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| 9364043230 | Cold War Years | 1945 - 1991 |  | 0 |
| 9364043231 | UN Foundation Year | 1945 |  | 1 |
| 9364045885 | Berlin Wall Construction & Bay of Pigs Year | 1961 |  | 2 |
| 9364051368 | Israel Foundation Year | 1948 |  | 3 |
| 9364052941 | David Ben-Gurion | The political head of the Jewish community Declared the establishment of the State of Israel |  | 4 |
| 9364057699 | Afghanistan War Years | 1980's |  | 5 |
| 9364060566 | Taking Down of the Berlin Wall Year | 1989 |  | 6 |
| 9364070274 | Mikhail Gorbechev | President of the Soviet Union Introduced policies of glasnost and perestroika Allowed the tearing down of the Berlin wall Continued negotiations for arms reductions with the U.S. Called for the end of the Cold War Stepped down from office, eventually leading to the dissolution of the U.S.S.R |  | 7 |
| 9369590265 | Glasnost | Reforms for political and cultural openness Under this, ethnic groups throughout the Soviet Union began to riot and form full scale independence movements in the Baltic States Historians revealed 20 million had been killed under Stalin Appointed reformers to government offices Non-party candidates could now stand for office Replaced the Brezhnev Doctrine with the Sinatra Doctrine |  | 8 |
| 9369650857 | Sinatra Doctrine | A doctrine allowing satellite countries of the Soviet Union to break free of it if they chose Resulted in the tearing down of the Berlin Wall |  | 9 |
| 9369590266 | Perestroika | Reforms for economic restructuring Tried to reduce the size of bureaucracy, increase the efficiency of agriculture and industry, and trim the military budget Began a more competitive economic system |  | 10 |
| 9364070275 | Nikita Khrushchev | The general secretary of the Communist Party Maintained the USSR's domination of Eastern Europe Crushed the Hungarian uprising of 1956 Allowed the Germans to build the Berlin Wall Participated in the kitchen-debate |  | 11 |
| 9364076997 | Leonid Brezhnev | The successor to Nikita Khrushchev General Secretary for the Russian Federation Created the Brezhnev Doctrine |  | 12 |
| 9364081382 | Korean War Years | 1950-1953 |  | 13 |
| 9364081383 | 38th Parallel Country | Korea |  | 14 |
| 9364083464 | 17th Parallel Country | Vietnam |  | 15 |
| 9364083465 | Soviets Develop Bomb Year | 1949 |  | 16 |
| 9364159550 | Yalta Conference | February 1945 Located on the Crimean Peninsula Attended by Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, & Joseph Stalin |  | 17 |
| 9364170286 | Effects of the Yalta Conference | Germany was to be divided into 4 zones The 4th zone was to be administered by France Berlin, within the Soviet Zone, would alsoo be divided into 4 zones Poland was the have free elections |  | 18 |
| 9364179616 | The United Nations | Oct. 24, 1945 A global organization to fight human atrocities in the world Set up to replace the League of Nations which had dissolved after the failure to stop WW2 Mission- to preserve the peace and provide a better life for all Had the power to look into disputes and act against any nation that threatened peace |  | 19 |
| 9370708295 | Successes of the United Nations | Defusing international tension Providing peace keeping missions to global trouble spots Developing programs for international cooperation Eradicating smallpox |  | 20 |
| 9364212358 | The Cold War | 1945-1991 A war between two superpowers fought to block the spread of communism Poland became communist Stalin retained his hold on Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia Stalin supported communist forces in Hungary, Bulgaria, and Romania No direct conflict between the U.S.S.R and the U.S.A Fought indirectly in Korea, Vietnam, Afghanistan and in third world countries |  | 21 |
| 9364252687 | The Truman Doctrine | 1947 A doctrine stating that the U.S. would aid countries threatened by communist takeovers! This policy is known as containment First test: A civil war had broken out in Greece. Communists, supported by the Soviets, were trying to take over the government Truman asked Congress for $300 million for military and economic aid for Greece and $100 million for Turkey |  | 22 |
| 9364286816 | NATO | Known as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Formed in 1949 Members agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America would be considered an attack against them all The feared invasion of Western Europe never came The provision was invoked for the 1st time on Sept 12, 2001, in response to the Sept. 11 attacks on the United States |  | 23 |
