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| 5700835558 | Age of Reason | Europe 17th and 18th centuries. aka - "The Enlightenment" - sought to apply the search for natural laws that were working so successfully in the Scientific Rev. to people and society in hopes of creating a perfect society and government based on the natural laws. Ex. If people are created equal - they all have the ability to reason and should be treated equally and be able to participate in gov't. Hobbes (men are born evil); Locke (men are born good); Montesquieu (separation of powers); and Rousseau (tabula rosa and what is good for the majority is good for the individual) - Voltaire "This is the best of all possible worlds" Led to: American; French and Latin American Revolutions - plus some Enlightened despots like Catherine the Great of Russia, Frederick II of Prussia and Maria Theresa of Austria |  | 0 |
| 5700835559 | Akbar the Great (Mughal India) | (r.1556-1605) of Mughal Empire. Established absolute power of the emperor. TOLERANT of the many religions of his empire. Eliminated the jizya, a tax on Hindus and allowed Hindus to rise to powerful positions in his government. Modernized army and encouraged long distance trade. A patron of the arts. | 1 | |
| 5700835560 | John Calvin | 1509 - 1564. Frenchman who developed a Christian sect known as Calvinism - believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality. Also believe that kings that do not follow God's laws give up their divine right... which didn't make him really popular with the French Kings... maybe why his followers were massacred 1572 in Paris |  | 2 |
| 5700835561 | Columbian Exchange | - Exchange between the New and Old Worlds. Plants, foods, animals, people, resources and diseases were exchanged. - Over 90% of the the Aztecs are believed to have died within a century after the arrival of Europeans - in large part due to epidemics of small pox, measles and influenza... not to mention the burdens of the encomienda system. - the exchange of new foods led to a population increase around the world. Potatoes and corn especially helped Europe, Africa and Asia; goats, chickens, pigs, cows, and horses and wheat arrived in the Americas. - Populations forced to migrate -s such as the Africans (Middle Passage) - or chose to seeking economic opportunity or in North America religious freedom. |  | 3 |
| 5700835562 | Counter Reformation | Attempt by the RCC to stop the spread of Protestant ideas and win back converts. - Council of Trent met in the mid 1500s and sought to reform the RCC and establish church doctrine. - Jesuits (Society of Jesus) and other church orders were formed. Played a significant role as missionaries, promoting Catholicism around the globe. |  | 4 |
| 5700835563 | Dutch East India Company | Gov't controlled joint stock trading company, controlled the spice trade of the East Indies. |  | 5 |
| 5700835564 | Eastern Orthodox | Christian sect begun by the Great Schism in 1054, partly over church doctrine...like the order of the Holy Trinity and especially over the power of the Pope v. the Emperor. In the Orthodox Church the Byzantine Emperor appoints the head of the church. Byzantine monks (Cyril and Methodious) helped convert the Russians to Orthodoxy. |  | 6 |
| 5700835565 | Edict of Nantes | 1598 decree signed by Henry Iv of Navarre and the King of France. Granted rights to the Huguenots to end France's religious wars. |  | 7 |
| 5700835566 | Edict of Fountainbleu | 1685 Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes, thus ending the religious freedom of the French Huguenots. |  | 8 |
| 5700835567 | Elizabeth I of England | r. 1558-1603. Nicknamed the Virgin Queen - she never married and was known to use marriage negotiations to obtain alliances when needed. Ended the religious wars in England and Ireland, but did make the Church of England the official religion and forbid Catholics from holding office - also had her competitor Mary, Queen of Scots executed. Her forces defeated the Spanish Armada, and she licensed privateers to harass the Spanish caravels laden with New World silver and gold. |  | 9 |
| 5700835568 | Encomienda System | - a feudal-like system that used forced labor, created by the Spanish in the New World to ensure a cheap labor supply. - a Spanish landowner (encomendero) was granted the Indians (encomienda) and he was expected to convert them to Christianity and provide for their health and safety, in return they were to provide him with labor. -natives were treated harshly and were overworked (sometimes to death), which led to the eventual importation of African slave labor. - Christian missionaries, like Bartholomew de las Casas, fought to end it. |  | 10 |
| 5700835569 | English Bill of Rights | Signed in 1689 as King William and Queen Mary accepted the throne. Guaranteed certain rights to English citizens (a lot like ours 100 years later) and elections for Parliament and the people. -limited power of English monarchy - sharing it with the people and Parliament. |  | 11 |
