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THE END IS NEAR.
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| 90214844 | Mesopotamia | 3000-1000 bce | |
| 90214845 | New Kingdom Egypt | 1532-1070 bce | |
| 90214846 | Assyrian Empire | 911-612 bce | |
| 90214847 | Persian Empire | 1000-323 bce | |
| 90214848 | Israel | 2000-1500 bce | |
| 90214849 | Olmec | 1200-400 bce | |
| 90214850 | Chavin | 900-250 bce | |
| 90214851 | Minoan | 2000-1450 bce | |
| 90214852 | Mycenaean | 1600-1150 bce | |
| 90214853 | Phoenicia | 1200-500 bce | |
| 90214854 | Classical Athens | 480-323 bce | |
| 90214855 | Roman Republic | 507-31 bce | |
| 90214856 | Roman Principate | 31 bce-476 ce | |
| 90214857 | Indus Civilization | 2600-1900 bce | |
| 90214858 | Shang China | 1750-1027 bce | |
| 90214859 | Zhou China | 1027-221 bce | |
| 90214860 | Qin China | 221-206 bce | |
| 90214861 | Han China | 206 bce-220 ce | |
| 91072011 | Civilization | composed of cities as administrative centers, a political system based on defined territory rather than kinship, many people, engaged in specialized, n on-food-producing activities, status distinctions based largely on accumulation of wealth, monumental building, record systems, trade, and interest in the arts | |
| 91072012 | Paleolithic | the era called "Old Stone", consisted of foragers and hunter-gathers | |
| 91072013 | Neolithic | the era called "New Stone", which consisted of the birth of farming and agriculture | |
| 91072014 | foragers | hunter gatherers who hunted roaming animals and gathered nuts and berries during the Paleolithic era | |
| 91072015 | Agricultural Revolutions | occurring around 10,000 years ago, it signifies the decline of foraging and the rise of new farming techniques | |
| 91072016 | Holocene | the era of warming temperatures worldwide | |
| 91072017 | megaliths | giant religious structures common in Mesopotamia such as the ziggurat, the Minoans also creates megaliths | |
| 91072018 | city-state | the urban center and the agricultural hinterlands it controlled | |
| 91072019 | ziggurat | a type of Mesopotamian mud brick platform where on its summit was a religious shrine, "half pyramid" | |
| 91072020 | amulets | charms worn to ward off evil and miscarriage, common in Mesopotamia and Egypt | |
| 91072021 | cuneiform | the first basic type of writing system used by Mesopotamians, wedge-shaped | |
| 91072022 | pharaoh | king of the Egyptians, sent by the gods to secure the ma'at | |
| 91072023 | ma'at | the divinely authorized order of the universe (Egyptian belief) | |
| 91072024 | pyramid | a tomb that often housed the body of the pharaoh; represents the sun | |
| 91072025 | hieroglyphics | Egyptian writing system used for both rituals and keeping records | |
| 91072026 | papyrus | a type of reed found near the Nile; basic paper | |
| 91072027 | Harappa/Mohenjo Daro | 2 important civilizations of the Indus Civilizations; both fell due to systems failure (separate with a /) | |
| 91072028 | loess | a type of sediment driven into the wind that gives the Yellow River its distinct color | |
| 91072029 | feng shui | spacial orientation practiced during the Shang that orients buildings with harmony with heavens | |
| 91072030 | divination | the use of oracle bones to determine the future by reading cracks in the bone; also related to ancestral worship with spirits; prominent in China | |
| 91072031 | Mandate of Heaven | the Chinese emperor's right to rule; the heavens validate the king's rule as long as he rules with the people in mind | |
| 91072032 | yin yang | the social "balance" philosophy used in China; represents the complementary natures of men and women | |
| 91072033 | Kush | a kingdom within Nubia, where it was matriarchal (candace) and had abundant gold mines | |
| 91072034 | Meroe | the kingdom of Nubia after the conquer of Egypt, corridor of trade for Sub-Saharan Africa and Northern Africa | |
| 91072035 | Chavin | situated in Peru, from 900-250 BCE, organized labor, and also the domestication of the llama | |
| 91072036 | llamas | the first transport animal to be domesticated in South America by the Chavin | |
| 91072037 | Iron Age | taking place around 1000 BCE, rise of iron tools | |
| 91072038 | Hittites | originally from Anatolia (p.d Turkey), made iron tools and weapons | |
| 91072039 | Minoan | situated in Crete, off the southern coast of Greece, ruled by King Minos, labyrinth, and the palace as Knossos (2000-1450 BCE) | |
| 91072040 | Mycenae | from 1600-1150; kingdom was in Southern Greece, Agamemnon, citadels on fortified hilltops, Heinrich Schliemann (shaft graves) | |
| 91072041 | linear B | an early type of writing used by the Mycenaeans | |
| 91072042 | mass deportation | practiced by the Assyrians, capturing war captives and slaves and recruiting them into the military | |
| 91072043 | Library of Ashurbanipal | library in the Assyrian empire that was the intellectual gateway for the Assyrians | |
| 91072044 | First Temple | constructed by Solomon during his reign; in Jerusalem | |
| 91072045 | diaspora | meaning "scattering" the spread of the Israelites into Europe, Africa, and Asia, and also the birth of synagogues | |
| 91072046 | Phoenicians | massive trading empire located in the levant, 1200-500 BCE, Carthage, known for their purple dye and sailing trade | |
| 91072047 | Carthage | major trading port city located in p.d. Tunisia | |
| 91072048 | Phoenician Alphabet | the first formal system of speech/writing; adopted by the Greeks and later leads to the evolution of Western languages | |
| 91072049 | polis | meaning "city state", Greek | |
| 91072050 | hoplites | the term for the Spartan soldier, Greek | |
| 91072051 | Hellenistic | another term for the Greeks, The ______ Synthesis | |
| 91072052 | barbaroi | the Roman term dubbed for an "outsider" | |
| 91072053 | tyrant | one who seized power and help power in violation of the normal procedures and tradition of the community; typically in Athens that was overtaken by the democracy | |
| 91072054 | sacrifice | offering to the gods commonly done by the Greeks | |
| 91072055 | Herodotus | ancient Greek intellectual known as the "Father of history" | |
| 91072056 | theater state | elaborate ceremonies that are done to provide a facade to other empires that they are more culturally superior; ex. Gupta Empire | |
| 91072057 | scribe | in Mesopotamia and Egypt, those assigned with keeping records; literate and of high stature | |
| 91072058 | great tradition | term for a literate, well-institutionalized complex of religious and social beliefs and practices adhered to by diverse societies over a broad geographical area | |
| 91072059 | small tradition | term for a localized, usually non-literate set of customs and beliefs adhered by a single society | |
| 91072060 | satrap | governors of Persian provinces charged with gathering taxes and tribute to the king | |
| 91072061 | latifundia | large farms growing cash crops not staple crops, prominent during the Roman Empire | |
| 91072062 | Peloponnesian War | 431-404 BCE, between the Athenians and Persian/Spartan alliance, with Athens as the victor | |
| 91072063 | Delian League | the Athenian navy, leading to the rise of the Golden Age of Greek art and philosophies (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, the Parthenon, etc.) | |
| 91072064 | trireme | naval boat of the Athenians (200 warships) | |
| 91072065 | Socrates | Greek philosopher who challenged the gods and humanism- succeeded by Plato and Aristotle | |
| 91072066 | Alexandria | the most important city of the Hellenistic Age, famous for its tomb of Alexander the Great, lighthouse, part of the Ptolemies province (p.d. Egypt) | |
| 91072067 | Ptolemies | one of the three provinces that was a result of the division of Alexander's empire, contained Egypt and the city of Alexandria | |
| 91072068 | Roman Republic | 507-31 BCE, was ruled by several assemblies of wealthy male citizens; votes of wealthy classes counted for more than the votes of poor citizens; Punic Wars, expansion of Italy | |
| 91072069 | patron/client relationship | a symbiotic relationship between the wealthy and the poor as a result of the expanding poverty gap | |
| 91072070 | Persian wars | the wars occurring between 490-480 BCE including the battle at Thermopylae, Marathon, and the kings Xerxes and Darius | |
| 91072071 | Roman Principate | from 31 BCE- 476 CE, began with the rule of Octavian, 3rd century crisis, Constantine, Byzantine Empire, and equites; emperors chosen by armies, not the Senate | |
| 91072072 | Romanization | spread of Roman culture across the Middle East and Mediterranean, incl. language, clothing, lifestyle, adopted by people in western part of empire; citizenship | |
| 91072073 | Jesus | head of Christianity; return to personal faith and spirituality of earlier age, apocalyptic prophet, political revolutionary | |
| 91072074 | Paul | spreads message of Jesus to the Gentiles | |
| 91072075 | aqueducts | Bridge-like stone structures that carry water from the hills into Roman cities | |
| 91072076 | third century crisis | political, military, and economic turmoil that beset the Roman Empire: frequent changes of ruler, civil wars, barbarian invasion and decline of economy; 235-284 | |
