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| 110429490 | Abu al-Abbas | founder of Abbasid dynasty | |
| 110429492 | Ibn Rushd (Averroes) | 1126-1198 in Spain, he wrote Aristotelian philosophical writings | |
| 110429493 | Mamluks | under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the 9th and 10th centuries; Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517) | |
| 110429494 | Muhammad | Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam | |
| 110429496 | Caliphate | office established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name of that empire | |
| 110429501 | Mecca | city in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad and ritual center of the Islamic religion | |
| 110429502 | Medina | city in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca | |
| 110429503 | Muslim | an adherent of the Islamic religion; a person who submits to the will of God | |
| 110429504 | Quran | book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam | |
| 110429507 | Shi'ites | Muslims belonging to the branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali; Shi'ism is the state religion of Iran | |
| 110429509 | Sultan | Arabic title that means power, used by Seljuk family in Turkish Muslim state | |
| 110429510 | Sunnis | Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that they community should select its own leadership; the majority religion in most Islamic countries | |
| 110568867 | Abbasid Caliphate | descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad (founded 762) from 750 to 1258 | |
| 110568869 | Islam | religion expounded by the Prophet Muhammad on the basis of his reception of divine revelations, which were collected after his death into the Quran; Islam calls on all people to recognie one creator god (Allah) who rewards or punishes believers after death according to how they led their lives | |
| 110568871 | Shari'a | the law of Islam; provides the foundation of Islamic civilization | |
| 110568872 | Umayyad Caliphate | first hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs (661-750); from their capital at Damascus, the Umayyads ruled an empire that extended from Spain to India; overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate | |
| 110584147 | Benedict of Nursia | (480-547) person most responsible for introduction to the Latin west the Egyptian practice of monks or nuns living together in organized communities; organized several monasteries in Italy; wrote rules to govern monks' behavior | |
| 110584148 | Charlemagne | Kind of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814); established Carolingian Empire through military conquests; encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy; sponsored brief intellectual revival | |
| 110584151 | Varagians | Swedes who pursued raiding and trading and built kingdoms along the rivers of eastern Europe and Russia | |
| 110584153 | Cyrillic | alphabet devised for the western Slavic Christians adhering to the Orthodox religion and later used by Kievan empire | |
| 110584154 | Fief | in medieval Europe, land granted in return for a sworn oath to provide specified military service | |
| 110584155 | Hagia Sophia | Constantinople cathedral; greatest Byzantine architectural monument | |
| 110584159 | serf | in medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perform set services for the lord | |
| 110584160 | vassal | in medieval Europe, a sworn supporter of a king or lord committed to rendering specified military service to that king or lord | |
| 110584161 | Byzantine Empire | eastern portion of Roman Empire from 4th century onward, taken from Byzantium, an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city; empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453 | |
| 110584163 | Crusades | (1095-1204) armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule; the Crusades brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation | |
| 110584164 | Holy Roman Empire | loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by the princes; it lasted from 962 to 1806 | |
| 110584167 | Monasticism | living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty; prominent element of medieval Christianity and Buddhism; monasteries were primary centers of learning and literacy in medieval Europe |
