the earth and its peoples ch. 9 - 16 vocab
Terms : Hide Images
| 469408855 | Charlemagne | First emperor in western Europe in three hundred years | |
| 469408856 | medieval | Decline of urban life in later days of Roman Empire | |
| 469408857 | Byzantine Empire | Eastern portion of the Roman Empire | |
| 469408858 | Kievan Russia | State established at Kiev in Ukraine | |
| 469408859 | schism | Formal split in the religious community | |
| 469408860 | manor | Self-sufficient farming estates giving people physical and political protection | |
| 469408861 | serf | Agricultural workers on the manor | |
| 469408862 | fief | land granted for military service | |
| 469408863 | vassal | noble follower to the king | |
| 469408864 | papacy | central administration of the roman Catholic Church | |
| 469408865 | Holy Roman Empire | Loose confederation of German princes who was headed by an emporer | |
| 469408866 | investiture controversy | conflict between the Holy Roman Empire and the popes over authority over the bishops | |
| 469408867 | monasticism | living in a religious community away from society | |
| 469408868 | horse collar | moves point of traction from a horse's throat to its shoulders | |
| 469408869 | Crusades | Christian campaigns against Muslims | |
| 469408870 | pilgrimages | journey to a sacred shrine of the christians | |
| 469408871 | Grand Canal | waterway linking the Yellow and Yangzi Rivers | |
| 469408872 | Li Shimin | One of the founders of the Tang empire and its second emporer | |
| 469408873 | Tang Empire | Empire unifying China and part of Central Asia | |
| 469408874 | tributary system | Relationship where independent countries acknowledged the Chinese emporer's supremacy | |
| 469408875 | Song Empire | Empire in central and southern China | |
| 469408876 | junk | Very large flat bottom sailing for long-distance trade | |
| 469408877 | gunpowder | Saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal to make explosives and propel bullets | |
| 469408878 | neo-Confucianism | New approaches to understanding Confucian tests | |
| 469408879 | Zen | The japanese word for a branch of Mahayana buddhism | |
| 469408880 | movable type | Where each individual character is cast on a seperate piece of metal | |
| 469408881 | shamanism | the practice of identifying special individuals who interact with spirits for the benefit of the community | |
| 469408882 | Koryo | Korean kingdom founded in 918 and destroyed by mongol invasion in 1258 | |
| 469408883 | Fujiwara | aristocratic family who dominated the japanese imperial court between ninth and twelfth centuries | |
| 469408884 | Kamakura Shogunate | the first of japans decentralized military governments | |
| 469408885 | Champa rice | quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season | |
| 469408886 | Srivijaya | a state based on the indonesian island of sumatra between the 7th and 11th centuries C.E. | |
| 469408887 | Teotihuacan | powerful city-state in central Mexico that was an important classic-period civilization | |
| 469408888 | chinampas | Raised fields made along lake shores for better agricultural prosperity | |
| 469408889 | Maya | Mesoamerican civilization in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and Guatemala and Honduras | |
| 469408890 | Toltecs | postclassic empire in central Mexico that had wide influence | |
| 469408891 | altepetl | ethnic state in ancient Mesoamerica led by tlatoani | |
| 469408892 | calpoll | group of up to a hundred families that served as a foundation of the altepetl | |
| 469408893 | Tenochtitlan | capital of the Aztec empire with about 150,000 inhabitants | |
| 469408894 | Aztecs | powerful empire in central mexico that forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as tax | |
| 469408895 | tribute system | system in which defeated people paid tax in the form of goods and labor | |
| 469408896 | anasazi | an American indian civilization and culture that existed around the four corners area until 1300 C.E. | |
| 469408897 | chiefdom | a political economy that organizes regional populations through a hierarchy of the chiefs | |
| 469408898 | ayllu | the traditional form of a community in the andes, especially among quechuas and aymaras | |
| 469408899 | mit'a | a mandatory public service in the society of the inca empire | |
| 469408900 | Moche | a civilization that flourished in northern peru from about 100-800 C.E. | |
| 469408901 | Wari | a middle horizon civilization that flourished in the south-central andes and coastal area of modern-day peru from about 500-1000 C.E. | |
| 469408902 | Tiwanaku | an important pre-columbian archaeological site in western bolivia, south america | |
| 469408903 | Inca | the largest empire in pre-columbian america, the administrative, political and military center of the empire was located in Cusco | |
| 469408904 | khipus | recording devices used in the incan empire and its predecessor societies in the andean region | |
