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| 9192334164 | Aztec Empire | Major state that developed in what is now Mexico in the 14th and 15th centuries; dominated by the semi-nomadic Mexica, who had migrated into the region from northern Mexico |  | 0 |
| 9192334165 | Benin | Territorial state that emerged by the 15th century in the region that is now southern Nigeria; ruled by a warrior king who consolidated his state through widespread conquest |  | 1 |
| 9192334166 | chosen women | Among the Incas, girls who were removed from their homes at a young age, trained in Inca ideology, and set to producing corn beer and textiles; they later were given as wives to distinguished men or sent to serve as priestesses. |  | 2 |
| 9192334167 | Christopher Columbus | Genoese mariner (1451-1506) commissioned by Spain to search for a new trading route to Asia; in 1492 he found America instead. |  | 3 |
| 9192334168 | seizure of Constantinople | Constantinople, the capital and almost the only outpost left of the Byzantine Empire, fell to the army of the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror" in 1453, an even that marked the end of Christian Byzantium. |  | 4 |
| 9192334169 | firestick farming | A manipulation of their environment by the Paleolithic peoples of Australia that involved controlled burns to clear underbrush. |  | 5 |
| 9192334170 | Fulbe | West Africa's largest pastoral society, whose members gradually adopted Islam and took on religious leadership role that led to the creation of a number of new states |  | 6 |
| 9192334171 | Vasco da Gama | Portuguese explorer (ca. 1460-1524) whose 1497-1498 voyage was the first European venture to reach India by circling the tip of South Africa |  | 7 |
| 9192334172 | Huitzilopochtli | Patron deity of the Aztec empire, associated with the sun |  | 8 |
| 9192334173 | Hundred Years' War | Major conflict between France and England (1337-1453) over rival claims to territory in France; the two states' need to finance the war helped encourage their administrative development. |  | 9 |
| 9192334174 | Igbo | People whose lands were east of the Niger River in what is now southern Nigeria in West Africa; they build a complex society that rejected kingship and centralized statehood and relied on other institutions to provide social coherence |  | 10 |
| 9192334175 | Inca Empire | The Western Hemisphere's largest imperial state in the 15th and early 16th centuries; built by a relatively small community of Quechua-speaking people (the Inca), the empire stretched some 2,500 miles along the Andes Mountains, which run nearly the entire length of the west coast of South America, and contained perhaps 10 million subjects. |  | 11 |
| 9192334176 | Iroquois League of Five Nations | Confederation of five Iroquois peoples in what is now New York State; the loose alliance was based on the Great Law of Peace, an agreement to settle disputes peacefully through a council of clan leaders. |  | 12 |
| 9192334177 | Malacca | Muslim port city that came to prominence on the waterway between Sumatra and Malaya in the 15th century CE; it was the springboard for the spread of a syncretic form of Islam throughout the region |  | 13 |
| 9192334178 | Mexica | Semi-nomadic people of northern Mexico who by 1325 had established themselves on a small in Lake Texcoco, where they built their capital city, Tenochtitlan; the Mexica were the central architects of the Aztec Empire |  | 14 |
| 9192334179 | Ming Dynasty | Chinese dynasty (1368-1644) that succeeded the Yuan dynasty of the Mongols; noted for its return to traditional Chinese ways and restoration of the land after the destructiveness of the Mongols |  | 15 |
| 9192334180 | Mughal Empire | One of the most successful empires of India, a state founded by an Islamized Turkic group that invaded India in 1526; the Mughals rule was noted for their efforts to create partnerships between Hindus and Muslims |  | 16 |
| 9192334181 | Nezahualcoyotl | A poet and king of the city-state of Texcoco, which was part of the Aztec Empire (1402-1472) |  | 17 |
| 9192334182 | Ottoman Empire | Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, the Near East and much of North Africa |  | 18 |
| 9192334183 | Paleolithic persistence | The continuance of gathering and hunting societies in substantial areas of the world despite millennia of agricultural advance. |  | 19 |
| 9192334184 | pochteca | Professional merchants in the Aztec Empire whose wealth often elevated them to elite status. |  | 20 |
| 9192334185 | European Renaissance | A "rebirth" of classical learning that is most often associated with the cultural blossoming of Italy in the period 1350-1500 and that included not just a rediscovery of Greek learning but also major developments in art , as well as growing secularism in society. | 21 | |
| 9192334186 | Safavid Empire | Major Turkic empire of Persia founded in the early 16th century, notable for its efforts to convert its populace to Shia Islam |  | 22 |
| 9192334187 | Songhay Empire | Major Islamic state of West Africa that formed in the second half of the 15th century |  | 23 |
| 9192334188 | Tenochtitlan | The metropolitan capital of the Aztec Empire, with a population of 150,000-200,00 people. |  | 24 |
| 9192334189 | Timbuktu | Great city of West Africa, noted in the 14th-16th centuries as a center of Islamic scholarship. |  | 25 |
| 9192334190 | Timur | Turkic warrior (1336-1405) also known as Tamerlane whose efforts to restore the Mongol Empire devastated much of Persia, Russia, and India. His biggest rival though was the Islamized Golden Horde. He is the great great grandfather of Babur who later founds the Mughal Empire. | 26 | |