| 5700835570 | European Exploration | widespread exploration of the world by Europeans (Spain, Portugal, England, France and the Netherlands) - led to the colonization of the Americas and the founding of trade outposts throughout the world. These efforts expanded trade and the global economy and promoted cross-cultural exchange, but also had devastating effects on conquered populations in many cases. |  | 12 |
| 5700835571 | Floating Empires | In an attempt to eliminate the Muslim middlemen from their trade with the east - the Spanish (vast lands in the Americas) and Portuguese (trading outposts in Africa and Asia, ex. Goa and Macau) sough out to find more direct trade routes, nicknamed the "floating empires" - they soon dominated the many major trading routes. The Dutch (Caribbean islands, Sri Lanka, South Africa, Dutch East Indies) become part of this as well. Britain emerges as these decline, esp. after the Seven Years War. | 13 | |
| 5700835572 | Goa, India | Island off the coast of India, base of Portuguese trade |  | 14 |
| 5700835573 | Gutenberg's Printing Press | Invented by Johann Gutenberg in 1454; first book was the Gutenberg Bible. Changed private and public lives of Europeans. Literacy increased as price of books decreased and the quantity available increased. The RCC and its monks had less control over information, which contributed to both the Protestant Reformation and the Scientific Revolution. |  | 15 |
| 5700835574 | Hacienda System | plantation system introduced to the Americas by Spanish settlers during the colonial era. - laborers were supposedly free and due a wage, but in precut the system allowed landowners to tie laborers (native Americans at first) tot he land through debt. In some parts of the Americas, this system lasted until the 20th century. |  | 16 |
| 5700835575 | Hapsburg Spain | Hapsburg Spain refers to the history of Spain over the 16th and 17th centuries (1505-1700), when Spain was ruled by the major branch of the Hapsburg dynasty. Under Hapsburg rule (esp. Charles V and Phillip II of Spain), Spain reached the zenith of its power. It was at that time the number one world power. | 17 | |
| 5700835576 | Henry VIII (Tudor) | (r.1509-1541) Left the RCC when the new Pope would not grant him a divorce from Catherine of Aragon (Spain) so that he could marry his pregnant mistress. - he established the Church of England (Anglican). The Act of Supremacy made the monarch the head of the church. - He was then able to claim the land and wealth of the RCC, which increased his power and encouraged future monarchs to try to rule with absolute authority. |  | 18 |
| 5700835577 | heliocentric theory | the idea that the earth and other planets revolve around the sun. Replaced the geocentric universe. |  | 19 |
| 5700835578 | Holy Roman Empire | Loose federation of mostly Germanic states, Begun in 800 CE with the coronation of Charlemagne, but not officially formed until 962 lasts until it is dissolved by Napoleon in 1806. It was later considered to be the first Reich, Bismarck's Germany the 2nd and Hitler proclaimed the 3rd. |  | 20 |
| 5700835579 | Huguenots | French Protestants (Calvinists). The Edict of Nantes freed them from persecution in France, in 1598. That persecution during the French Religious wars had led to St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in 1572, in which 5,000 to 30,000 were killed. |  | 21 |
| 5700835580 | indulgences | Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation |  | 22 |
| 5700835581 | Commercial Revolution | - changing nature of trade and business, following the Middle ages and the Bubonic Plague. - Began in Europe in early 1500s, nations competed to expand empires overseas. - led to establishment of joint-stock trading companies (to raise investment capital for overseas trade). Also banks and letters of credit and even insurance for trade merchandise. -It helped create large colonial empires for some European nations and great wealth, eventually its mercantilist policies gave rise to capitalism and the industrial revolution. |  | 23 |
| 5700835582 | Gunpowder Empires | The Ottoman Empire, Safavid and Mughal Empires were built with their newly acquired weapons in the 1500s. For example the Ottomans used cannons to take the Byzantine empire's capital - Constantinople. |  | 24 |
| 5700835583 | Inquisition | an ecclesiastical tribunal established by Pope Gregory IX circa 1232 for the suppression of heresy. It was active chiefly in northern Italy and southern France, becoming notorious for the use of torture. In 1542 the papal Inquisition was re-established to combat Protestantism, eventually becoming an organ of papal government. - Spanish Inquisition under the Torquemada was also extremely harsh and was used to find and persecute the Muslims and Jews that were being forced out of Spain during the Reconquista |  | 25 |