| 469408905 | Mongols | people who were early nomads but raised a massive empire linking western and eastern Eurasia | |
| 469408906 | Genghis Khan | supreme leader of Mongols in 1206 | |
| 469408907 | nomadism | People migrate to find pastures and water | |
| 469408908 | Yuan Empire | Empire created in China and Siberia by Khubilai Khan | |
| 469408909 | bubonic plague | Bacterial disease of fleas transmitted from rodents to humans | |
| 469408910 | Il-Khan | "secondary" khan based in Persia | |
| 469408911 | Golden Horde | Mongol Khanate founded by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu | |
| 469408912 | Timur | leader of the Khanate of Jagadai | |
| 469408913 | Rashid al-Din | Adviser to the Il=khan ruler Ghazan, who converted to Islam on Rashid's advice | |
| 469408914 | Nasir al-Din Tusi | Persian mathematician and cosmologist who inspired Copernican model of the solar system | |
| 469408915 | Alexander Nevskii | Prince of Novgorod; submitted to the invading Mongols in 1240 | |
| 469408916 | tsar | a russian title for a monarch to a russian ruler by Ivan III | |
| 469408917 | Ottoman Empire | islamsic state founded by osman in northwestern anatolia 1300 C.E. | |
| 469408918 | Khubilai Khan | last of the mongol great kahns and founder of the Yuan Empire | |
| 469408919 | lama | in tibetan buddhism, a teacher | |
| 469408920 | Beijing | china's northern capital, first used as an imperial capital in 906 and now the capital of the people's republic of china | |
| 469408921 | Ming Empire | empire based in china that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the yuan empire | |
| 469408922 | Yongle | the third emperor of the ming empire | |
| 469408923 | Zheng He | an imperial eunuch and muslim | |
| 469408924 | Yi | the Yi dynasty ruled Korea from the fall of the Koryo kingdom to the colonialization of korea by japan | |
| 469408925 | kamikaze | the "divine wind" which the japanese credited by blowing mongol invaders away from their shores in 1281 | |
| 469408926 | Ashikaga Shogunate | the second of japans military governments headed by a shogun, or military ruler | |
| 469408927 | INSERT CH. 13 | INSERT CH.13 | |
| 469408928 | Latin West | Territories of Europe that adhered to the Latin rite of Christianity and used the Latin language | |
| 469408929 | three-field system | Rotational system for agriculture in which two fields grow food crops and one lies fallow. This helps conserve soil nutrition | |
| 469408930 | Black Death | outbreak of the bubonic plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe | |
| 469408931 | water wheel | Mechanism in which flowing water turns a wheel to grind grain or power machinery | |
| 469408932 | Hanseatic League | Economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany | |
| 469408933 | guild | craftsmen banded together for economic and political protection | |
| 469408934 | Gothic cathedrals | Large churches originating in twelfth century France | |
| 469408935 | Renaissance (European) | Period of intense artistic and intellectual activity | |
| 469408936 | universities | degree-granting institutions of higher learning | |
| 469408937 | scholasticism | a philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology and the 13th century | |
| 469408938 | humanists (Renaissance) | European scholars, writers and teachers associated with the study of the humanities | |
| 469408939 | printing press | A mechanical device used for transferring text or graphics from a woodblock or type to paper using ink | |
| 469408940 | Great Western Schism | A division in the Latin christian church between 1378 and 1415, when rival claimants to the papacy existed in Rome and Avignon | |
| 469408941 | Hundred Years War | Series of campaigns over control of the throne of france, involving English and French royal families and french noble families | |
| 469408942 | new monarchies | historians' term for the monarchies in France, England and Spain from 1450 to 1600 | |
| 469408943 | reconquest of Iberia | Beginning in the 11th century, military campaigns by various Iberian christian states to recapture territory taken by muslims | |
| 469408944 | Zheng He | An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa | |
| 469408945 | Arawak | Amerindian peoples who inhabited the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean at the time of Columbus | |
| 469408946 | Henry the Navigator | (1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa | |
| 469408947 | caravel | A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic | |
| 469408948 | Gold Coast | Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward | |
| 469408949 | Bartolomeu Dias | Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean | |
| 469408950 | Vasco da Gama | Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route | |