| 9192334191 | Triple Alliance | 1428 agreement between the Mexica and two other nearby city-states that launched the Aztec Empire | 27 | |
| 9192334192 | Yongle | Chinese emperor (r. 1402-1422) during the Ming dynasty who was a key figure in the restoration of China to greatness and who commissioned an enormous feet to spread awareness of Chinese superiority to much of Asia and eastern Africa |  | 28 |
| 9192334193 | Zheng he | Great Chinese admiral (1371-1433) who commanded a fleet of more than 300 ships in a series of voyages of contact and exploration that began in 1405. |  | 29 |
| 9192334194 | Yoruba | A West African people who formed several kingdoms in what is now Benin and Southern Nigeria |  | 30 |
| 9192334195 | Ewuare | Benin Oba who strengthened the army and pushed Benin's borders as far as the Niger River in the east; westward into Yoruba country and south to the Gulf of Guinea | 31 | |
| 9192334196 | Iroquois-Speaking people | People that lived in agricultural village societies. Included the Onondaga, Seneca, Cayuga, Oneida, and the Mohawk |  | 32 |
| 9192334197 | Great Law of Peace | Oral constitution of the Iroquois Confederacy, which was later recorded in writing. The Iroquois nations adopted this constitution as a means to live together as equals and included some democratic ideals. In some ways, the Iroquois created a model for the US Constitution | 33 | |
| 9192334198 | Temple of Heaven | A famous temple in China adjacent to the Forbidden City. Rulers performed Confucian-based rituals there. |  | 34 |
| 9192334199 | Civil Service Examination System | Exams that Chinese bureaucrats passed to serve in state-based organizations, based on Confucian concepts and Han origins |  | 35 |
| 9192334200 | Eunuchs | Castrated men that served in important government positions in China. |  | 36 |
| 9192334201 | Ceylon | An island in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of India; now known as Sri Lanka |  | 37 |
| 9192334202 | Leonardo da Vinci | Italian painter, engineer, musician and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance. Leonardo filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter da Vinci is best known for "The Last Supper" (c. 1495) and "Mona Lisa" (c. 1503) |  | 38 |
| 9192334203 | Michelangelo | (1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David. |  | 39 |
| 9192334204 | Raphael Sanzio | Italian Renaissance artist who painted the Madonna and Child and the School of Athens. |  | 40 |
| 9192334205 | Niccolo Machiavelli | (1469-1527) Wrote "The Prince" which contained a secular method of ruling a country. "The end justifies the means." |  | 41 |
| 9192334206 | Henry the Navigator | (1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa. |  | 42 |
| 9192334207 | John Cabot | English explorer who claimed Newfoundland for England while looking for the Northwest Passage |  | 43 |
| 9192334208 | Anatolia | A large peninsula at the western edge of Asia; also called Asia Minor |  | 44 |
| 9192334209 | Janissaries | Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the 15th century until the corps was abolished in 1826. |  | 45 |
| 9192334210 | Sonni Ali | West African Monarch who ruled the Songhai from 1464-1492. Known by all as one of the great military commanders, he is remembered in some stories as a wise and tolerant ruler, and a cruel dictator in others. Also remembered for having a 400 ship river based navy that controlled the trade along the entire Niger River |  | 46 |
| 9192334211 | Leo Africanus | Moroccan captured by pirates and given to Pope Leo X who converted him to a Christian and sent him to Africa to gather accounts; published his book in 1526; traveled through the Songhai kingdom; was impressed by Timbuktu, economic growth; food supply; food trade from southern Savanna to Timbuktu | 47 | |
| 9192334212 | Lake Texcoco | Lake where the capital city of the ancient Aztecs Tenochtitlan was built |  | 48 |
| 9192334213 | Florentine Codex | A document that is a major source of information on Aztec history and culture; compiled soon after the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs, complied by Fray Bernardino de Shagun in the 1550s based on interviews, main source in Nahuatl about the events of the Spanish conquest. |  | 49 |
| 9192334214 | Quetzalcoatl | Aztec nature god, feathered serpent, his disappearance and promised return coincided with the arrival of Cortes |  | 50 |
| 9192334215 | Quechua | The language of the Inca Empire, now spoken in the Andes highlands (about 7 million people speak this language.) | 51 | |
| 9192334216 | Viracocha | The father of the Inti; the supreme creator and storm god of the Inca pantheon. |  | 52 |
| 9192334217 | Quipus | A system of knotted cords of different sizes and colors used by the Incas for keeping records. |  | 53 |
| 9192334218 | Cuzco | The capital city of the Incan Empire, located in present-day Peru |  | 54 |
| 9192334219 | Mita | In the Inca Empire, the requirement that all able-bodied subjects work for the state a certain number of days each year. |  | 55 |
| 9192334220 | Machu Pichu | A city built by the Inca people on a mountaintop in the Andes Mountains in present-day Peru. Means "great peak |  | 56 |
| 9192334221 | Malinche | Also known as Dona Marina, was a Nahua woman from the Tlaxcalan tribe that played a role int he Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire by acting as an interpreter. |  | 57 |