| 9364315331 | Iron Curtain | March 5, 1946 Winston Churchill spoke these famous words at famous words at Westminster College in Fulton, MO. "an Iron Curtain has descended across the Continent... Soviet Russia desires the indefinite expansion of their powers and doctrines." Imaginary line separating communist Eastern Europe (Soviet bloc) from Western Europe (Western bloc). |  | 24 |
| 9364400150 | Marshall Plan | 1947 Communist parties in France and Italy became stronger. Czechoslovakia became communist. (February 1948) Poverty and unemployment made people desperate and brought dictators to power. Prosperity and jobs could save democracy $12 million was sent to Europe to prevent hunger and poverty More than half went to Britain, France, and West Germany As European nations became more prosperous they could buy more of our goods! |  | 25 |
| 9367963459 | George Marshall | Secretary of State Developed the European Recovery Plan- the Marshall Plan |  | 26 |
| 9369248604 | Berlin Wall | Constructed in August of 1961 - part of the Cold War. Physically separated E. and W. Berlin. Anyone attempting to escape to West Berlin was shot. 1987 Ronald Reagan visited Berlin and in a speech urged Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the wall. November 9, 1989 - The Wall is torn down. October, 1990 - Germany is reunited! |  | 27 |
| 9369246665 | Warsaw Pact | Military alliance of the Eastern European countries, who organized against the perceived threat of the NATO alliance. Drafted by Nikita Khrushchev and signed in Warsaw on May 14, 1955. In Dec. 1988, Mikhail Gorbachev, leader of the Soviet Union, made it clear that the Soviet Union would no longer use force to control the Warsaw Pact countries, rapid change began to occur. The Pact was officially dissolved on July 1, 1991. |  | 28 |
| 9369556685 | Red Scare | Further fed American fears of communist powers: The success of the communist revolution in China (1949) The Chinese commitment of millions of troops to of millions of troops to the war in Korea (1950) America's inability to gain a clear victory in that war |  | 29 |
| 9369266426 | Korean War | The Korean Peninsula had been a colony of the Japanese At the end of WW2, control over the peninsula was divided at the 38th parallel North Korea then invaded the south, with the north back by the communist Soviet Union and the south U.S. General MacArthur continued to push past the 38th parallel, threatening the Chinese As a consequence, the Chinese sent thousands of troops to aid the North Koreans | | 30 |
| 9369291449 | Bay of Pigs | The American Government agreed to arm a group of about 1,500 Cuban exiles The plan was that Cuban people would join these exiles, welcoming the opportunity to overthrow Fidel Castro The operation was a failure, and were immediately crushed by Cuban armed forces |  | 31 |
| 9369294058 | Cuban Missile Crisis | American reconnaissance aircraft obtained photograph of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba President Kennedy demanded that the missiles be withdrawn, threatening nuclear war Khrushchev announced that the USSR would remove the missiles in exchange for American promises not to invade Cuba again and remove its own missiles from Turkey |  | 32 |
| 9369297077 | Brezhnev Doctrine | A doctrine declaring that the Soviet Union would intervene in the affairs of its satellites to prevent counter revolution |  | 33 |
| 9369283103 | McCarthyism | A hunt for spies, communists, and fellow travelers- people sympathizing with communist perspectives- in a mixture of serious investigation and paranoia that threatened freedom of expression in the United States for several years Americans reacted badly when Russia broke the US monopoly on the atomic bomb, which information as delivered by Soviet spies in the U.S. government It gained renewed strength (1953) when Russia exploded a hydrogen bomb of its own. |  | 34 |
| 9369299598 | Lech Walesa | A shipyard worked in Gdansk Poland Organized what ultimately became Solidarity |  | 35 |
| 9369853218 | Solidary | An independent trade union federation with a membership of more than ten million industrial and agricultural workers Demanded not only lower prices and higher wages, but also the right to strike, freedom for political prisoners, and end to censorship, and free elections |  | 36 |
| 9369305794 | Causes of the Vietnam War | After WW2, the French attempted to reestablish their colonial rule in Vietnam The local armed militia group called the Vietminh, led by Ho Chi Minh, fought the French colonists and also the Japanese occupation The Vietminh and French signed an armistice agreement with the Vietminh that partitioned the country at the seventeenth parallel The Vietminh governed the north, and the French in the south |  | 37 |