| 469408951 | Christopher Columbus | Italian explorer who sailed to the Caribbean trying to find a western route to Asia | |
| 469408952 | Ferdinand Magellan | (1480?-1521) Portuguese-born navigator. Hired by Spain to sail to the Indies in 1519. Magellan was killed in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships returned to Spain (1522), thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe. | |
| 469408953 | conquistadors | spanish soldiers and explorers who led military expeditions in the Americas and captured land for Spain | |
| 469408954 | Hernan Cortes | Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain. | |
| 469408955 | Moctezuma II | Last Aztec emperor, overthrown by the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes | |
| 469408956 | Atahualpa | Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish. | |
| 469408957 | Francisco Pizarro | spanish conquistador who conquered the Incas | |
| 469408958 | Renaissance (European) | A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century, and a Northern trans-Alpine Renaissance | |
| 469408959 | papacy | The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head | |
| 469408960 | indulgence | a pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin | |
| 469408961 | Protestant Reformation | a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches | |
| 469408962 | Catholic Reformation | Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline | |
| 469408963 | witch-hunt | The pursuit of people suspected of witchcraft, especially in northern Europe in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries | |
| 469408964 | Scientific Revolution | an era between 16th and 18th centuries when scientists began doing research in a new way using the scientific method | |
| 469408965 | Enlightenment | movement during the 1700's that spread the idea that knowledge, reason, and science could improve society | |
| 469408966 | bourgeoise | a term referring simply to those who lived in urban areas. It was also a name for the middle class. This is referring to the people who lived beginning in the 11th century in urban areas mostly in Europe | |
| 469408967 | joint-stock company | A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts | |
| 469408968 | stock exchange | A place where shares in a company or business enterprise are bought and sold | |
| 469408969 | gentry | people of standing(rank or position); people of good family or high social position; class of people just below nobility | |
| 469408970 | Little Ice Age | A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable | |
| 469408971 | deforestation | The process of stripping the land of its trees | |
| 469408972 | Holy Roman Empire | Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806 | |
| 469408973 | Hapsburg | name of the Austrian ruling family who controlled that land as well as Spain, Netherlands, and part of Italy | |
| 469408974 | English Civil War | This was the revolution as a result of whether the sovereignty would remain with the king or with the Parliament. Eventually, the kingship was abolished | |
| 469408975 | Versailles | Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility | |
| 469408976 | balance of power | distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong | |
| 472940274 | Ibn Battuta | Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely travelled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the Western Sudan | |
| 472940275 | Tropics | Equatorial region between the tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn | |
| 472940276 | Monsoons | Seasonal winds in the Indian OCean caused by the differences in temperature between the rapidly heating and cooling land masses of africa and asia and the slowly changing ocean waters | |
| 472940277 | Delhi Sultanate | centralized indian empire of varying extent, created by muslim invaders | |
| 472940278 | Mali | empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa/it was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade | |
| 472940279 | Mansa Musa | Ruler of Mali | |
| 472940280 | Gujarat | region of western india famous trade and manufacturing, the inhabitants were call _____is | |
| 472940281 | Dhows | characteristic cargo and passenger ships of the Arabian Sea | |
| 472940282 | Swahili Coast | East african shores of the indian ocean between the horn of affrica and the zambezi river; from arabic meaning "shores" | |
| 472940283 | Great Zimbabwe | a trade center and the capital of a larger state | |
| 472940284 | Aden | a major trade center in the indian ocean since ancient times | |
| 472940285 | Malacca | was a trading center on the strait of M____ | |
| 472940286 | Urdu | a persian-influenced literary form of Hindi written in Arabic characters and used as a literary language since 1300s | |
| 472940287 | Timbuktu | City on the Niger river it became a major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning |
