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| 13783176118 | Ural Mountains | This was the geographic boundary between the European and Asian continents. Russia sprawls across both sides of this boundary. | 0 | |
| 13783176120 | Russian Orthodox Church | A church that was established by the tsars as a way to unite the people behind their leadership, claiming that they ruled by divine right through the church. | 1 | |
| 13783176126 | Ivan III (Ivan the Great) | This prince of Moscow overthrew the Mongols and unofficially called himself tsar. He was given religious legitimacy over the Orthodox Church by marrying Zoe, the niece of the last Byzantine emperor. He gained control over and united Russian city-states. He physically changed much of Russia, such as rebuilding the walls at Kremlin. | 2 | |
| 13783176128 | Moscow | This was the capital of Russia. Under Ivan III, it went through a series of physical changes, which showed the growing status and power of Russian rulers. | 3 | |
| 13783176129 | Kremlin | This was the central citadel. Ivan III rebuilt walls of it and added towers designed by Italian architects. | 4 | |
| 13783176130 | Kiev | This was the location of a slave market in Russia. It was a major link between trade routes that stretched from Scandinavia to the Islamic and Byzantine areas in the south and east. Lost importance as Moscow rose. | 5 | |
| 13783176131 | Boyars | This was the noble landowning class. They stood at top of the social pyramid and experienced tensions with the rulers of Russia. | 6 | |
| 13783176132 | Serfs | They were peasants who received a plot of land and protection from a noble. In return, they were bound to the land and had very little personal freedom. | 7 | |
| 13783176133 | Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) | He was crowned tsar in 1547 and immediately set about to expand the Russian border eastward. He took control of Kazan, Astrakhan, and Siberia. He also built the St. Basil's Cathedral and established Oprichnina. He killed his son and died without a strong heir. | 8 | |
| 13783176134 | Kazan & Astrakhan | Two of the khanates that Ivan IV took control of. | 9 | |
| 13783176136 | Siberia | This was a khanate that Ivan IV took control of. It is the northeastern half of Russia. | 10 | |
| 13783176137 | St. Basil's Cathedral | Ivan IV commissioned the building of this to commemorate the victories over Kazan and Astrakhan. It is still standing in Red Square, Moscow and served as a visual reminder to the nation that the tsar and the Church were united. | 11 | |
| 13783176138 | Cossacks | These were fierce peasant warriors that were hired by the Stroganovs to fight local tribes and the Siberian Khan. They managed to gain control of the Volga River. | 12 | |
| 13783176139 | Volga River | This river flows directly into the Caspian Sea. Possessing this outlet to the sea allowed Moscow to trade directly with Persia and the Ottoman Empire without having to deal with the Crimean Tarters. | 13 | |
| 13783176140 | Caspian Sea | This is the sea that the Volga River flows in. It is located between Europe and Asia. | 14 | |
| 13783176142 | Oprichnina | A parliamentary force that was just loyal to Ivan IV. Dressed in black and traveling quickly on horseback, the members showed fierce loyalty to Ivan IV. Their methods would be reflected later in the development of the Russian secret police. | 15 | |
| 13783176143 | Time of Troubles | This was a time period when there was a vacuum of power because Ivan IV died without leaving a heir. Russia was nearly in a state of anarchy. This time period happened in the early 1600's. | 16 | |
| 13783176144 | Zemsky Sobor | This translates to "Assembly of the Land". It was a national assembly that chose Michael Romanov as leader in 1613. They initiated the Romanov Dynasty. | 17 | |
| 13783176145 | Romanov Dynasty | This was a dynasty initiated by Zemsky Sobor in 1613. It was in charge of Russia until 1917. The leaders held autocratic control and pushed the borders of Russia east to Mongolia. | 18 | |
| 13783176146 | Peter I (Peter the Great) | This leader of Russia gained full control by defeating his half-sister Sophia and her supporters. He established the Holy Synod and established St. Petersburg. The Winter Palace was also built around him. He ordered men to shave their beards and promoted education. | 19 | |
| 13783176147 | Streltsy | A boyar-led elite military corps. They were supporters of Sophia and tried to rebel against Peter I's reign. Peter temporarily disbanded them for rebelling against him. | 20 | |
| 13783176149 | Holy Synod | Peter I created this in place of the patriarch. It was composed of clergymen overseen by a secular official who answered to the tsar. | 21 | |
| 13783176150 | Old Believers | This was a sect that opposed earlier reforms. They did not welcome Peter's reforms, similar to many peasants. | 22 | |
| 13783176151 | St. Petersburg | This was a warm-water port on the Baltic Sea that Russia took control of. Peter I moved the Russian capital from Moscow to this place so he could keep watch on the boyars there, who were doing their required state service by working in his government. | 23 | |
| 13783176153 | Table of Ranks | This listed military and governmental positions that could be filled by the best-qualified persons regardless of social status. It was established by Peter I. | 24 | |
| 13783176154 | Provinces | Peter reorganized the Russian government by creating these. They were first eight and later 50 administrative divisions. | 25 | |
| 13783176155 | Catherine II (Catherine the Great) | She ruled from 1762 to 1796. She arrived in Russia as an educated, young, German-born Protestant. She married Peter III and took the throne after his death. She corresponded with the thinking of philosophes and oversaw a vast expansion of the Russian empire. | 26 | |
| 13783176157 | Partition Of Poland | This was when Russia, Austria, and Prussia divided Poland among themselves. Poland would not become an independent country until the twentieth century. | 27 | |
| 13783176159 | Slavophilism | Concerns of losing traditional culture caused a conservative philosophical movement called ____________. The people of this movement believed that Russia should base its development on its own history and character and not use Western European culture as a model. | 28 | |
| 13783176160 | Pale of Settlement | This was a territory that was created by Catherine II. It was a territory in which the Jews of Russia were required to live. It set the Jews apart and helped make them more vulnerable to antisemitism. | 29 | |
| 13783176161 | Pogroms | This was the term to describe vicious anti-Jewish attacks. By the nineteenth century, it would occur frequently in Russia. | 30 | |
| 13783176162 | Mirs | This is the term for the village communes in Russia. It kept even the small landholders among the peasants in check. | 31 | |
| 13783176165 | Yemelyan Pugachev | This was the name of a Cossack who initiated a peasant rebellion against Catherine II in 1774. He claimed to be Peter III and gathered a following of discontented peasants, different ethnic groups, and fellow Cossacks. Within a year, he was | 32 | |
| 13783176166 | Pugachev Rebellion | This was a rebellion led by Yemelyan Pugachev. It served to increase Catherine's oppression of the peasants in return for the support of the nobles to help her avoid future revolts. | 33 |