| 5700835584 | Janissary Corps | - These troops were made up of elite soldiers who were enslaved through the devshirme system as boys and trained as a fighting force for the Ottoman sultan, begun in the late 14th century. - although they remained slaves, the eventually gained a high level of collective power. Once forbidden from marriage and having a family, this practice ended and corruption began. - They resisted attempts at reform and in 1826 many were massacred by the sultan. |  | 26 |
| 5700835585 | Jesuit Order | A Roman Catholic order founded by the Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work among the heathen. | 27 | |
| 5700835586 | Martin Luther | 1517, this German monk posted the 95 Theses on the Church Door at Wittenberg, beginning the Protestant Reformation. - criticized the sale of indulgences (pardoning of sins)... with 95 reasons. - Believed faith in God alone would allow people to get into heaven, and that the Bible was the only source of religious truth. - Pope excommunicated him, he was backed by German Princes who like the idea of not paying any tithes to the RCC. - Printing Press was key to the spread of his ideas and the Reformation. - Started the Lutheran Church. |  | 28 |
| 5700835587 | Louis XIV (France) | (r.1643-1715) SUN KING; claimed to rule by divine right, but if you were king by age five you'd probably think you were pretty special too... (ha ha). - Cardinal Richelieu, built a centralized bureaucracy, loyal to the king (not local lords) - Louis built the Palace of Versailles, to which the nobles were invited to stay (he can spy on them there and they will be to busy and broke to revolt). - Louis ruled with absolute power and never called a meeting of the Estates General, France's Law making body. He engaged in many wars which left France in debt. Both will contribute to the French Rev. in 1789. -also revoked the Edict of Nantes, which had offered religious protection to the Protestants of France (Huguenots). |  | 29 |
| 5700835588 | Manchu (Q'ing Dynasty) | - A non-Han, invader from North of China, claimed the Mandate of Heaven in 1644 and ruled until 1911. - Manchu rulers were taught Confucianism and used its principles to govern China. Following the example of the Ming with a highly centralized system of scholar-bureaucrats. - under the Q'ing, trade with foreigners increased, particularly as demand for porcelain, silks and tea increased during this time. Until the Opium Trade of the 1800s began China maintained a favorable balance trade. | 30 | |
| 5700835589 | Peter the Great (Russia) | (r. 1682-1725) The modernizer and westernizer of Russia. Extended their borders to the Baltic Sea, then built a new capital there (St. Petersburg) to be their "Window on the West." Many peasants were forced to work on this and died, taxes increased to pay... -Built Russia's first navy and modernized the army. He centralized power into the hands of the czar, creating a new nobility for those loyal to him and reforming the Orthodox Church. - known for making the nobles and their ladies more western. Men forced to cut their beards and coats, women were required to leave their homes and attend the Russian court and dance. |  | 31 |
| 5700835590 | Philip II of Spain | Son of Charles V and husband of Mary I (Bloody Mary) of England. King of Spain and Portugal. Also Naples and Sicily, the Netherlands and even England and Ireland briefly. He supported the Counter Reformation and sent the Spanish Armada to invade England in 1588 (likely storms helped the English win a victory). (r.1556-1598 for Spain) |  | 32 |
| 5700835591 | Potosi Silver Mine | Created in 1545 in the viceroyalty of Peru, now Bolivia. It was so rich in silver that it is referred to as the rich mountain, and the Spanish made the city into their colonial mint for centuries. It was the basis for the wealth of the Spanish Colonial Empire. |  | 33 |
| 5700835592 | Protestant Reformation | begun by Martin Luther and his 95 Theses which urged the RCC to make reforms, including ending the sale of indulgences and better education of the priests. The RCC refused to admit the need for change. - movement spread across "Germany" to England (Henry VIII) and Switzerland (where John Calvin led the movement). - there were political and economic motives for leaders to join the Reformation. It created a round of religious wars in Europe, contributed to the Inquisition and eventually led the RCC to admit there was room for improvement and begin the Counter Reformation... |  | 34 |
| 5700835593 | Renaissance | - meaning "rebirth," refers to the intellectual and artistic resurgence that began in Italy during the 14th and 15th centuries and spread throughout Western Europe. Humanist ideas became more widespread stressed a secular or nonreligious approach to the arts and sciences. | 35 | |
