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| 348501487 | Nurhaci | Architect of Manchu unity; created distinctive Manchu banner armies; controlled most of Manchuria; adopted Chinese bureaucracy and court cememonies in Manchuria; entered China and successfully captured Ming capital at Beijing | 0 | |
| 348501488 | Cixi | Ultraconservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qing dynasty; supported Boxer Rebellion n 1898 as a means of driving out Westerners | 1 | |
| 348501489 | Mahdi | In Sufi belief system, a promised deliverer; also name given to Muhammad Achmad, leader of late 19th-century revolt against Egyptians and British in the Sudan | 2 | |
| 348501490 | Muhammad Abduh | Disciple of al-Afghani; Muslim thinker at end of 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology, recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry | 3 | |
| 348501491 | Selim III | Sultan who ruled Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807; aimed at improving administrative efficiency and vuilding a new army and navy; toppled by Janissaries in 1807 | 4 | |
| 348501492 | Qing | Manchu dynasty that seized control of China in mid-17th century after decline fo Ming; forced submission of nomadic peoples far to the west and compelled tribute from Vietnam and Burma to the south | 5 | |
| 348501493 | compradors | Wealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty; specialized in the import-export trade on China's south coast; one of the major links between China and the outside world | 6 | |
| 348501494 | al-Afghani | Muslim thinker at the end of the 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology; recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry | 7 | |
| 348501495 | Boxer Rebellion | Popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from China; failed because of intervention of armies of Western powers in China; defeat of Chinese enhanced control by Europeans and the power of provincial officials | 8 | |
| 348501496 | Murad | Head of the coalition of Mamluk rulers in Egypt; opposed Napoleonic incasion of Egypt and suffered devastating defeat; failure destroywed Mamluk government in Egypt and revealed vulnerability of Muslim core | 9 | |
| 348501497 | Muhammad Ali | Won power struggle in Egypt following fall of Mamluks; established mastery of all Egypt by 1811; introduced effective army based on Western tactics and supply and a variety of other reforms; by 1830s was able to challenge Ottoman government in Constatinople; died in 1848 | 10 | |
| 348501498 | Opium War | fought between the british and Qing China beginning in 1839; fought to protect British trade in opium; resulted in resounding British victory, opening of Hong Kong as British port of trade | 11 | |
| 348501499 | Abdul Hamid | Ottoman sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism during reign from 1878 to 1908; nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties; deposed in coup in 1908 | 12 | |
| 348501500 | Mahmud II | Ottoman sultan; built a private, professioanl army; fomented revolution of Janissaries and crushed them with private army; destoyed power of Janissaries and their religious allies; initiated reform of Ottoman empire on Western precedents | 13 | |
| 348501501 | banner armies | Eight armies of the Manchu tribes identified by separate flags; created by Nurhaci in early 17th century; utillized to defeat Ming emperor and establish Qing dynasty | 14 | |
| 348501502 | Ottoman society for union and progress | organization of political agitators in opposition to rule of ABdul Harmid; also called Young Turks; desired to restore 1876 constitution | 15 | |
| 348501503 | Lin Zexu | distinguished Chinses official during the early 19th century; charged wiht stamping out the opium trade in southern China; ordered blockade of european trading areas in canton and confiscation of opium; sent into exile following the opium war | 16 | |
| 348501504 | Puyi | Last emperor of China; deposed as emperor while still a small boy in 1912 | 17 | |
| 348501505 | Taiping rebellion | Broke out in south China in the 1850s and early 1860s; led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-Christianized prophet; sought to overthrow Qing dynasty and Confucians basis of scholar-gentry | 18 | |
| 348501506 | Hong Xiuquan | Leader of the Taiping rebellion, converted to specifically Chinese form of Christianity; attackedtraditional Confucian teaching of Chinese elite | 19 | |
| 348501507 | Suez Canal | Built across Isthmus of Suez to connect mediterranean sea with red sea in 1869; financed by european investors; with increasing indebtedness of Khedives, permitted intervention of British into egyptian politics to protect their investment | 20 | |
| 348501508 | Tanzimat reforms | series of reforms in Ottoman empire between 1839 and 1876; established western-style university, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876 | 21 | |
| 348501509 | Muhammad Achmad | Head of a sudanic Sufi brotherhood; claimed descent from prophet Muhammad; proclaimed both Egyptians and British as infidels; launched revolt to pruge Islam of impurities; to Khartoum in 1883; also know as the Mahdi | 22 | |
| 348501510 | Ahmad Orabi | student of Muhamad Abduh; led revolt in 1882 against turkish influence in egyptian army; forced Khedive to call on British army for support | 23 | |
| 348501511 | khedives | descendants of Muhammad Ali in egypt after 1867; formal rulers of egypt despite french and english intervention until overthrown by military coup in 1952 | 24 | |
| 348501512 | Khalifa Abdallahi | successor of Muhammad Achmad as leader of Mahdists in Sudan; established state in Sudan; defeated by British General Kitchener in 1598. | 25 | |
| 348501513 | Kangxi | Confucian scholar and Manchu emperor of Qing dynasty from 1661 to 1722; established high degree of Sinification among the Manchus | 26 | |
| 348501514 | Khartoum | river town that was administrative center of egyptian authority in Sudan | 27 | |
| 348501515 | Sun Yat-sen | Head of revolutionary alliance, organization that led 1911 revolt against Qing dynasty in China; briefly elected president in 1911, but yielded in favor of Yuan Shikai in 1912; created Nationalist party of China in 1919; died in 1925 | 28 |
