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| 296630062 | Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile | Monarchs of Christian kingdoms; their marriage created the future Spain; initiated exploration of the New World. | 0 | |
| 296630063 | Ecomiendas | Grants of estates Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Latin America; established a framework for relations based on economic dominance. | 1 | |
| 296630064 | Hispaniola | First island in the Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settled by Columbus on his second voyage. | 2 | |
| 296630065 | Bartolome de las Casas | Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of the Native American population; opposed forced labor and advocated Indian rights. | 3 | |
| 296630066 | Hernan Cortes | led expedition to Mexico in 1519; defeated Aztec Empire. | 4 | |
| 296630067 | Moctezuma II | Last independent Aztec ruler; killed during Cortés' conques | 5 | |
| 296630068 | Mexico City | Capital of New Spain, built on ruins of Tenochtitlan. | 6 | |
| 296630069 | New Spain | Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica in territories once part of Aztec imperial system. | 7 | |
| 296630070 | Francisco Pizarro | Began conquest of Inca Empire in 1535. | 8 | |
| 296630071 | Mita | Forced labor system replacing Indian slaves and encomienda workers; used to mobilize labor for mines and other projects. | 9 | |
| 296630072 | Colombian Exchange | Biological and ecological exchange that occurred after European arrival in the New World; peoples of Europe and Africa came to the Americas; animals, plants, and diseases moved between the Old and New Worlds. | 10 | |
| 296630073 | Potosí | Largest New World silver mine; located in Bolivia. | 11 | |
| 296630074 | Haciendas | Rural agricultural and herding estates; produced for consumers in America; basis for wealth and power of the local aristocracy. | 12 | |
| 296630075 | Galleons | Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis of convoy system used for transportation of bullion. | 13 | |
| 296630076 | Treaty of Tordesillas | Concluded in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession; Brazil went to Portugal and the rest to Spain. | 14 | |
| 296630077 | Council of the Indies | Spanish government body that issued all laws and advised the king on all issues dealing with the New World colonies. | 15 | |
| 296630078 | Viceroyalties | Major divisions of Spanish New World colonies headed by direct representatives of the king; one was based in Lima, the other in Mexico City. | 16 | |
| 296630079 | Pedro Alvares Cabral | Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; landed in Brazil in 1500. | 17 | |
| 296630080 | Paulistas | Backswoodsmen from São Paulo, Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals during the 17th century. | 18 | |
| 296630081 | Minas Gerais | Brazilian region where gold was discovered in 1695; a gold rush followed. | 19 | |
| 296630082 | Rio de Janeiro | Brazilian port used for mines of Minas Gerais; became capital. | 20 | |
| 296630083 | Sociedad de castas | Spanish-American social system based on racial origins; Europeans on top, mixed race in the middle, Indians and African slaves at the bottom. | 21 | |
| 296630084 | Peninsulares | Spanish-born residents of the New World. | 22 | |
| 296630085 | Creoles | People of European ancestry born in Spanish New World colonies; dominated local economies; ranked socially below peninsulares. | 23 | |
| 296630086 | War of the Spanish Succession | Caused by the death of the last Spanish Hapsbug and the succession of the Bourbon family to the Spanish throne in 1701; ended by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recognition of Bourbons, territorial loss, and grants of commercial rights to English and French. | 24 | |
| 296630087 | Marquis of Pombal | Prime Minister of Portugal (1755-1776); strengthened royal authority in Brazil, expelled the Jesuits, enacted fiscal reforms, and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy. | 25 | |
| 296630088 | Tupac Amaru | Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many in the lower social classes; revolt failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution. | 26 | |
| 296630089 | Carribbean | First area of Spanish exploration and settlement; served as experimental region for nature of Spanish colonial experience; encomienda system of colonial management initiated here. | 27 | |
| 296630090 | Enlightened despotism | Actions of absolute rulers which have been influenced by the philosophical ideas of the Enlightenment. | 28 |
