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| 153224257 | African National Congress | Black political organization within South Africa; pressed for end to policies of apartheid; sought open democracy leading to black majority rule; until the 1990s declared illegal in South Africa | 0 | |
| 153224258 | apartheid | Policy of strict racial segregation imposed in South Africa to permit the continued dominance of whites politically and economically | 1 | |
| 153224259 | F.W. de Klerk | White South African prime minister in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Working with Nelson Mandela and the AFrican National Congress, successfully dismantled the apartheid system and opened the way for a democratically elected government that represented all South Africans for the first time | 2 | |
| 153224260 | Indira Gandhi | Daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru (no relation to Mahatma Gandhi); installed as a figurehead prime minister by the Congress party bosses in 1966; a strong-willed and astute politician, she soon became the central figure in India politics, a position she maintained through the 1970s and passed on to her Sons | 3 | |
| 153224261 | Green Revolution | Introduction of improved seed strains, fertilizers, and irrigation as a means of producing higher yields in crops such as rice, wheat, and corn; particularly important in the densely populated countries of Asia | 4 | |
| 153224262 | homelands | Under apartheid, areas in South Africa designated for ethnolinguistic groups within the lack African population; such areas tend to be overpopulated and poverty-stricken | 5 | |
| 153224263 | Saddam Hussein | Iraqi leader born in 1937; waged war against Iran; his invasion of Kuwait led to the Gulf War | 6 | |
| 153224264 | Ayatollah Khomeini | Religious ruler of Iran following revolution of 1979 to expel the Pahlavi shah of Iran; emphasized religious purification; tried to eliminate Western influences and establish purely Islamic government | 7 | |
| 153224265 | Nelson Mandela | Long-imprisoned leader of the African National Congress party; worked with the ANC leadership and F.W. de Klerk's supporters to dismantle the apartheid system from the mid-1980s onward; in 1994, became the first black prime minister of South Africa after the ANC won the first genuinely democratic elections in the country's history | 8 | |
| 153224266 | Hosni Mubarak | President of Egypt since 1981, succeeding Anwar Sadat and continuing his policies of cooperation with the West | 9 | |
| 153224267 | Muslim Brotherhood | Egyptian nationalist movement founded by Hasan al-Banna in 1928; committed to fundamentalist movement in Islam; fostered strikes and urban riots against the khedival government | 10 | |
| 153224268 | Gamal Abdul Nasser | Took power in Egypt following a military coup in 1952; enacted land reforms and used state resources to reduce unemployment; ousted Britain from the Suez Canal zone in 1956 | 11 | |
| 153224269 | neocolonial economy | Industrialized nations' continued dominance of the world economy; ability of the industrialized nations to maintain economic colonialism without political colonialism | 12 | |
| 153224271 | Anwar Sadat | Successor to Gamal Abdul Nasser as ruler of Egypt; acted to dismantle costly state programs; accepted peace treaty with Israel in 1973; opened Egypt to investment by Western nations | 13 |
