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AP WORLD CH 10 STRAYER Flashcards

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5500992410Byzantine Empire(330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the Western Empire was conquered by the Germans at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine.0
55009924111453Date that the Byzantine Empire's capital was conquered by the Turks.1
5500992412ConstantinopleA large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul.2
5500992413Ottoman EmpireA Muslim empire based in Turkey that lasted from the 1300's to 1922.3
5500992414Eastern OrthodoxyChurch established in the Byzantine Empire after the split from the Roman Catholic Church in 1054; Greek & Russian Orthodox Churches descend from this.4
5500992415Latin ChristianityWestern Christian church headed by the Pope in Rome. Influential in Western Europe.5
5500992416Latin LanguageWritten and spoken Roman language, basis for modern Romance Languages: French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and Romanian. Very influential on English after the Norman conquest of England in 1066.6
5500992417Germanic KingdomsThey began to replace Roman provinces in Western Europe in the years of upheaval between 400 and 600. The borders of these kingdoms changed constantly with the fortunes of war.7
5500992418NestorianismA form of Christianity that emerged in the 5th century CE. It was based upon the teachings of Nestor who taught, essentially, that Jesus was two beings at the same time. Usually practiced outside of Europe. Was briefly very influential in China.8
5500992419ByzantiumAn old Greek city, renamed Constantinople, that became the center of the Byzantine Empire; present day Istanbul.9
5500992420Justinian6th century Byzantine emperor; failed to reconquer the western portions of the empire; rebuilt Constantinople; codified Roman law.10
5500992421CaesaropapismA political-religious system in which the secular ruler is also head of the religious establishment, as in the Byzantine Empire. "Caesar over Pope."11
5500992422AriusA man that was the cause for doctrinal dissensions of the church in the early 4th century because he believed that Jesus, being created by his Father, was inferior to God, meaning he was only semi-divine. This was ruled as heresy at the Council of Nicaea in 325.12
5500992423Council of NiceaA council called by Constantine in A.C.E 325 in order to solidify further teachings of Chrisitianity. In Nicea in Anatolia (Turkey,) the Church leaders wrote the Nicene Creed, which defines the basic beliefs of many Christian churches.13
5500992424NestoriusBishop of Constantinople who called for the council of Ephesus because he believed Jesus was 2 persons, started Nestorian branch of the Christian Church.14
5500992425GreekPrimary language for the Byzantine Empire. Contrasted with Latin Christianity in the West, Byzantine language tended to influence Eastern Christianity. More so than in the West, Byzantine thinkers sought to formulate Christian doctrine in terms of Greek philosophical concepts.15
5500992426Iconoclast ControversyConflict caused by the eastern emperor's decision to condemn the use of icons in worship vs. Catholics in western Europe that worshiped icons.16
55009924271054Date of the Great Schism in the Christian Church (Roman Catholic & Eastern Orthodox.)17
55009924281095Date of the beginning of the Crusades.18
55009924291204Date that the 4th crusaders sacked the most important city in Christendom: Constantinople.19
5500992430Greek FireByzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; utilized to drive back the Arab fleets that attacked Constantinople.20
5500992432BulgarsAsiatic people, defeated the Eastern Roman forces, took possession of the lower Danube Valley, set up a strong Bulgarian kingdom.21
5500992433FranksA Germanic people who settled in the Roman province of Gaul (France).22
5500992434Cyril and MethodiusByzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic.23
5500992435CyrillicAn alphabet derived from the Greek alphabet and used for writing Slavic languages.24
5500992436Kievan RusState that emerged around the city of Kiev in the Ninth century CE; a culturally diverse region that included Vikings as well as Finnic and Baltic peoples. The conversion of Vladimir, the grand price of Kiev, to Orthodox Christianity in 988 had long-term implications for Russia.25
5500992437Dnieper RiverA river that rises in Russia near Smolensk and flowing south through Belarus and Ukraine to empty into the Black Sea.26
5500992438Third RomeRussian claim to be successor state to Roman and Byzantine empires; based in part on continuity of Orthodox church in Russia following fall of Constantinople in 1453.27
5500992439RussificationA tsarist program that required non-Russians to speak only Russian and provided education only for those groups loyal to Russia.28
5500992440711Date for the Muslim conquest of Spain.29
5500992441CharlemagneFrank king who (temporarily reunited Western Europe through conquest) was crowned the new Roman Emperor in 800.30
5500992442Lief EricssonEstablish Viking settlement of "Vinland" in North America in 1000.31
5500992443Thomas QuinasGreat theologian of Western Christianity who blended Aristotle's teachings with those of Christianity. "Scholasticism." (in 1200s)32
5500992444WodenThe supreme god in the Anglo-Saxon pantheon. He had magical healing powers, a tricky nature, and strength in battle. Anglo-Saxon kings claimed to be his descendants. Namesake for "Wednesday."33
5500992445ThorImportant God in the Norse pantheon. Namesake for "Thursday."34
