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| 35062083 | mercantilism | governments should promote the internal economy to improve tax revenues and to limit imports from other nations lest money be lost to enemy states. | 0 | |
| 35062084 | capitalism | invest funds for profit; free market economy ruled by supply and demand; individuals own businesses | 1 | |
| 35062085 | Commercial Revolution | change in business practices characterized by partnerships, concept of a check (bill of exchange); insurance, decreased risk of losing money. starts in the middle ages. new social class emerges - artisans, merchants, traders. | 2 | |
| 35062086 | Protestant Reformation | increased power of monarchs, decrease power of the pope, ends religious unity. | 3 | |
| 35062087 | indulgence | pardon for sins (grants of salvation) Luther protests the SELLING of these | 4 | |
| 35062088 | predestination | idea of Calvinism - "prior determination" belief that God had determined before the beginning of time who would gain salvation | 5 | |
| 35062089 | humanism | focus on humankind as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor. intellectual movement of the renaissance, focused on worldly, secular subjects rather than on the religious issues of the medieval times | 6 | |
| 35062090 | inflation | partly caused commercial revolution. new wealth heightened demand for products to sell, both in the colonies and in europe, but western production could not keep pace, hence _______. | 7 | |
| 35062091 | scientific method | newton stated the basic ______ in terms of a mixture of rational hypothesis and generalization and careful empirical observation and experiment. | 8 | |
| 35062092 | natural law | law of nature which governs the physical universe | 9 | |
| 35062093 | natural rights | rights to life, liberty, & property | 10 | |
| 35062094 | enlightenment | intellectual movement which involved applying scientific thought to human society and the idea that rational laws could describe social/physical behavior. criticizes blind faith, promotes education to better the people, emergence of feminist thinkers, familial shifts (treat kids better, more freedom, love & respect between family members) | 11 | |
| 35062095 | absolute monarchy | modeled after france: parliament stops meeting, kings pass laws as they see fit, appointed growing bureaucracy drawn from merchants and lawyers, professionalized the army. | 12 | |
| 35062096 | enlightened despot | absolute monarch, who believed in some of the enlightenment ideas | 13 | |
| 35062097 | parliamentary monarchy | britain and netherlands stand apart: emphasized role of central state but also built parliamentary regimes in which the kings shared power with reps selected by the nobility | 14 | |
| 35062098 | proletariat | people without access to property | 15 | |
| 35062099 | Deism | there is a higher power/divinity, but only to set natural laws in motion | 16 | |
| 35062100 | Mary Wollstonecraft | feminist who promoted political rights for women | 17 | |
| 35143508 | Martin Luther | german monk; 1517; author of the 95 Theses, which he nailed on the church door at Wittenburg; protested indulgences & monasticism, criticized importance of the sacraments, stated that only faith can bring salvation - not the church, and promoted translation of the Bible into vernacular. gained wide support | 18 | |
| 35143509 | Jean Calvin | french priest who published the Institutes of the Christian Religion. stated that christians could only reach heaven through faith, supported idea of predestination, their church was led by local council of ministers and followed a strict code of conduct. a model community was set up in Geneva, Switzerland | 19 | |
| 35143510 | Henry VIII | goes through a plethora of wives in order to gain a male heir to the throne; he asked the pope to annul his first marriage to catherine but the pope refused because catherine was the HRE's aunt. so he creates the church of england, and made himself the head of the church; kept catholic doctrines and beliefs. devout catholics are opposed | 20 | |
| 35143511 | Jesuits | during catholic reformation, a major church council revived catholic doctrine and refuted key protestant ideas that contradicted christian belief. NEW RELIGIOUS ORDER - became active in politics, education, and missionary work, regaining some parts of europe for the church | 21 | |
| 35143512 | Charles I | believed in/behaved as absolute monarch. caused english civil war, was beheaded | 22 | |
| 35143513 | Oliver Cromwell | head of parliament at the time of the english civil war. put Charles I on trial for treason | 23 | |
| 35143514 | Copernicus | heliocentric theory as Greeks had previously theorized. his studies set other scientific advances in motion, and illustrated that new thinking could improve on tradition | 24 | |
| 35143515 | Galileo | italian - publicized copernicus's discoveries along with his own basic findings about the laws of gravity and planetary motion. condemned by the church for his innovations, he proved the inadequacy of traditional ideas about the universe. new pride in scientific achievement | 25 | |
| 35143516 | Newton | published Principia Mathematica - set forth the basic principles of all motion. stated basic scientific method | 26 | |
| 35143517 | Johannes Kepler | early study of planetary motion. from poor family, went to university on scholarship, resolved basic issues of planetary motion, worked on optics and practiced astrology. | 27 | |
| 35143518 | William Harvey | demonstrated circular movement of blood in animals with heart as "central pumping station" | 28 | |
| 35143519 | Rene Descartes | established the importance of a skeptical review of all received wisdom - human reason can develop laws | 29 | |
| 35143520 | John Locke | believed that social contract is necessary to ensure order; natural rights - right to life, liberty, property; if a gov fails to protect these rights; people have the right to rebel if government isn't acting in the people's best interests | 30 | |
| 35143521 | Thomas Hobbes | believed that absolute monarchy is best because without it would be chaos - social contract should be formed where people give up natural rights to a monarch who would ensure order and peace | 31 | |
| 35143522 | Baron de Montesquieu | supported idea of separating governmental powers - 3 equal branches | 32 | |
| 35143523 | Voltaire | admired ideas of religious liberty & freedom of press/speech; "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it." | 33 | |
| 35143524 | Louis XIV - Louis Bourbon | of France, major patron of arts, kept nobles busy at Versailles so they did not interfere with affairs of the state. reduced internal tariffs, which acted as barriers to trade, and set tariffs on imported goods (mercantilism) | 34 | |
| 35143525 | Frederick the Great | enlightened despot of Prussia: greater religious freedom & better agricultural methods - POTATO. greater commercial coordination | 35 | |
| 35143526 | Denis Diderot | Encyclopedie - 28 volumes with 3,000 pages & illustrations - covered everything known about science, technology & history. criticized the Church and gov and praised religious tolerance | 36 |