| 91072077 | Justinian | Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, Corpus Juris Civilis (new law code) | |
| 91072078 | Chang'an | capital of the Chinese Empire (Han) | |
| 91072079 | gentry | similar to the role of the Roman equites, the Chinese emperor allied himself with these merchants | |
| 91072080 | monsoon | seasonal wind patterns that dictate trade in the Indian Ocean and also allows for 3 growing seasons with warm or cold winds | |
| 91072081 | varna | meaning "color", it is the social hierarchy that the Vedics and Hindus use | |
| 91072082 | karma | the deeds during your life that determine your place in the next cycle of reincarnation (dharma and _______) | |
| 91072083 | moksha | the term for the liberation from the cycle of reincarnation and the full experience of the atman (practiced in Ascetic beliefs) | |
| 91072084 | nirvana | practiced by Buddhists, it is the achievement of full enlightenment | |
| 91072085 | Bhagavad Gita | major piece of literature of the Hindu religion | |
| 91072086 | Tamil Kingdoms | the kingdoms of southern India, inhabited primarily by speakers of Dravidian languages, which developed in partial isolation, and somewhat differently, from the Aryan north; produced epics, poetry, and performance arts; religious beliefs were merged into the Hindu synthesis | |
| 91072087 | Malay peoples | civilization located in Malaysia (SE Asia), includes Funan, commercial port city in southern Indochina and Malacca | |
| 91072088 | Funan | commercial port city in southern Indochina | |
| 91072089 | Silk Road | trade route connecting Mediterranean, Central Asia, and China; passing through important cities such as Samarkand, Chang'an, etc. | |
| 91072090 | Parthians | by around 247 BCE, helped cultivate trade along the Silk Road | |
| 91072091 | Sasanid Empire | 224-600: converted to Zoroastrianism; used the Silk Road to spread religion | |
| 91072092 | Indian Ocean Maritime System | consisting of 3 zones, used seaborne trade routes cultivating bilingual and bicultural, use of the monsoons, lateen sails | |
| 91072093 | trans-Saharan | trading across the upper Saharan desert, traded salt for gold, palm oil for kola nuts, Berbers, ______-______ caravan routes | |
| 91072094 | Sahel | the region of plains between the Sahara and Sub-Saharan Africa; acted as crossroads of trade | |
| 91072095 | Bantu | African peoples that migrated across Sub Saharan Africa spreading a language and also iron metallurgy, and retained a sense of small traditions | |
| 91072096 | Ethiopia | located in Eastern Africa, participated in trans-Saharan trade; also influenced by Roman farming style, (latifundia), shift back to nomad farming methods | |
| 91342887 | 12 Tables | 12 laws; the earliest Roman code of laws made prominent by the plebians to appeal judgment handed down by patrician judge | |
| 91342888 | Syncretism | the combination of different beliefs in religion or culture or an attempt to compromise the situation- applied to language, art, etc. examples include the different columns (Corinthian, Greco-Bactrian) and the Hellenistic Synthesis, partial borrowing of ideas | |
| 91342889 | Diffusion | the spreading out of words, ideas, people, or goods, full borrowing of ideas | |
| 91342890 | Independent Invention | term for a trait with many cultural hearths that developed independent of each other | |
| 91342891 | Book of the Dead | Egyptian: was a guiding text for all the rituals done to prepare a body for the afterlife; included weighing the hear and a feather and the judgment of Osiris, god of the dead | |
| 91342892 | Hebrew Bible | Israel: consisting of the basic laws and stories of Judaism and also the beginnings of Christianity | |
| 91342893 | monotheism | the belief in one god; Christianity, Judaism, Islam, etc. | |
| 91342894 | Buddhism | South/Southeast Asian: the religion involving a liberation from suffering and full knowledge through nirvana; Theravada and Mahayana | |
| 91380654 | Humanism | apparent in many other existing philosophies such as Confucianism, Buddhism, etc.; represents the importance of people's duty to promote human welfare | |
| 91380655 | Zoroastrianism | Persian/Later Sasanid: emphasizing truth-telling, purity, and reverence for nature, demanded that humans choose sides in the struggle between good and evil. Believed in a judgment in the afterlife | |
| 91380656 | Legalism | prominent during the Chinese dynasties, stressed belief that everyone was born evil and must be punished; didn't believe in education and burned books, government focused on punishment and coercion | |