| 9370830892 | Vietnam War | The north, under a communist government, called for reunification of the anti-communist south The communists north then supported the fighting with the Vietcong against the south America, fearing a domino effect, committed thousands of American troops to fight in Vietnam, unskilled against the guerrilla warfare tactics used 58,000 Americans, 200,000 South Vietnamese military men, 1 million South Vietnamese civilians, 1,100,000 North Vietnamese military men, and between 1-2 million North Vietnamese citizens died |  | 38 |
| 9370846061 | Vietcong | Communist insurgents in Southern Vietnam |  | 39 |
| 9369307642 | Afghanistan War | Attempting to apply the Brezhnev Doctrine, the USSR invaded Afghanistan to maintain its alliance A pro-Soviet coup took over Afghanistan (1978) The USSR sent in troops and supplies to put down anticommunist, Islamic revolts against the new government Sponsored a second coup in favor of an even more Soviet government The Taliban, with assistance from the U.S, fought the Soviet Union The U.N. then called for a peace agreement (1988) that called for the withdrawal of all foreign troops |  | 40 |
| 9369316229 | WW2 Turning Point | The colonized and colonizers no longer believed in the "white man's burden" of civilizing the non-western world. The wars exploded this myth, after seeing the atrocities committed |  | 41 |
| 9369310028 | Taliban | A militant group of Muslims residing in Afghanistan One notable Taliban was young Saudi guerrilla fighter Osama Bin Laden |  | 42 |
| 9369335918 | Ghana | 1960 The first African nation to gain independence from British colonial rule |  | 43 |
| 9369340506 | Algeria | Algeria had to gain independence through violence and war Algeria had become an integral part to France holding ⅓ of its cultivable lands Internal revolution lead much of its population to immigrate to France This resulted in much of its remaining population to be uneducated, resulting in an incompetent government |  | 44 |
| 9369346751 | Congo | From previous brutality from King Leopold, it remained all the way to 1957 In 1960, they declared themselves independent under Lumumba There were few educated men to lead the country and shortly later, its armies mutinied The two rivals then fought each other for Congo's resources More coups emerged and constant warfare had begun |  | 45 |
| 9369343191 | Egypt | 1952 A group of army officers, including Gamal Abdel Nasser, overthrew the government and forced King Farouk to abdicate Due to lack of help from the U.S. Naser asked the Soviets to help him build the Aswan High Dam After his death, Anwar Sadat expelled all Soviet advisors |  | 46 |
| 9369354711 | Mozambique; Angola; Guinea-Bissau | Ruled by a dictator, they refused to give up its lands It was governed harshly, with propaganda and dominance used Portugal fought all revolts until they were eventually overthrown |  | 47 |
| 9369357170 | Third World Countries | Used to designate a poor, technologically undeveloped, and inefficiently organized nation |  | 48 |
| 9369359786 | OPEC | The Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries Created primarily by oil rich states in the Middle East/Venezuela Began to actively support the political goals of its member states in confrontation with Western countries |  | 49 |
| 9369383185 | U.S Involvement In Nicaragua | The U.s. dispatched Marines to encourage a revolt to overthrow the Nicaraguan government because it begun to grant economic concessions to governments other than that of the U.S. After a provisional government, a revolutionary movement, largely composed of students, initiated an armed guerilla revolt. Ronald Reagan attempted to destabilize the Sandinista government The leader of the government, Sandino, was assassinated When the Americas were refused to fund this clandestine war, the Reagan administration arranged to fund it secretly by the Iran-Contra Scandal |  | 50 |
| 9369390192 | U.S. Involvement in Chile | Began a program of agrarian reform and nationalized with compensation, copper mines owned by American companies The U.S. government, after disapproving of Allende's actions, reduced loans to aid their social government Because of rising tensions, the CIA eventually bombed the presidential palace |  | 51 |
| 9369408326 | Boris Yeltsin | A reformer and the president of the Russian Federation Led public resistance to a coup rising in Crimea Contacted political leaders from all around the world, finishing the coup |  | 52 |
| 9369387126 | U.S. Involvement in Guatemala | Fearing an attack by exiles training in neighboring countries, Arbenz sought to buy arms from the United States When the U.S. turned him down, he bought from communist Poland. Almost immediately 150 soldiers equipped by the U.S. attack Honduras The Arbenz government fell unprotected |  | 53 |
