Terms : Hide Images
| 8521391873 | Middle Ages | the period in western European history between the fall of the Roman Empire and the 15th century. | 0 | |
| 8521391874 | Vikings | seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th centuries; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America. Formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily. | 1 | |
| 8521391875 | manorialism | rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection. | 2 | |
| 8521391876 | serfs | peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system. | 3 | |
| 8521391877 | moldboard | adjunct to the plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils. | 4 | |
| 8521391878 | three-field system | practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage—an improvement making use of manure. | 5 | |
| 8521391879 | Clovis | King of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496. | 6 | |
| 8521391880 | Carolingians | royal house of Franks from 8th to 10th century. | 7 | |
| 8521391881 | Charles Martel | first Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732. | 8 | |
| 8521391882 | Charlemagne | Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800. | 9 | |
| 8521391883 | Holy Roman emperors | political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy. | 10 | |
| 8521391884 | vassals | members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty. | 11 | |
| 8521391885 | William the Conqueror | invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England. | 12 | |
| 8521391886 | Magna Carta | Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy and the supremacy of law. | 13 | |
| 8521391887 | parliaments | bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects. | 14 | |
| 8521391888 | three estates | the three social groups considered most powerful in Western countries: church, nobles, and urban leaders. | 15 | |
| 8521391889 | Hundred Years War | conflict between England and France (1337-1453). | 16 | |
| 8521391890 | Pope Urban II | organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control. | 17 | |
| 8521391891 | Gregory VII | 11th-century pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops. | 18 | |
| 8521391892 | investiture | the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop it, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV. | 19 | |
| 8521391893 | Peter Abelard | Author of Yes and No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine. | 20 | |
| 8521391894 | St. Bernard of Clairvaux | emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities. | 21 | |
| 8521391895 | Thomas Aquinas | creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God. | 22 | |
| 8521391896 | scholasticism | dominant medieval philosophical approach; so called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems. | 23 | |
| 8521391897 | gothic | an architectural style that developed during the Middle Ages in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external supports on main walls. | 24 | |
| 8521391898 | Hanseatic League | an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance. | 25 | |
| 8521391899 | guilds | associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities. | 26 | |
| 8521391900 | Black Death | bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th century; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure. | 27 |
