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| 7533898985 | Classical Greek Learning | Known in Western Europe, an infusion of Greek rationalism into Europe's universities in the 11th century shaped intellectual development for several centuries; featured the philosophies of Aristotle, Plato and Socrates |  | 0 |
| 7533927548 | Byzantine Empire | Term used by modern historians to refer to the surviving eastern Roman Empire during the medieval centuries; named after the ancient Greek city Byzantium, on the site of which the Roman emperor Constantine founded a new capital, Constantinople, in 330 CE |  | 1 |
| 7533966542 | caesaropapism | A political-religious system in which the secular ruler is also head of the religious establishment, as in the Byzantine Empire |  | 2 |
| 7533975622 | Charlemagne | Ruler of the Carolingian Empire (r. 768-814) who staged an imperial revival in Western Europe. |  | 3 |
| 7534059358 | Eastern Orthodox Christianity | Branch of Christianity that developed in the eastern part of the Roman Empire and gradually separated, mostly on matters of practice, from the branch of Christianity dominant in Western Europe; noted for the subordination of the Church to political authorities, a married clergy, the use of leavened bread in the Eucharist, and insistence on church councils as the ultimate authority in Christian belief and practice. |  | 4 |
| 7534085727 | Roman Catholic Christianity | Western European branch of Christianity that gradually defined itself as separate from Eastern Orthodoxy, with a major break in 1054 CE, that has still not been healed; "Roman Catholic" was not commonly used until after the Protestant Reformation,Western Christendom defined itself in centralized terms, with the bishop of Rome (the pope) as the ultimate authority in matters of doctrine | 5 | |
| 7534748444 | Constantinople | New capital for the eastern half of the Roman Empire, established by Emperor Constantine in 330 Ce on the site of the ancient Greek city of Byzantium; Constantinople's highly defensible and economically important site helped assure the city's cultural and strategic importance for many centuries |  | 6 |
| 7534765672 | Crusades | Modern term meaning "ventures of the cross," used to describe the "holy wars" waged by Western Christendom from 1095 CE until the end of the Middle Ages and beyond; Crusades could only be declared by the pope and were marked by participants swearing a vow and receiving an indulgence in return. |  | 7 |
| 7534787269 | Cyril and Methodius | 9th century Byzantine missionaries to the Slavs whose development of Cyrillic script made it possible to write Slavic languages |  | 8 |
| 7534799044 | Cyrillic | Alphabet based on Greek letters that was developed by Byzantine missionaries, Cyril and Methodius, to write Slavic languages. |  | 9 |
| 7534810977 | European cities | Western Europe saw a major process of urbanization beginning in the 11th century, with towns that created major trade networks and that were notable for the high degree of independence they often enjoyed | 10 | |
| 7534821144 | Greek fire | form of liquid fire that could be sprayed at the enemy; invented by the Byzantines and very important in the efforts to halt the Arab advance into Byzantine territory |  | 11 |
| 7534832231 | guild | An association formed by people pursuing the same line of work that regulates their professions and also provides a social and religious network for members |  | 12 |
| 7534841968 | Holy Roman Empire | Term invented in the 12th century CE to describe the Germany-based empire founded by Otto I in 962 CE |  | 13 |
| 7534851474 | hybrid civilization | The distinctive path of Western Europe in the centuries following the fall of the western Roman Empire, leading to a society that included elements of ancient Rome, the practices of Germanic invaders who formed new states, Christianity, and elements of pre-Roman culture that still survived | 14 | |
| 7534877094 | iconoclasm | The destruction of holy images; a term most often used to describe the Byzantine state policy of image destruction from 726 to 843 CE |  | 15 |
| 7534886165 | indulgence | A remission of the penalty (penance) for confessed sin that could be granted only by a pope, at first to Crusaders and later for a variety of reasons |  | 16 |
| 7534894670 | Justinian | Byzantine emperor (r. 5270565 CE) noted for his short-lived reconquest of much of the former western Roman Empire and for his codification of Roman law. |  | 17 |
| 7534906836 | Kievan Rus | State that emerged around the city of Kiev in the 9th century CE; a culturally diverse region that included Vikings as well as Finnic, and Baltic peoples. The conversion of Vladimir, the grand price of Kiev, to Orthodox Christianity in 988 CE had long-term implications for Russia |  | 18 |
| 7534926143 | natural philosophy | The scientific study of nature which developed, especially in Europe, in the later Middle Ages | 19 | |
| 7534935250 | Otto I | King of Germany (r. 936-973 Ce) who built a consolidated German-northern Italian state and was crowned emperor in 962 CE, creating what became known in time as the "Holy Roman Empire" |  | 20 |
| 7534952757 | system of competing states | The distinctive organization of Western European political life that developed after the fall of the western Roman Empire in the 5th century CE in which the existence of many small, independent states encouraged military and economic competition | 21 | |
| 7534966389 | Vikings | Scandinavian raiders who had an impact on much of Western Europe in the late 8th to 11th centuries; their more peaceful cousins also founded colonies including Newfoundland, Greenland, and Iceland |  | 22 |
| 7534978119 | Prince Vladimir | Grand prince of Kiev (r. 978-1015 CE) whose conversion to Orthodox Christianity led to the incorporation of Russia into the sphere of Eastern Orthodoxy. |  | 23 |
| 7535026734 | Ottoman Empire | A Muslim empire based in Turkey that lasted from the 1300's CE to 1922. |  | 24 |
| 7535038543 | Germanic Kingdoms | They began to replace Roman provinces in Western Europe in the years of upheaval between 400 and 600 CE. The borders of the kingdoms changed constantly with the fortunes of war | 25 | |
