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| 159804494 | Cape of Good Hope | Southern tip of the African continent; first circumnavigated in 1488 by Portuguese in search of direct route to India. | |
| 159804495 | Amerigo Vespucci | The Italian sailor who corrected Columbus's mistake, acknowledging the coasts of america as a new world. America is named after him. | |
| 159804496 | Ferdinand Magellan | Spanish captain who in 1519 initiated first circumnavigation of the globe; died during voyage; allowed Spain to claim Philippines. | |
| 159804497 | Spanish Armada | The Spanish fleet sent by Phillip II that attempted to invade England in 1588, ending in disaster, due to the raging storm in the English Channel as well as the smaller and better English navy led by Francis Drake. This is viewed as the decline of Spains Golden Age, and the rise of England as a world naval power. | |
| 159804498 | Dutch East India Company | Joint stock company that obtained government monopoly over trade in Asia; acted as virtually independent government in regions it claimed. | |
| 159804499 | British East India Company | Joint stock company that obtained government monopoly over trade in India; acted as virtually independent government in regions it claimed. | |
| 159804500 | Columbian Exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. | |
| 159804501 | Battle of Lepanto | Naval battle between the Spanish and Ottoman Empire resulting in a Spanish victory in 1571. This battle effectively destroyed Turkish sea power. | |
| 159804502 | Core Nations | Nations, usually European, that enjoyed profit from world economy; controlled international banking and commercial services such as shipping; exported manufactured goods for raw materials. | |
| 159804503 | Mercantilism | Economic theory that stressed governments promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe. | |
| 159804504 | Mestizos | People of mixed European and Native American ancestry in Mesoamerica and South America; particularly prevalent in areas colonized by Spain; often part of forced labor system. | |
| 159804505 | Vasco de Balboa | First Spanish captain to begin settlement of the mainland of Mesoamerica in 1509; initial settlement eventually led to conquest of Aztec and Inca empires by other captains. | |
| 159804506 | Francisco Pizarro | Led conquest of Inca Empire of Peru beginning in 1535; by 1540, most of Inca possessions fell to the Spanish. | |
| 159804507 | New France | French colonies in North America; extended from St. Lawrence River along Great Lakes and down Mississippi River valley system. | |
| 159804508 | Seven Years' War | Fought both in continental Europe and also the overseas colonies of the major nations between 1756 and 1763; resulted in Prussian seizures of land from Austria, English seizures of colonies in India and North America. Called the French and Indian War in North America. | |
| 159804509 | Treaty of Paris | Arranged in 1763 following the Seven Years' War; granted New France to England in exchange for return of French sugar island in Caribbean. | |
| 159804510 | Cape Colony | Dutch colony established at the Cape of Good Hope in 1652 initially to provide a coastal station from the Dutch seaborne empire; by 1770 settlements had expanded sufficiently to come int conflict with Bantus. | |
| 159804511 | Boers | Dutch settlers in Cape Colony, in southern Africa. | |
| 159804512 | Calcutta | Headquarters of British East India Company in Bengal in India subcontinent; located on the Ganges River. City was captured in 1756 during early part of the Seven Years' War; later became administrative center for all of Bengal. | |
| 162295153 | Christoper Columbus | Genoese captain in service of king and queen of Castile and Aragon; successfully sailed to New World and returned in 1492; initiated European discoveries in the Americas. | |
| 162295154 | World Economy | Established by Europeans by the 16th century; based on control of seas, including the Atlantic and Pacific; created international exchange of foods, diseases, and manufactured products. |