5500992446Carolingian EmpireCharlemagne's empire; covered much of western and central Europe; largest empire until Napoleon in 19th century.35
5500992447Holy Roman EmpireAn empire established in Europe in the 10th century CE, originally consisting mainly of lands in what is now Germany and Italy.36
5500992448FeudalismA political, economic, and social system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land (serfs.)37
5500992449Vernacular LanguagesThe common speech of the masses. They were the alternative to Latin, the language of the learned. The late Middle Ages saw the rise of this form of literature which began to flourish in the 14th century as is exemplified by the works of Petrarch (1304-74), Boccaccio (1313-75). and Chaucer (1342-1400). Though Latin remained the universal tongue of scholarship, politics, and the Church in Western Europe until after the Middle Ages and the Reformation.38
5500992450Investiture ConflictA conflict that arose over whether the church or the political leader was authorized to appoint leaders in the Western Christian church in the eleventh and twelfth centuries.39
5500992452High Middle AgesAge of Faith (1000-1300,) People all over western Europe began to look to the Church and to the people to provide moral and spiritual leadership. Spurred on by the success of the Gregorian reform movement, this was a time of vast increase in the power and reputation of the Church and papacy.40
5500992454Baltic TradeFish, salt, wood, beeswax, furs, rye, wheat, cloth, and wine. Items traded on the sea around the north of Europe. (trade)41
5500992455CordobaCapital of Muslim Andalusia (Spain), an economic center; hundreds of workshops; culture and learning flourished there.42
5500992456VeniceAn Italian trading city on the Adriatic Sea; agreed to help the Byzantines' effort to regain the lands in return for trading privileges in Constantinople.43
5500992457GenoaName the port in northern Italy that has a long history of shipbuilding and was Christopher Columbus's birthplace.44
5500992458Hildegard of BingenAbbess of a religious house in Western Germany; one of first important women composers and contributor to Gregorian chant; had visions and was mystic and prophet to kings, popes, emperors, priests (1098-1179.) (role of women)45
5500992459BeguinesIndependent communities of laywomen that first emerged in Europe in the High Middle Ages. They had no rule or permanent religious vows, but they shared a form of common life and engaged in contemplative prayer or ministries of caring for the sick and poor. (role of women)46
5500992460Julian of NorwichFemale hermit and anchoress (lived in room attached to a church) who spoke about Jesus in feminine terms. (role of women)47
5500992461Three-field systemA system of farming developed in medieval Europe, in which farm land was divided into three fields of equal size and each of these was successively planted with a winter crop, planted with a spring crop, and left un-planted.48
5500992462Scratch PlowPlow used before the Heavy plow (c. 500 CE) and was pulled by man and less successful in mixing soil.49
5500992463Heavy PlowDevice of the sixth century CE permitting the turning of heavy northern soils in Northern Europe, rotating crops, and increased agricultural production.50
5500992464WindmillAn engine powered by the wind designed to produce energy from an inexhaustible source. Adopted in Europe c. twelfth-thirteenth centuries. (technology)51
5500992465Water-driven millAn engine powered by rivers adopted in Europe by the ninth century CE. (technology)52
5500992466GunpowderAn invention originating in China but adopted in Europe by the fourteenth century.53
5500992467Roger BaconEnglish scientist and Franciscan monk who stressed the importance of experimentation and helped lay important foundations for science. (c. 1260)54
5500992468TertullianFather of Latin theology c. 150-225 CE. He disliked the influence of Greek Rationalism on Christianity and famously quoted "What has Athens to do with Jerusalem?"55
5500992469University of ParisGained great prestige between 1259 and 1281 with programs in theology, law, medicine, and philosophy. First university in Western Europe.56
5500992470OxfordUniversity that emerged in England c. late 13th century.57
5500992471Anselm(1033-1109) Archbishop of Canterbury best known for his Ontological Argument for the existence of God ("God is the being that has all perfections, existence is a perfection, therefore God must exist).58
5500992472Bernard of Clairvaux(1090-1153) Christian thinker who emphasized the role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities.59
5500992473Peter Abelard1079-1142. A brilliant orator and very influential Christian thinker who was, nonetheless, very controversial: first for his affair with his teenage charge, and then for his unorthodox views. One of the pioneers of Scholasticism.60
5500992474Adelard of Bath(1080-1142) This man traveled to Spain, translated Ptolemy and Euclid's Elements and gave Europe astronomy and geometry. He himself also observed light travels faster than sound and believed God was an explanation reserved only for when others failed.61
5500992475AristotleHugely influential upon European scholasticism in the Middle Ages. His logical approach and "scientific temperament" influenced European intellectuals more than anyone else. His writings became the basis for European university education and largely dominated the thought of Western Europe in the five centuries after 1200.62
5500992476Plato's AcademyThe philosophical school founded by Plato in 385 BCE. The Roman emperor Justinian I closed it in 529 CE, a date that some call the beginning of the "Dark Ages."63

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