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| 136788382 | Antonio López de Santa Anna | political opportunist and general who served as president of Mexico eleven different times and commanded the Mexican army during the Texas Revolution in the 1830s and the war with the United States in the 1840s. | 0 | |
| 136788383 | Augustín de Iturbide | Conservative Creole officer in Mexican army who signed agreement with insurgent forces of independence; combined forces entered Mexico City in 1821; later proclaimed emperor of Mexico until its collapse in 1824. | 1 | |
| 136788384 | caudillos | independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of latin america. | 2 | |
| 136788385 | centralists | Latin American politicians who wished to create strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by politicians who described themselves as conservatives. | 3 | |
| 136788386 | dependency theory | A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones | 4 | |
| 136788387 | Dom João VI | Portuguese monarch who established seat of government in Brazil from 1808 to 1820 as a result of Napoleonic invasion of Iberian peninsula; made Brazil seat of empire with capital at Rio de Janeiro. | 5 | |
| 136788388 | Dom Pedro I | Son and successor of Dom João VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822; became constitutional emperor of Brazil. | 6 | |
| 136788389 | Father Miguel de Hidalgo | Mexican priest who established independence movement among American Indians and mestizos in 1810; despite early victories, was captured and executed | 7 | |
| 136788390 | fazendas | Coffee estates that spread within interior of Brazil between 1840 and 1860; created major export commodity for Brazilian trade; led to intensification of slavery in Brazil. | 8 | |
| 136788391 | federalists | latin american politicians who wanted policies, especially fiscal and commercial regulation, to be set by regional governments rather than centralized national administrations; often supported by politicians who described themselves as liberals. | 9 | |
| 136788392 | gauchos | Bands of mounted rural workers in the region of the Rio de la Plata; aided local caudillos in splitting apart the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata after 1816. | 10 | |
| 136788393 | Gran Colombia | Independent state created in South America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolívar; existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations. | 11 | |
| 136788394 | guano | bird droppings utilized as fertilizer; exported from peru as a major item of trade between 1850 and 1880; income from trade permitted end to american indian tribute and abolition of slavery, | 12 | |
| 136788395 | José de San Martín | South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru | 13 | |
| 136788396 | La Reforma | The name given to the liberal rebellion of Benito Juárez against the forces of Santa Anna. | 14 | |
| 136788397 | Manifest Destiny | Belief of the government of the United States that it was destined to rule the continent from coast to coast; led to annexation of Texas and the Mexican-American War | 15 | |
| 136788398 | Maximilian von Habsburg | proclaimed emperor maximilian of mexico following intervention of france in 1862; ruled until overthrow and execution by liberal revolutionaries under benito juarez in 1867. | 16 | |
| 136788399 | Mexican-American War | fought between Mexico and the United States from 1846 to 1848; led to devastating defeat of Mexican forces and loss of about 1/2 of Mexico's national territory to the United States | 17 | |
| 136788400 | modernization theory | A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences between nations | 18 | |
| 136788401 | Monroe Doctrine | American declaration stated in 1823; established that an attempt of a European country to colonize in the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the United States; supported by Great Britain as a means of opening Latin american trade | 19 | |
| 136788402 | Panama Canal | An aspect of American intervention in Latin America; resulted from United States support for a Panamanian independence movement in return for a grant to exclusive rights to a canal across the Panama isthmus; provided short route from Atlantic to Pacific Ocean; completed 1914. | 20 | |
| 136788403 | Porfirio Díaz | One of Juárez's generals; elected president of Mexico in 1876; dominated Mexican politics for 35 years; imposed strong central government. | 21 | |
| 136788404 | positivism | French philosophy based on observation and scientific approach to problems of society; adopted by many Latin American liberals in the aftermath of independence. | 22 | |
| 136788405 | Simon Bolívar | Creole military officer in northern South America; won series of victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 182; military success led to creation of independent state of Gran Colombia | 23 | |
| 136788406 | Spanish-American War | War fought between the US and Spain in Cuba and the Philippines. It lasted less than 3 months and resulted in Cuba's independence as well as the US annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. | 24 | |
| 136788407 | Toussaint L'Ouverture | Leader of slave rebellion on the French sugar island of St. Domingue in 1792; led to creation of independent republic of Haiti in 1804 | 25 | |
| 136788408 | Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo | Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million | 26 |
