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| 259335953 | Byzantine Empire | a continuation of the Roman Empire in the Middle East after its division in 395. | 0 | |
| 259335954 | Constantinople | A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul | 1 | |
| 259335955 | Justinian | Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code | 2 | |
| 259335956 | caesaropapism | System in which the temporal ruler extends his own power to ecclesiastical and theological matters. Such emperors appointed bishops and the Eastern Patriarch, directed the development of liturgical practices, and even aided the recruitment of monks. | 3 | |
| 259335957 | Eastern Orthodox Christianity | A branch of Christianity that developed in the Byzantine Empire and that did not recognize the Pope as its supreme leader | 4 | |
| 259335958 | Icons | religious images or paintings that are traditional among many Eastern Christians for worship. | 5 | |
| 259335959 | Kievan Rus | A monarchy established in present day Russia in the 6th and 7th centuries. It was ruled through loosely organized alliances with regional aristocrats from. The Scandinavians coined the term "Russia". It was greatly influenced by Byzantine | 6 | |
| 259335960 | Prince Vladmir of Kiev | A Russian (Kievan) prince who converted to Orthodox Christianity and ordered his subjects to follow his example. Allowed Byzantium to have a lot of influence over the Slavic territories. | 7 | |
| 259335961 | Charlemagne | Frankish king who conquered most of Europe and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in the year 800. Bult the largest empire since the Roman Empire | 8 | |
| 259335962 | Holy Roman Empire | Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806. | 9 | |
| 259335963 | Roman Catholic Church | one of the three major branches of Christianity, the Roman Catholic Church, together with the Eastern Orthodox Church, a second of the three major branches of Christianity, arose out of the division of the Roman Empire by Emperor Diocletian into four governmental regions; two western regions centered in Rome, and two eastern regions centered in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey). In 1054 CE Christianity was divided along that same line when the Eastern Orthodox Church, centered in Constantinople; and the Roman Catholic Church, centered in Rome, split. | 10 | |
| 259335964 | Western Christendom | Establishment of small kingdoms by Germanic groups. | 11 | |
| 259335965 | Crusades | A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule. | 12 | |
| 259335966 | European Cities | Cities in Europe that were mostly developed during the Medieval Period and that retain many of the same characteristics such as extreme density of development with narrow buildings and winding streets, an ornate church that prominently marks the city center, and high walls surrrounding the city center that provided defense against attack. | 13 | |
| 259335967 | System of competing states | The distinctive organization of Western European political life that developed after the fall of Western Roman Empire, in which many small existing independent states encouraged military and economic competition | 14 | |
| 259335968 | Aristotle and classical Greek learning | Some works of the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 BCE) had always been known in Western Europe, but beginning in the eleventh century, medieval thought was increasingly shaped by a great recovery of Aristotle's works and a fascination with other Greek authors; this infusion of Greek rationalism into Europe's universities shaped intellectual development for several centuries. | 15 |
