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| 8652335153 | Abd al-Hamid II | Ottoman sultan (r. 1876-1909) who accepted a reform constitution but then quickly suppressed it, ruling as a reactionary autocrat fro the rest of his long reign. |  | 0 |
| 8652347117 | Boxer Rebellion | Rising of Chinese militia organizations in 1900 in which large numbers of Europeans and Chinese Christians were killed. |  | 1 |
| 8652359014 | 1911 China | The collapse of China's imperial order, officially at the hands of organized revolutionaries, but for the most part under the weight of the troubles that had overwhelmed the government for the previous half-century. |  | 2 |
| 8652370875 | daimyo | Feudal lords of Japan who retained substantial autonomy under the Tokugawa shogunate and only lost their social preeminence in the Meiji Restoration. |  | 3 |
| 8652381324 | Hong Xiuquan | Chinese religious leader (1814-1864) who sparked the Taiping Uprising and won millions to his unique form of Christianity, according to which he himself was the younger brother of Jesus, sent to establish a "heavenly kingdom of great peace" on earth. |  | 4 |
| 8652398503 | informal empire | Term commonly used to describe areas that were dominated by Western powers in the 19th century but that retained their own governments and a measure of independence, e.g., Latin America and China | 5 | |
| 8652415661 | Meiji Restoration | The overthrow of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan in 1868, restoring power at long last to the emperor Meiji. |  | 6 |
| 8652422864 | Matthew Perry | U.S. Navy commodore who in 1853 presented the ultimatum that led Japan to open itself to more normal relations with the outside world. |  | 7 |
| 8652436591 | Opium Wars | Two wars fought between Western powers and China (1839-1842 and 1856-1858) after China tried to restrict the importation of foreign goods, especially opium; China lost both wars and was forced to make major concessions. | 8 | |
| 8652456698 | Russo-Japanese War | (1904-1905) Ending in a Japanese victory, this war established Japan as a formidable military competitor in East Asia and precipitated the Russian Revolution of 1905. | 9 | |
| 8652485452 | samurai | Armed retainers of the Japanese feudal lords, famed for their martial skills and loyalty; in the Tokugawa shogunate, the samurai gradually became an administrative elite, but they did not lose their special privileges until the Meiji restoration. |  | 10 |
| 8652505504 | self-strengthening movement | China's program of internal reform in the 1860s and 1870s, based on vigorous applications of Confucian principles and limited borrowing from the West. | 11 | |
| 8652516941 | Selim III | Ottoman sultan (r. 1789-1807) who attempted significant reforms of his empire, including the implementation of new military and administrative structures. | 12 | |
| 8652530430 | the sick man of Europe | Western Europe's unkind nickname for the Ottoman Empire in the 19th and early 20th centuries, a name based on the sultans' inability to prevent Western takeover of many regions and to deal with internal problems; it fails to recognize serious reform efforts in the Ottoman state during this period. | 13 | |
| 8652550083 | social Darwinism | An application of the concept of "survival of the fittest" to human history in the 19th century. | 14 | |
| 8652564674 | Taiping Uprising | Massive Chinese rebellion that devastated much of the country between 1850 and 1864; it was based on the millennial teachings of Hong Xiuquan. |  | 15 |
| 8652577294 | Tanzimat reforms | Important reforms measures undertaken in the Ottoman Empire beginning in 1839; the term "Tanzimat" means "reorganization". | 16 | |
| 8652589644 | Tokugawa Shogunate | Rulers of Japan from 1600 to 1868. | 17 | |
| 8652596718 | unequal treaties | Series of 19th century treaties in which China made major concession to Western powers. | 18 | |
| 8652601960 | Young Ottomans | Group of would-be reformers in the mid-19th century Ottoman Empire that included lower-level officials, military officers, and writers; they urged the extension of Westernizing reforms to the political system. | 19 | |
| 8652623605 | Young Turks | Movement of Turkish military and civilian elites that developed ca. 1900, eventually bringing down the Ottoman Empire. | 20 | |
| 8674040182 | capital | Investment money; by 1914, Britain had about 3.7 billion bounds of sterling silver invested abroad. |  | 21 |
| 8674047440 | Cecil Rhodes | Born in 1853, played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa. He was a financier, statesman, and empire builder with a philosophy of mystical imperialism. |  | 22 |
| 8674057118 | Gatling Gun | An early form of machine gun having several barrels that fire in sequence as they are rotated. |  | 23 |
| 8674062745 | nationalism | A devotion to the interests and culture of one's nation - a motivating factor for imperialism. | 24 | |
| 8674079925 | Suez Canal | A human-made waterway, which was opened in 1869, connecting the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. |  | 25 |
| 8674085530 | Quinine | An agent that proved effective in controlling attacks of malaria, which had previously decimated Europeans in the tropics. | 26 | |
| 8674092298 | Scientific Racism | 19th century theories of race that characterize a period of feverish investigation into the origins, explanations, and classifications of race. | 27 | |
| 8674099514 | Germ Theory | (medicine) the theory that all contagious diseases are caused by microorganisms. Associated with Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) | 28 | |
| 8674107655 | White Man's Burden | The idea that the people of many European countries had that they had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those who were "less civilized" |  | 29 |
| 8674114754 | Charles Darwin | (1809-1882) English naturalist and scientist whose theory of evolution through natural selection was first published in "On The Origin of the Species" in 1859. | 30 | |
| 8674128566 | Defensive modernization | The Ottoman Empires' attempt to keep up with Europeans in the late 19th century by reorganizing their own governments, adopting European military and legal codes, and building state-owned factories. | 31 | |
| 8674137950 | ulama | Muslim religious scholars. From the 9th century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. Rejected modernization in the Ottoman Empire. |  | 32 |
| 8674167731 | Emperor Meiji | The Japanese emperor who served as the figurehead of the Japanese modernization movement. |  | 33 |
| 8674171474 | Self-Help | A book written by Samuel Smiles that became popular in Japan during the Meiji Restoration. | 34 | |
| 8674177242 | Shinto | A Japanese religion whose followers believe that all things in the natural world are filled with divine spirits or kami. Named the official state religion in Meiji Japan. |  | 35 |
| 8674183513 | Zaibatsu | A large family controlled banking and industrial group that owned many companies in Japan before World War II |  | 36 |