| 7535051207 | Nestorianism | A form of Christianity that emerged in the 5th century Ce. It was based upon the teachings of Nestor who taught, essentially, that Jesus was two beings at the same time. Usually practiced outside Europe. Was briefly very influential in China | 26 | |
| 7535070542 | Arius | A man that was the cause for doctrinal dissensions of the church in the early 4th century Ce because he believed that Jesus, being created by his Father, was inferior to God, meaning he was only demi-devine. This was ruled as heresy at the Council of Nicaea in 325 CE |  | 27 |
| 7535088734 | Council of Nicaea | A council called by Constantine in 325 CE in order to solidify further teachings of Christianity. In Nicaea in Anatolia (Turkey,) the Church leaders wrote the Nicene Creed, which defines the basic beliefs of many Christian churches |  | 28 |
| 7535112279 | Nestorius | Bishop of Constantinople who called for the council of Ephesus because he believed Jesus was 2 persons, started Nestorian branch of the Christian Church |  | 29 |
| 7535123040 | Bezant | A gold coin of the Byzantine Empire |  | 30 |
| 7535126885 | Bulgars | Asiatic people, defeated the Eastern Roman forces, took possession of the lower Danube Valley, set up a strong Bulgarian kingdom |  | 31 |
| 7535134629 | Franks | A Germanic people who settled in the Roman province of Gaul (France). | 32 | |
| 7535142515 | Russification | A tsarist program that required non-Russians to speak only Russian and proved education only for those groups loyal to Russia | 33 | |
| 7535159506 | Woden | The supreme god in the Anglo-Saxon pantheon. He had magical healing powers, a tricky nature, and strength in battle, Anglo-Saxon kings claimed to be his descendants. Namesake for "Wednesday". |  | 34 |
| 7535172374 | Thor | Important God in the Norse pantheon. Namesake for "Thursday". |  | 35 |
| 7535178978 | Feudalism | A political, economic, and social system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land (serfs) |  | 36 |
| 7535194303 | Vernacular | The common speech of the masses. They were the alternative to Latin, the language of the learned. The late Middle Ages saw the rise of this form of literature which began to flourish in the 14th century and is exemplified by the works of Petrarch (1304-1374), Boccaccio (1313-1375) and Chaucer (134201400). Though Latin remained the universal tongue of scholarship, politics, and the Church in Western Europe until after the Middle Ages and the Reformation | 37 | |
| 7535229472 | High Middle Ages | Age of Faith (1000-1300 CE) People all over western Europe began to look to the Church and to the people to provide moral and spiritual leadership. spurred on by the success of the Gregorian reform movement, this was a time of vast increase in the power and reputation of the Church and papacy |  | 38 |
| 7535248895 | Italian City-States | Venice, Milan, Florence, Naples |  | 39 |
| 7535251534 | Baltic Trade | Fish, salt, wood, beeswax, furs, rye, wheat, cloth, and wine. Items traded on the sea around the north of Europe |  | 40 |
| 7535273803 | Hildegard of Bingen | Abbess of a religious house in Western Germany; one of the first important female composers and contributors to Gregorian chant; had visions and was mystic and prophet to kings, popes, emperors and priests (1098--1179 CE) |  | 41 |
| 7535296726 | Beguines | Independent communities of laywomen that first emerged in Europe in the High Middle Ages/ They had no rule or permanent religious vows, but they shared a form of common life and engaged in contemplative prayer or ministries of caring for the sick and poor |  | 42 |
| 7535350585 | Julian of Norwich | Female hermit and anchoress (lived in a room attached to a church) who spoke about Jesus in feminine terms. |  | 43 |
| 7535359776 | Three-field system | A system of farming developed in medieval Europe, in which farm land was divided into three field of equal size and each of these was successively planted with a winter crop, planted with a spring crop, and left un-planted |  | 44 |
| 7535371886 | Scratch Plow | Plow used before the heavy plow ( c. 500 CE) and was pulled by man and less successful in mixing soil |  | 45 |
| 7535382047 | Heavy Plow | Device of the 6th century CE permitting the turning of heavy northern soils of Europe, rotating crops, and increased agricultural production. |  | 46 |
| 7535392186 | Windmill | An engine powered by the wind designed to produce energy from an inexhaustible source. Adopted in Europe c. 12th and 13th centuries. |  | 47 |
| 7535407655 | Water-driven mill | An engine powered by rivers adopted in Europe by the ninth century CE |  | 48 |
| 7535410784 | Gunpowder | An invention originating in China but adopted in Europe by the 14th century |  | 49 |
| 7535416886 | Roger Bacon | English scientist and Franciscan monk who stressed the importance of experimentation and helped lay important foundations for science (c. 1260 CE) |  | 50 |
| 7535425079 | Tertullian | Father of Latin theology (c. 150-225 CE) He disliked the influence of Greek Rationalism on Christianity and is famously quoted as saying "What has Athens to do with Jerusalem?" |  | 51 |
| 7535448533 | Anselm | (1033-1109) Archbishop of Canterbury best known for is Ontological Argument for the existence of God (God is the being that has all perfections, existence is a perfection, therefor God must exist). | 52 | |
| 7535464227 | Bernard of Clairvaux | (1090-1153) Christian thinker who emphasized the role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities |  | 53 |
| 7535476126 | Peter Abelard | (1079-1142) A brilliant orator and very influential Christian thinker who was very controversial; first for his affair with his teenage charge, and then for his unorthodox views. One of the pioneers of Scholasticism |  | 54 |
| 7535495259 | Adelard of Bath | (1080-1142) This man traveled to Spain, translated Ptolemy and Euclid's Elements and gave Europe astronomy and geometry. He himself also observed light travels faster than sound and believed God was and explanation reserved only for when others failed. |  | 55 |