| 9369412137 | European Union | The basis of a unified Western European economic administration The Brussels Treaty merged the ECSC, EEC, and Euratom to create the EU Three new institutions were created: International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) |  | 54 |
| 9369415035 | Asian tigers | The countries in East and Southeast Asia that were doing extremely well economically in the last decades of the twentieth century Examples: South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, Thailand, and Indonesia |  | 55 |
| 9369418250 | NGO | Non-Government Organization |  | 56 |
| 9369418251 | Rachel Carson | Wrote the Silent Spring |  | 57 |
| 9371090365 | Silent Spring | A book exposing the devastating effects on humans, wildlife, and plants caused by the use of toxic chemicals |  | 58 |
| 9371093680 | World Wildlife Fund | An NGO The world's largest privately financed conservation organization working to conserve the world's biodiversity |  | 59 |
| 9371096557 | Amnesty International | An NGO dedicated to the protection and preservations of human rights |  | 60 |
| 9371100396 | Oxfam | An NGO which provides famine relief to the hungry, homeless, and orphaned, also improving living standards |  | 61 |
| 9371105909 | Bandung Conference | A conference in Bandung, Indonesia involving third world countries around the world Called for a global reduction in military expenditure and ideological confrontation, and an increase in spending for economic development, health, education, welfare, and housing |  | 62 |
| 9371119561 | Proxy Wars | Superpowers supplying different coalitions in other countries, standing in the background allowing local populations to fight Ex: Africa, Vietnam, Korea, Afghanistan |  | 63 |
| 9371125781 | Iran-Contra Scandal | In order to raise money to overthrow the Nicaraguan government, president Reagan illegally sold weapons to Iran without the approval of Congress |  | 64 |
| 9371143302 | Reasons for U.S. Involvement in South American Countries | The U.S. government interferes with other countries to protect its own economy As a justification, the U.S. government is then protected also |  | 65 |
| 9371162745 | ECSC | European Coal and Steel Community Merged with other companies to form the EU |  | 66 |
| 9371165393 | EEC | European Economic Community Synonymous with Common Market Merged with other companies to form the EU |  | 67 |
| 9371167588 | Euratom | A European organization used to create common policies for the peaceful development of atomic energy Merged with other companies to form the EU |  | 68 |
| 9371181099 | Japan's Recovery | Like Germany, Japan had the remains of an industrial infrastructure and a highly skilled workforce that could shift production for peace The Japanese Ministry for International Trade and Industry guided Japanese industries away from sunset industries into sunrise industries |  | 69 |
| 9371191587 | Sunset Industries | Industries that are expected to be in decline in the near future |  | 70 |
| 9371192834 | Sunrise Industries | Industries that are expected to be most profitable in the near future |  | 71 |
| 9371203694 | De-Stalinization | The attempts at reversing the damages caused by the rule of Stalin Krushchev released a number of political prisoners of conscience, permitted the publication of many banned works, and moderated Stalin's plans for heavy industrialization in favor of greater production of consumer goods |  | 72 |
| 9371211400 | Gulag Archipelago | A book detailing the horrors of the gulag |  | 73 |
| 9371212170 | Gulag | An intense Russian labor camp |  | 74 |
| 9371214780 | Kitchen-Debate | A meeting between president Richard Nixon and Nikita Khrushchev Debated military and economic power but also domestic life, gender relations, equality, and standards of living Nixon showed Khrushchev an example of an average middle class kitchen, boasting appliances and convinces for easier live for women Khrushchev argued that in Russia, there is no such thing as homelessness however in America, housing is based off wealth |  | 75 |
| 9371245488 | Number of Nations that Emerged from Colonial Control | 80 new nations |  | 76 |
| 9371261136 | Struggles Between New Nations in Africa | Many national borders were drawn with no regard for ethical and tribal similarities These ideologies were often in conflict with one another, leading to war |  | 77 |
| 9371271001 | Anwar Sadat | The successor to Gamal Abdel Nasser Expelled all Soviet advisers Was assassinated |  | 78 |
| 9371272033 | Gamal Abdel Nasser | The leader of Egyptian independence from British occupation Built the Aswan High Dam |  | 79 |