| 5700835594 | Roman Catholic Church | Christian Church based in the Vatican and presided over by a Pope and an episcopal hierarchy. |  | 36 |
| 5700835595 | Scientific Method | state a problem, gather data, form a hypothesis, experiment and analyze to reach a conclusion... |  | 37 |
| 5700835596 | Scientific Revolution | Begun in the 17th century, scientists began to challenge the validity of classical ideas; the questioning spirit of the Renaissance and Reformation reflected the growing secularization of European society. - a key challenge to classical (and church) beliefs came with Copernicus and his belief in a heliocentric universe. Other scientist were inspired to experiment and search for natural laws for the universe too. - Galileo used a telescope and more math to prove Copernicus' theory,and taught about it. - Newton, created calculus, laws of motion, theory of universal gravitation and studied optics and light too. |  | 38 |
| 5700835597 | shogun | Hereditary military dictator of Japan. During the Tokugawa Shogunate, he held the power, not the emperor. |  | 39 |
| 5700835598 | silver or single whip system | Policy put forth by the Ming in the 1570s requiring a single national tax and that they all be paid in silver. Silver made its way into China from both Japan and the Americas, resulting in enormous profits for both Spain and Japan. | 40 | |
| 5700835599 | Straits of Malacca, Indonesia | well traveled stretch of water between Malaysia and Indonesia used for trade along the Spice Route |  | 41 |
| 5700835600 | Suleiman the Magnificent (Ottoman) | r.1520-1566, expanded the empire into southern Europe (almost to Venice). Centralized the government,creating an efficient bureaucracy. - modernized the Ottoman army -known as the Lawgiver for improving the legal system- laws were based on the sharia (Islamic law) - known for religious tolerance and being a patron of the arts. |  | 42 |
| 5700835601 | Thirty Years War (1618-1648) | Centered in Europe and resulted from the attempts of the Holy Roman Emperor to force his subjects to return to the Catholic Church. - Peace/Treaty of Westphalia (below) left a weakened Holy Roman Emperor. |  | 43 |
| 5700835602 | Tokugawa Bakufu System | - A feudal, but centralized, (unlike western Europe's that was decentralized) regime of Japan, ruled by shoguns of the Tokugawa family. - Also known as the Edo Period (Edo the capital at that time, now is Tokyo. - He ruled from Edo castle from 1603 - 1868, when it was toppled by the Meiji Restoration. - known for its isolationism, no foreigners were allowed (just a few Dutch merchants in Nagasaki). - did end fighting between daimyo and their samurai, leading to peace and stability. Trade increased, which led to a wealthy merchant class (but without political power) - new crops led to population increase, peasants were eventually overtaxed to support their daimyo who had to live in Edo Castle (not unlike French nobility) - forced to open their ports in 1854, by Matthew Perry (US) and the Treaty of Kanagawa |  | 44 |
| 5700835603 | Treaty of Westphalia | - Ended the Thirty Years War. - German States were granted their independence; Prussia emerged as most powerful. - began the nation-states of Europe; sovereign states were given the authority to themselves. Switzerland was independent and France added new territories. |  | 45 |
| 5700835604 | The Vatican | The residence of the Pope of the RCC. It is an independent state within the city of Rome. | 46 | |
| 5700835605 | Zheng He (Ming China) | an imperial eunuch and a Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic treasure ships through the Indian Ocean, to the coasts of southern Asia, the Arabian peninsula and the east coast of Africa. - Click on the map to expand the view |  | 47 |
| 5700835606 | Treaty of Tordesailles | Created the Line of Demarkation in 1494, with which the Pope divided the world between Spain and Portugal, to prevent war in Europe. Obviously other European nations left out of the deal did not agree and neither did the new "subject states." |  | 48 |
| 5700835607 | social contract | Enlightenment idea -that you have natural rights (life, liberty and property and that the government must protect these rights or else you have the right to overthrow it. Jefferson used this in our Declaration of Independence - as did many others as well. | 49 | |
| 5700835608 | Safavid Empire | - following the Battle of Chaldiran, fought against the Ottoman Turks in 1514, the Safavid family consolidated control over modern-day Iran and ruled until 1736. - established the Shiite sect of Islam as the official religion of the empire. - known as one of the three Gunpowder empires. - constant conflict with the Ottomans, coupled with increasingly stronger Russian empire to the north and the Mughal Empire to the south, led to its decline. | 50 |
