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| 91908710 | Charlemagne | king of the Franks; through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Though illiterate himself, he sponsored a brief intellectual revival. | 0 | |
| 91908711 | medieval | literally "middle age", a term that historians of Europe use for the period 500-1500, signifying its intermediate point between Greco-Roman antiquity and the Renaissance. | 1 | |
| 91908712 | monasticism | living in a religious community apart from secular society; adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, poverty; it was a prominent element of medieval Christianity and Buddhism. were the primary centers of learning in medieval Europe | 2 | |
| 91908713 | horse collar | harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the neck to shoulders; its adoption favors the spread of horse-drawn plows and vehicles | 3 | |
| 91908714 | Kievan Russia | state established in Ukraine by Scandinavian adventurers asserting authority over a mostly Slavic farming population | 4 | |
| 91908715 | fief | in medieval Europe, land granted in return for a sworn oath to provide military service | 5 | |
| 91908716 | Holy Roman Empire | loose federation of mostly German States and principalities, headed by emperor elected by the princes. lasted from 962 to 1806. | 6 | |
| 91908717 | Byzantine Empire | eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from an early name for Constantinople, the capital city. fell to the Ottomans in 1453. | 7 | |
| 91908718 | schism | a formal split within a religious community. | 8 | |
| 91908719 | serf | In medieval Europe, an agriculture laborer legally bound to a lords property and obligated to perform set services for the lord. in Russia some of them worked as artisans and in factories; not abolished there until 1861. | 9 | |
| 91908720 | papacy | the central administration of the Roman catholic church, of which the pope is the head | 10 | |
| 91908721 | manor | In medieval Europe, a large, self-sufficient landholding consisting of the lords residence, outbuildings, peasant village, and surrounding land | 11 | |
| 91908722 | Crusades | armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation. | 12 | |
| 91908723 | pilgrimage | journey to sacred shrine by Christians seeking to show their piety, fulfill vows, or gain absolution for sins. Other religions also have these traditions, such as the Muslim one to Mecca and the ones made by early Chinese Buddhists to India in search of sacred Buddhist writings. | 13 | |
| 91908724 | vassal | In medieval Europe, a sworn supporter of a king or lord committed to rendering specific military service to that king or lord | 14 | |
| 91908725 | investiture controversy | dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands. | 15 |
