Mr. Brown AP World ECHHS
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| 334192281 | Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabela of Castile | monarchs of Christian kingdoms; their marriage created the future Spain; initiated exploration of New World | 0 | |
| 334192282 | encomiendas | grants of estates Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Latin America; established a framework for relations based on economic dominance | 1 | |
| 334192283 | Hispaniola | first island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards by Columbus on his second voyage | 2 | |
| 334192284 | Bartolomé de las Casas | Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of native American population; opposed forced labor and advocated Indian rights | 3 | |
| 334192285 | Hernán Cortés | led expedition to Mexico in 1519; defeated Aztec empire and established Spanish colonial rule | 4 | |
| 334192286 | Moctezuma II | last independent Aztec ruled; killed during Cortés' conquest | 5 | |
| 334192287 | Mexico City | capital of New Spain built on ruins of Tenochtitlan | 6 | |
| 334192288 | New Spain | Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica in territories once part of Aztec imperial system | 7 | |
| 334192289 | Francisco Pizarro | Began conquest of Inca empire in 1535 | 8 | |
| 334192290 | Francisco Vácquez de Coronado | led Spanish expedition into the southwestern United States in search of gold | 9 | |
| 334192291 | Pedro de Valdivia | Spanish conqueror of Araucanian Indians of Chile; established city of Santiago in 1541 | 10 | |
| 334192292 | mita | forced labor system replacing Indian slaves and encomienda workers; used to mobilize labor for mines and other projects | 11 | |
| 334192293 | Columbian Exchange | biological and ecological exchange that occurred following European arrival in the New World; peoples of Europe and Africa came to the Americas; animals, plants, and diseases moved between Old and New Worlds | 12 | |
| 334192294 | Potosí | largest New World silver mine; located in Bolivia | 13 | |
| 334192295 | Huancavelica | greatest mercury deposit in South America; used in American silver production | 14 | |
| 334192296 | haciendas | rural agriculture and herding estates; produced for consumers in America; basis for wealth and power of the local aristocracy | 15 | |
| 334192297 | Casa de la Contratación | Spanish Board of Trade operated out of Seville; regulated commerce with the New World | 16 | |
| 334192298 | consulado | merchant guild of Seville with a virtual monopoly over goods shipped to Spanish America; handled much of silver shipped in return | 17 | |
| 334192299 | galleons | large, heavily-armed ships used to carry silver from New World Colonies to Spain; basis of convoy system utilized for transportation of bullion | 18 | |
| 334192300 | Treaty of Tordesillas | concluded in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession; in the New World Brazil went to Partugal and the rest to Spain | 19 | |
| 334192301 | Recopilación | body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish New World possessions; basis of law in the Indies | 20 | |
| 334192302 | Council of the Indies | Spanish government body that issued all laws and advised king on all issues dealing with the New World colonies | 21 | |
| 334192303 | letrados | university-trained lawyers from Spain; basic personnel of the Spanish colonial bureaucratic system | 22 | |
| 334192304 | viceroyalties | major divisions of Spanish New World colonies headed by direct representatives of the king; one based in Lima, the other in Mexico City | 23 | |
| 334192305 | audencia | royal courts of appeals established in Spanish New World colonies; staffed by professional magistrates who made and applied laws | 24 | |
| 334192306 | Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz | 17th century author, poet, and musician of New Spain; gave up secular concerns to concentrate of spiritual matters | 25 | |
| 334192307 | Pedro Alvares Cabral | Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; landed in Brazil in 1500 | 26 | |
| 334192308 | captaincies | areas along the Brazilian coast granted to Portuguese nobles for colonial development | 27 | |
| 334192309 | Paulistas | backwoodsmen from São Paulo, Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals during 17th century | 28 | |
| 334192310 | Minas Gerais | Brazilian region where gold was discovered in 1695; a gold rush followed | 29 | |
| 334192311 | Rio de Janeiro | Brazilian port used for mines of Minas Gerais; became capital in 1763 | 30 | |
| 334192312 | sociedad de castas | Spanish American social system based on racial origins; Europeans on top, mixed race in the middle, Indians and African slaves at the bottom | 31 | |
| 334192313 | peninsulares | Spanish-born residents of the New World | 32 | |
| 334192314 | creoles | people of European ancestry born in Spanish New World colonies; dominated local economies; ranked socially below peninsulares | 33 | |
| 334192315 | amigos del país | clubs and associations dedicated to reform in Spanish colonies; flourished during the 18th century; called for material improvement rather than political reform | 34 | |
| 334192316 | War of the Spanish Succession | caused by the succession of the Bourbon family to the Spanish throne in 1701; ended by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recognition of Bourbons, territorial loss, and grants of commercial rights to English and French | 35 | |
| 334192317 | Charles III | Spanish enlightened monarch (1759-1788); instituted fiscal, administrative, and military reforms in Spain and its empire | 36 | |
| 334192318 | commercio libre | opened trade in ports of Spain and the Indies to all Spanish merchants during the reign of Charles III; undercut monopoly of consulados | 37 | |
| 334192319 | José de Galvez | Spanish Minister of the Indies and chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminate creoles from the upper colonial bureaucracy; created intendents for local government | 38 | |
| 334192320 | Marquis of Pombal | Prime Minister of Portugal (1755-1776); strengthened royal authority in Brazil, expelled the Jesuits, enacted fiscal reforms, and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy | 39 | |
| 334192321 | Comunero Revolt | a popular revolt against Spanish rule in New Granada in 1781; suppressed due to government concessions and divisions among rebels | 40 | |
| 334192322 | Tupac Amaru | Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many in the lower social classes; revolt failed because of creole fears of real social revolution | 41 |
