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| 7988495164 | Akbar | The most famous emperor of India's Mughal Empire (r. 1556-1605); his policies are noted for their efforts at religious tolerance and inclusion |  | 0 |
| 7988506916 | Aurangzeb | Mughal emperor (r. 1658-1707) who reversed his predecessors' policies of religious tolerance and attempted to impose Islamic supremacy. |  | 1 |
| 7988517979 | Columbian exchange | The massive transatlantic interaction and exchange between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia that began in the period of European exploration and colonization. |  | 2 |
| 7988528951 | conquistadores | Spanish conquerors of the Native American lands, most notable the Aztec and Inca empires |  | 3 |
| 7988534920 | 1453 Constantinople | Constantinople, the capital and almost the only outpost left of the Byzantine Empire, fell to the army of the Otooman sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror" in 1453, an event that marked the end of Christian Byzantium. |  | 4 |
| 7988557310 | creoles | Spaniards born in the Americas | 5 | |
| 7988557311 | devshirme | The tribute of boy children that the Ottoman Turks levied from their Christian subjects in the Balkans; the Ottomans raised the boys for the service in the civil administration or in the elite Janissary infantry corps |  | 6 |
| 7988582817 | fixed winds | The prevailing winds of the Atlantic, which blow steadily in the same direction; an understanding of these winds made European exploration and colonization of the Americas possible. |  | 7 |
| 7988649217 | the great dying | Term used to describe the devastating demographic impact of European-borne epidemic diseases on the Americas |  | 8 |
| 7988655510 | jizya | Special tax levied on non-Muslims in Islamic states; the Mughal Empire was notable for abolishing the jizya for a time |  | 9 |
| 7988668593 | mercantilism | An economic theory that argues that governments best serve their states' economies interests by encouraging exports and accumulating bullion. |  | 10 |
| 7988679426 | mestizo | Literally, "mixed"; a term used to describe the mixed-race population of Spanish colonial societies in the Americas. |  | 11 |
| 7988685752 | Mughal Empire | One of the most successful empires of India, a state founded by Muslim Turks who invaded India in 1526; their rule was noted for efforts to create partnerships between Hindus and Muslims |  | 12 |
| 7988695704 | mulattoes | Term commonly used for people of mixed African and European blood. |  | 13 |
| 7988700677 | Ottoman Empire | Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, the Near East and much of North Africa |  | 14 |
| 7988707380 | peninsulares | In the Spanish colonies of Latin America, the term used to refer to people who had been born in Spain; they claimed superiority over Spaniards born in the Americas. |  | 15 |
| 7988722312 | plantation complex | Agricultural system based on African slavery that was used in Brazil, the Caribbean and the southern colonies of North America |  | 16 |
| 7988733841 | Qing Dynasty | Ruling dynasty of China from 1644-1912; the Qing rulers were originally from Manchuria, which had conquered China |  | 17 |
| 7988743649 | settler colonies | Colonies in which the colonizing people settled in large numbers, rather than simply spending relatively small numbers to exploit the region; particularly noteworthy in the case of the British colonies in North America. |  | 18 |
| 7988776857 | Siberia | Russia's great frontier region, a vast territory of what is now central and eastern Russia, most of it unsuited to agriculture but rich in mineral resources and fur-bearing animals. |  | 19 |
| 7988787494 | yasak | Tribute that Russians rulers demanded from the native peoples of Siberia , most often in the form of furs. |  | 20 |
| 7988819995 | Zunghars | Western Mongol group that created a substantial state (1671-1760); the Zunghar threat provoked Qing expansion into Central Asia. |  | 21 |
| 7988842026 | Spanish Empire | 1400-1900s. Made up of territories and colonies in Europe, Africa, America, and Asia controlled from Spain. At its strongest, it was one of the biggest empires in world history according to how much land they had, and one of the 1st global empires. Royalty from the Castile and Aragon kingdoms ruled it. Christopher Columbus led the first Spanish exploration trip which led the Spanish to colonize the Americas |  | 22 |
| 7988871340 | Portuguese Empire | Bustling trade empire built throughout the Indian Ocean. Extended control after defeating Muslim fleet and captured Goa which was made the capital of their trading empire. After this they seized the Strait of Malacca which gave them control of the Moluccas also know as the Spice Islands |  | 23 |
| 7988888503 | British Empire | Formerly the United Kingdom and all the territories under its control. |  | 24 |
| 7988894743 | French Empire | Empire control in Canada, Ohio, and Mississippi River Valley into Louisiana. Religious Jesuits. Positive indigenous relations. Fur Trade. |  | 25 |
| 7988913966 | Dutch Empire | Established by the Dutch East India Company and soon replaced Portugal as leader in the Spice Islands, introducing and maintaining a Monopoly on coffee and sugar and became the only European power to have permission to trade with Japan before the empire declined because of a war with Britain |  | 26 |
| 7988933037 | Hernan Cortes | 1485-1547, Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico. |  | 27 |
| 7989092695 | Aztec Empire | Central American empire constructed by the Mexica and expanded greatly during the 15th century during the reigns of Itxcoatl and Moctezuma I |  | 28 |
| 7989106142 | Moctezuma I | (1466-1520) Aztec ruler from 1502-1520; he was the emperor of the Aztecs when Cortes and his army conquered the empire. he was taken prisoner and killed during a battle with the Spanish army. |  | 29 |
