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| 343182923 | Ottomans | Turkish people who settled in Asia minor during the 14th century, established empire in the middle east, North Africa, and eastern Europe lasted until just after WWI | 0 | |
| 343182924 | Mehmed II | Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; captured Constantinople and destroyed the Byzantine Empire. | 1 | |
| 343182925 | Janissaries | Conscripted youths from conquered regions who were trained as Ottoman infantry divisions; had great political influence after the 15th century. | 2 | |
| 343182926 | Vizier | Head of the Ottoman bureaucracy; after the 15th century often more powerful than the sultan. | 3 | |
| 343182927 | Suleymaniye mosque | Great mosque built in Constantinople during the 16th-century reign of the Ottoman ruler Suleyman the Magnificent. | 4 | |
| 343182928 | Safavid dynasty | Founded by a Turkic nomad family with Shi'a Islamic beliefs; established a kingdom in Iran and ruled until 1722. | 5 | |
| 343182929 | Safi al-Din | Sufi mystic and first ruler of the Safavid dynasty | 6 | |
| 343182930 | Isma'il | Safavid leader; conquered the city of Tabriz in 1501 and was proclaimed shah. | 7 | |
| 343182931 | Chaldiran | Important battle between the Safavids and Ottomans in 1514; Ottoman victory demonstrated the importance of firearms and checked the western advance of their Shi'a state. | 8 | |
| 343182932 | Abbas I (the Great) | Safavid shah (1587-1629); extended the empire to its greatest extent; used Western military technology. | 9 | |
| 343182933 | Imams | Shi'a religious leaders who traced their descent to Ali's successors. | 10 | |
| 343182934 | Mullahs | Religious leaders under the Safavids; worked to convert all subjects to Shi'ism. | 11 | |
| 343182935 | Isfahan | Safavid capital under Abbas the Great; planned city exemplifying Safavid architecture. | 12 | |
| 343182936 | Mughal dynasty | Established by Turkic invaders in 1526; endured until the middle of the 19th century. | 13 | |
| 343182937 | Babur | Turkic leader who founded Mughal dynasty; died in 1530. | 14 | |
| 343182938 | Humayan | Son and successor of Babur; expelled from India in 1540, but returned to restore the dynasty in 1556 | 15 | |
| 343182939 | Akbar | Son and successor of Humayan; built up the military and administrative structure of the dynasty; followed policies of cooperation and toleration with the Hindu majority. | 16 | |
| 343182940 | Din-i-Ilahi | Religion initiated by Akbar that blended elements of Islam and Hinduism; did not survive his death. | 17 | |
| 343182941 | Sati | ritual burning of high-caste Hindu women on their husbands' funeral pyres. | 18 | |
| 343182942 | Taj Mahal | mausoleum for Mumtaz Mahal, built by her husband Shah Jahan; most famous architectural achievement of Mughal India. | 19 | |
| 343182943 | Nur Jahan | Wife of ruler Jahangir, who amassed power at the Mughal court and created a faction ruling the empire during the later years of his reign. | 20 | |
| 343182944 | Aurangzeb | Son and successor of Shah Jahan; pushed extent of Mughal control in India; reversed previous policies to purify Islam of Hindu influences; incessant warfare depleted the empire's resources; died in 1707. | 21 |