| 91380657 | Confucianism | Chinese; was a response to the Warring States Period in an attempt to quell the chaos; believed in ethical and moral values with a government based on the familial social hierarchy; benevolence and ren, strict family roles | |
| 91380658 | Daoism | Chinese; was a response to Confucianism; did not stress importance of rigidity and structure but rather flow and not fighting against the current; taught by Lao Tzu and encouraged peace and no conflict | |
| 91380659 | democracy | Greek; first apparent in Athens, it was a direct one; where each citizen voted on every single matter, unlike today where we have representatives to voice our opinions; had overthrown Greek tyranny | |
| 91380660 | Sparta | was a totalitarian state off the southern coast of Greece; every male in the state had an obligation to serve in the military in fear of a helot uprising; soldiers called hoplites | |
| 91380661 | Hellenistic Age | the age of major Greek influence in part of the conquests made by Alexander the Great; spread of cosmopolitan civilization and Greek influence; architecture, trade, Greek uniformity across the Mediterranean and Middle East | |
| 91380662 | Numina | powerful forces worshiped publicly and privately by Romans and represented in everything | |
| 91380663 | Christianity | beginning around 6 C.E., key players were Jesus and Paul that mostly appealed to women and slaves for its belief in the love for the poor and less fortunate; became the official religion of the Roman empire under the rule of Constantine | |
| 91380664 | Vedas | the compilation of religious texts that acted as the main source of information about the period of the Vedic Age (1500-500 BCE), led into the Aryan migration speaking Indo-European languages | |
| 91380665 | asceticism | the movement in which people questioned the philosophies of the Brahmins including reincarnation, atman, and karma; led to the belief of moksha and Jainism and Buddhism | |
| 91380666 | Mahayana Buddhism | a more user-friendly version of Buddhism with new features and practices; the main Buddhism that spreads to China, Japan, and Korea | |
| 91380667 | Sargon | ruler of Akkad, united many city-states in the Mesopotamian area, 2350 BCE, united the cities under one king and capital | |
| 91380668 | Menes | king of Upper Egypt united the two kingdoms of upper and lower egypt | |
| 91380669 | Hammurabi | Babylonian ruler from 1792-1750 BCE, established a new law code the whole society would adhere to | |
| 91380670 | Hatshepsut | first female pharaoh of Egypt during the New Kingdom period, established an expedition to Punt for myrrh | |
| 91380671 | Ramses II | pharaoh of New Kingdom Egypt (1290-1224 BCE) underwent many monumental building projects all over Egypt | |
| 91380672 | David | the 2nd king of the Israelites, overtook the rule of Saul, son is Solomon, capital is Jerusalem, Ark of the Covenant | |
| 91380673 | Shi Huangdi | 1st emperor of the Qin dynasty; established a totalitarian structure and advocated Legalism and abolished primogeniture; the scenario in which the eldest son inherits all the land | |
| 91380674 | Akhenaten | pharaoh of New Kingdom Egypt, rebelled against the religious customs of the Egyptians and established a new head god, Aten (sun disk god) over Amon, moved capital to Amarna, starts Amarna Period | |
| 91380675 | Cyrus | king that overthrows Medes and unites Persian tribes, conquers Anatolia and Mesopotamia during 550-530 BCE | |
| 91380676 | Ashoka | a king of the Mauryan Empire that converted to Buddhism after being overwhelmed by the brutality of earlier military conquests | |
| 91380677 | Darius I | Persian emperor that extends empire control to Indus Valley and into Europe and becomes the largest empire during that time-span (522-486 BCE), engages in First Persian War and is defeated at Marathon | |
| 91380678 | Pericles | Athenian emperor around 460-450 BCE, created a Greek Assembly, Council of 500, People's Court, also removed all remaining debt restrictions and paid salaries to political officers | |
| 91380679 | Alexander the Great | Macedonian prince whose conquest spans across all of Europe, Middle East, and Western Asia, also revolutionizes the Hellenistic Synthesis while spreading Greek influences | |
| 91380680 | Augustus | also known as Octavian, was the first ruler of the Roman Principate, reorganized the Roman government in 31 BCE, and also allied himself with the equites | |
| 91380681 | Constantine | one of the generals fighting for the position of power in Rome, during his battle, sees the cross in the sky and wins; establishes Byzantine Empire, and creates capital of Constantinople |