| 7989120085 | Atahualpa | (1497-1533) An Incan ruler who was kidnapped by Pizarro during his attempt to keep the Spanish from entering his territory. He offered to fill a room with gold and silver in exchange for his release. The ransom was accepted, but the ruler was strangled by the Spanish |  | 30 |
| 7989164870 | Manioc | The most important American crop introduced into Africa in the 16th century |  | 31 |
| 7989168094 | Triangular Trade | A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s. Africa sent slaves to America, America sent raw materials to Europe and Europe sent guns and rum to Africa |  | 32 |
| 7989180136 | Old World | The regions of the world that were known to Europeans before the discovery of the Americas |  | 33 |
| 7989183875 | New World | A term for the Americas (and sometimes other non-European areas) during the age of Exploration |  | 34 |
| 7989193695 | Miguel Cabrera | (1696-1768) A painter from new Spain (Mexico) who was widely acclaimed as a great artist. Painted mixed-race people of the New World |  | 35 |
| 7989204058 | Indians | The Europeans referred to the Native Americans at the bottom of the newly developed social structures | 36 | |
| 7989213503 | Maize | An early from of corn grown by Native Americans. In addition to beans and squash was the most important element of Central American diets. |  | 37 |
| 7989221794 | Tupac Amaru | Mestizo leader of Indian revolts (1780-1781) in Peru; supported by many in the lower social classes; revolt failed because of creole fears of real social revolution |  | 38 |
| 7989236561 | Sugar | Food product originally from new Guinea. Arabs introduced it into the Mediterranean where Europeans learned the technique of its production and transferred it to their Atlantic island possessions and then to the Americas |  | 39 |
| 7989251747 | Less Racial Mixing | In contrast to most Latin American colonies, there were fewer children born of mixed-race parents in British North America and a sharply defined racial system developed. | 40 | |
| 7989261502 | Slavery | In order to produce sugar in large quantities. Latin American plantations imported slaves from Africa. In parts of North America they tended to work on tobacco and cotton plantations. |  | 41 |
| 7989273092 | Parliament | A body of representatives that makes laws for a nation. In Britain, this already was well established by the time that they began colonizing overseas. It checked the authority of kings |  | 42 |
| 7989282677 | Puritans | A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America to escape religious persecution and settle Massachusetts Bay |  | 43 |
| 7989290458 | Quakers | A group of religious pacifists who were persecuted in Europe. William Penn established Pennsylvania as a safe haven for them. |  | 44 |
| 7989297912 | Protestant | Beginning in the 16th century, many Western European Christian began to reject the authority of the Pope and began to establish their own churches. |  | 45 |
| 7989309730 | Russian Empire | (1500-1800) The empire stretched from Eastern Europe and the Baltic Seas to Siberia and the Pacific. Ivan III overthrew the Mongols and took over additional land. Ivan solidified a centralized rule and claimed divine ordination. He proclaimed Moscow to be the new capital of the empire. |  | 46 |
| 7989331161 | Pelts | furs or "soft gold" that drove Russian expansion. | 47 | |
| 7989334883 | Sable | A weasel-like animal from the old world that had an extremely valuable fur that the Russians sold on world markets. |  | 48 |
| 7989342332 | Catherine the Great | (1762-1796) An enlightened despot who ruled over Russia. She is responsible for many positive changes in Russia, as well as securing the country a warm water port. |  | 49 |
| 7989365027 | Cossacks | The "vanguard" of Russian expansion across Siberia. Bands of warriors consisting of peasants who had escaped serdom. | 50 | |
| 7989371333 | Russification | A tsarist program that required non-Russians to speak only Russian and provided education only form those groups loyal to Russia | 51 | |
| 7989406311 | Treaty of Nerchinsk | The first treaty between China and Russia that helped set the borders of r the two nations (1689) |  | 52 |
| 7989411039 | Court of Colonial Affairs | Bureaucratic institution developed by the Qing Dynasty which helped Manchus establish an identity; ruled the rest of China |  | 53 |
| 7989420373 | Rajputs | Members of a mainly Hindu warrior caste from northwest India. The Mughal emperors drew most of their Hindu officials from this caste and Akbar I married a Rajput princess. |  | 54 |
| 7989430950 | Jahangir | Akbar's son, "Grasper of the World" promoted Islam in the empire, but was still tolerant of others. |  | 55 |
| 7989443620 | Shaykh Ahmed Sirhindi | (1564-1642) Indian Islamic scholar from Punjab; claimed to want to "renew"authentic Islam in the Mughal Empire and strongly rejected the synthesis that Akbar was bringing about in India between Islam and Hinduism. He encouraged Mughal emperors to enforce the jizya, impose sharia, and remove non-Muslims from high office | 56 | |
| 7989469067 | Sati | A Hindu practice where the widow of a fallen husband followed him to death by throwing herself on his funeral pyre. |  | 57 |
| 7989479567 | Ottoman Safavid War | A century-long conflict from 1534-1639 in which the Sunni Ottomans fought the Shiite Safavids. |  | 58 |
| 7989488002 | Istanbul | Capital of the Ottoman Empire, named this after 1453 and the sack of Constantinople. |  | 59 |
| 7989512094 | Balkans | A large peninsula in southeastern Europe that was conquered by the Ottoman Turks after the conquest of Constantinople in 1453. Remained largely Christian even after the conquest. |  | 60 |
| 7989524843 | Janissaries | In the Ottoman Empire, Christian boys were captured in the devshirme and turned into special slave-soldiers of the sultan | 61 | |
| 7989533355 | Siege of Vienna | Under the rule of Sultan Suleyman, the Ottoman empire first tried to conquer Vienna, Austria in 1529. This was the furthest western expansion effort of the Ottomans into central Europe. In 1683, the Battle of Vienna removed the Ottomans from central Europe. |  | 62 |
