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| 243415003 | Beijing | China's northern capital, first used as imperial capital in 906 and now the capital of the People's Republic of China. | 0 | |
| 243415004 | tsar (czar) | From Latincaesar, Russian title for a monarch was first used in reference to a Russian ruler by Ivan III. Ivan lll pushed mongols out of Russia. | 1 | |
| 243415005 | Genghis Khan (ca. 1167-1227) | universal leader. founder of the Mongol Empire. | 2 | |
| 243415006 | Golden Horde | Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu. It was based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam. known as the Kipchak Horde. | 3 | |
| 243415007 | Kamikaze | "divine wind", which Japanese credited with blowing Mongol invaders away from their shores in 1281. | 4 | |
| 243415008 | Khubilai Khan | Last of the Mongol Great Khans. Founder of Yuan Empire | 5 | |
| 243415009 | Mongols | mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. | 6 | |
| 243415010 | Nasir al-Din Tusi | Persian mathematician and cosmologist whose academy near Tabriz provided the model for the movement of the planets that helped to inspire the Copernican model of the solar system. | 7 | |
| 243415011 | Alexander Neviskii | Prince of Novgorod (r. 1236-1263). Submitted to the invading Mongols in 1240 and received recognition as the leader of the Russian princes under the Golden Horde. | 8 | |
| 243415012 | Ottoman Empire | Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia ca. 1300. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, it was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453 to 1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe. | 9 | |
| 243415013 | Rashid al-Din | Adviser to the Il-khan ruler Ghazan, who converted to Islam on Rashid's advice. | 10 | |
| 243415014 | Timur | Member of a prominent family of the Mongols' Jagadai Khanate, timur through conquest gained control over much of Central Asia and Iran. Consolidated the status of Sunni Islam as orthodox, and his descendants, the Timurids, maintained his empire for nearly a century and founded the Mughal Empire in India. | 11 | |
| 243415015 | Yuan Empire | Empire created in China and Siberia by Khubilai Khan, defeated by them. | 12 | |
| 243415016 | Zhen He | An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa | 13 | |
| 243415017 | Chapter 13 | ... | 14 | |
| 243415018 | Marco Polo | Venetian traveler who explored Asia in the 13th century and served Kublai Khan (1254-1324) | 15 | |
| 243415019 | Delhi Sultanate | Centralized Indian empire of varying extent, created by Muslim invaders | 16 | |
| 243415020 | Bubonic Plague | A bacterial disease of fleas that can be transmitted by flea bites to rodents and humans; humans in late stages of the illness can spread bacteria by coughing. Because of its very high mortality rate and the difficulty of preventing its spread, major outbreaks in many parts of the world. | 17 | |
| 243415021 | Dhow | Ship of small to moderate size used in the western Indian Ocean, traditionally with a triangular sail and a sewn timber hull. | 18 | |
| 243415022 | Great Zimbabwe | City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state. | 19 | |
| 243415023 | Ibn Battuta | Moroccan Muslim scholar, mostly widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. | 20 | |
| 243415024 | Mali | Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. Famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade. | 21 | |
| 243415025 | Mansa Kankan Musa | Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world. | 22 | |
| 243415026 | Swahili Coast | East African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River; from the Arabicsawahil, meaning "shores." | 23 | |
| 243415027 | Timbuktu | City of the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning. | 24 | |
| 243415028 | Tropics | Equatorial region between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. Characterized by generally warm or hot temperatures year-round, though much variation exists due to altitude and other factors. Temperate zones north and south of the tropics generally have a winter season. | 25 | |
| 243415029 | Urdu | Persian-influenced literary form of Hindi written in Arabic characters and used as a literary language since the 1300s. | 26 | |
| 243415030 | Chapter 14 | ... | 27 | |
| 243415031 | Black Death | An outbreak of bubonic plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons. | 28 | |
| 243415032 | Gothic Cathedrals | Large churches originating in twelfth-century France; built in an architectural style featuring pointed arches, tall vaults and spires, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows. | 29 | |
| 243415033 | Great Western Schism | A division in the Latin Christian Church between 1378 and 1417, when rival claimants to the papacy existed in Rome and Avignon. | 30 | |
| 243415034 | Guild | In medieval Europe, an association of men (rarely women), merchants, artisans, or professors, worked in a particular trade and banded together to promote their economic and political interests. guilds were important in other societies, such as the Ottoman and Safavid empires. | 31 | |
| 243415035 | Hanseatic League | Economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany. founded about 1241 most powerful in 14th century | 32 | |
| 243415036 | Humanists | European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities.. 15+ century | 33 | |
| 243415037 | Latin West | Historians' name for the territories of Europe that adhered to the Latin rite of Christianity and used the Latin language for intellectual exchange in the period ca. 1000-1500. | 34 | |
| 243415038 | New Monarchies | Historians term for the monarchies in France, England, and Spain. Centralization of royal power was increasing within more or less fixed territorial limits | 35 | |
| 243415039 | printing press | mechanical device for transferring text of graphics from a woodblock or type to paper using ink. Fist appeared in Europe. | 36 | |
| 243415040 | reconquest of Iberia | military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms. | 37 | |
| 243415041 | Scholasticism | A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century. | 38 | |
| 243415042 | three- field system | A rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow. It gradually replaced two-field system in medieval Europe. | 39 | |
| 243415043 | Renaissance (European) | period of intense artistic and intellectual activity. "rebirth" of Greco- Roman culture. usually divided into an Italian Renaissance. | 40 |
