weaknesses in an argument. They often arise from a failure to make a logical connection between the claim and the evidence used to support it. | 77 | |
| 9949617472 | nominalization | this process of changing a verb into a noun. Discuss becomes discussion, depend becomes dependence. | 78 | |
| 9949617473 | occasion | The time and place a speech is given or a piece is written. Lou Gehrig's occasion is Lou Gehrig appreciation day, more specifically, his moment came at home plate between games of a doubleheader. | 79 | |
| 9949617474 | open thesis | not list all of the points the writer intends to cover in an essay. The popularity of the Harry Potter series demonstrates that simplicity trumps complexity when it comes to the taste of readers, both old and young. | 80 | |
| 9949617475 | oxymoron | a paradox made up of two seemingly contradictory words. "But this peaceful revolution..." | 81 | |
| 9949617476 | narration | In classical oration, the factual and background information, establishing why a subject or problem needs addressing; it precedes the confirmation, or laying out of evidence to support claims made in the argument. | 82 | |
| 9949617477 | parallelism | similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses | 83 | |
| 9949617478 | ad hominem | Latin for "to the man," this fallacy refers to the specific diversionary tactic of switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker. If you argue that a park in your community should not be renovated because the person supporting it was arrested during a domestic dispute, then you are guilty of ad hominem | 84 | |
| 9949617479 | paradox | a statement or situation that is seemingly contradictory on the surface, but delivers an ironic truth | 85 | |
| 9949617480 | conformation | In classical oration, this major part of an argument comes between the narration and refutation; it provides the development of proof through evidence that supports the claims made by the speaker | 86 | |
| 9949617481 | connotation | Meanings or association that readers have with a word beyond dictionary definition or donation. Connotations are often positive or negative and greatly affect the author's tone. | 87 | |
| 9949617482 | counter argument | The opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward. | 88 | |
| 9949617483 | context text | The circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and event surrounding a text | 89 | |
| 9949617484 | deduction | logical process wherein you reach a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise) and applying it to a specific case (a minor premise). The process of deduction is usually demonstrated in the form of syllogism: major premise -> minor premise -> conclusion | 90 | |
| 9949617485 | diction | A speaker's choice of words. Analysis of diction looks at these choices and what they add to the speaker's message | 91 | |
| 9949617486 | either/or (false dilemma) | In this fallacy, the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices | 92 | |
| 9949617487 | enthymeme | Essentially a syllogism with one of the premises implied, and taken for granted as understood | 93 | |
| 9949617488 | Toulmin model | An approach to analyzing and constructing arguments created by British philosopher Stephen Toulmin; *Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (warrant or assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation)* | 94 | |
| 9949617489 | Rogerian argument | Developed by psychiatrist Carl Rogers, based on the assumption that having a full understanding of an opposing position is essential to responding to it persuasively and refuting it in a way that is accommodating rather than alienating | 95 | |
| 9949617490 | Imagery | A description of how something looks, feels, tastes, smells, or sounds; may use literal or figurative language to appeal to the senses | 96 | |
| 9949617491 | Imperative sentence | Sentence used to command or enjoin | 97 | |
| 9949617492 | Equivocation | a fallacy that uses the term with two or more meanings in an attempt to misinterpret or deceive | 98 | |
| 9949617493 | Concession | An acknowledgment that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable; usually accompanied by a refutation challenging the validity of the opposing argument | 99 | |
| 9949617494 | Cumulative sentence | Sentence that completes the main idea at the building of the sentence and then builds and adds on | 100 | |
| 9949617495 | Begging the question | A fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt. It "begs" the question whether the support or evidence itself is sound. | 101 | |
| 9949617496 | Stance | A speaker's attitude toward the audience (differing from tone, the speaker's attitude toward the subject). | 102 | |
| 9949617497 | Straw Man | A fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea. | 103 | |
| 9949617498 | Subject | The topic of a text. What the text is about. | 104 | |
| 9949617499 | Syllogism | A logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion. | 105 | |
| 9949617500 | Synecdoche | Figure of speech that uses a part to represent the whole. | 106 |
